MISSOURI  AS  IT  IS  IN  186T. 


4       J    «      *    a    o 
'       r>    )   '  J     > 

»  3         ->       'ft        » 


INDOESEMENT  BY  THE  HEADS  OP  DEPARTMENTS. 

We  take  pleasure  in  recommending  "Parker's  Illustrated  Historical  Gazet- 
teer" to  all  who  desire  information  in  regard  to  Missouri. 

From  personal  examination  of  the  manuscript,  and  from  the  indorsement  of 
those  who  are  familiar  with  the  different  portions  of  the  State  therein  repre- 
sented, we  feel  assured  that  it  is  authentic  and  reliable,  and  believe  that  a  work 
of  this  kind,  prepared  with  the  care  and  attention  the  author  has  given  this, 
will  supply  the  increasing  demand  for  a  Complete  Gazetteer  of  Missouri, 
embracing,  as  it  does,  a  history  of  the  Territory  and  State  from  its  first  actual 
settlement  (upwards  of  a  century  and  a  half  ago)  to  the  present  time,  and  a 
full  descrii^tion  of  the  State,  at  large,  and  by  counties,  showing  its  topography, 
geological  formations,  mineral  wealth,  agricultural  resources,  and  commercial 
advantages,  and  the  most  important  statistics  of  every  portion  of  the  State, 
together  with  many  thrilling  incidents  of  the  pioneer  history  of  Missouri.  By 
the  publication  of  this  Gazetteer  the  author  will  accomplish  a  work  worthy  of 
the  approval  and  support  of  the  people  of  Missouri. 

[The  above  was  signed  by  the  former  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  State  Treasurer,  State  Auditor, 
Clerk  of  Supreme  Court,  Superintendent  of  Common  Schools,  President  Board  of  Public  Works, 
Secretary  of  the  Senate,  and  Attorney-General.] 


INDORSEMENT  BY  THE  SENATE. 

By  the  Senate  the  following  complimentary  resolution,  indorsing  this  work, 
was  unanimously  passed: 

'^Resolved,  That  we  highly  approve  of  and  appreciate  the  labors  of  Mr.  N.  H. 
Parker  in  the  preparation  of  his  Illustrated  Historical  State  Gazetteer,  and  from 
the  care  he  has  taken  to  collect  reliable  information  and  authentic  accounts  of 
the  many  interesting  incidents  in  our  early  history,  and  his  faithful  exposition 
of  the  social  and  moral,  as  well  as  the  physical,  commercial,  and  industrial  re- 
sources of  the  State,  we  cordially  commend  this  work  to  tlie  patronage  of  all 
those  desiring  information  respecting  the  past  history  and  present  condition  of 
Missouri;  and  that,  by  the  publication  of  his  Gazetteer,  the  author  will  con- 
tribute much  to  the  development  of  the  various  resources  of  the  State,  and  will 
merit  the  support  of  every  one  interested  in  Missouri." 

1 

%y  S  -ij  ■J  %^<j 


COMMENDATIONS    BY   THE    PRESS. 


COMMENDATIONS  BY  THE  PRESS. 

We  liavc  had  the  iilciisurc  of  spending  an  hour  at  the  studio  of  the  author  of 
this  standard  work,  and  have  examined  a  portion  of  the  manuscripts  and  illus- 
trations. The  one  hundred  and  fifteen  counties  in  the  State  are  represented,  and 
the  his  cry  of  each  cwiHty  je  «  iJook  complete  in  itself,  giving  full  descriptions  of 
the  early  diKtlem«nt,*  ptjwisal./ealures,  agricultural,  commercial,  and  business 
statistic?  of  cftch^ity.ajid  town  iti  t,hc  county.  Some  of  the  principal  points  of 
interest  juid  fcwtftr^fl  'cy^ipgjtitfi-.thi-eughout  the  .State  have  been  drawn  and  en- 
graved, expressly  for  this  work.  From  our  personal  observation,  we  can  un- 
qualiliedly  pronounce  the  forthcoming  work  a  most  complete  book  of  Missouri. 
It  already  has  the  indorsement  of  the  most  prominent  men  in  the  State,  who 
have  also  examined  the  MSS.  A  work  of  this  character  has  long  been  wanted, 
and  the  author  merits  the  support  of  the  entire  people  of  the  State. 

When  the  Illustrated  Slate  Gazetteer  is  published,  we  shall  take  an  early  op- 
portunity of  reviewing  its  contents,  and  setting  forth  more  fully  the  merits  of 
the  work. — Mi/souri  Republican,  St.  Louis. 

We  have  also  had  the  pleasure  of  looking  over  some  of  the  manuscripts  of 
this  forthcoming  work,  and  have  heretofore  had  occasion  to  speak  of  it  commen- 
datorily.  We  can  do  no  less  than  indorse  every  word  the  "Republican"  says  of 
it.  It  is  well  worthy  the  praise  and  patronage  of  every  Missourian. — Examiner, 
Jefferson  City,  Mo. 

From  what  we  have  seen  of  the  manuscript  and  illustrations,  and  from  the 
indorsement  it  has  received  from  some  of  the  most  intelligent  men  in  the  State 
and  those  most  familiar  with  Missouri,  we  venture  to  say  that  it  will  be  just 
the  work  needed — a  complete  and  accurate  Gazetteer  of  Missouri.  This  book 
will  embrace  all  information  of  interest  to  the  citizens  of  the  State,  and  those 
seeking  homes  in  the  West,  including  Missouri's  early  history,  its  geological 
and  tojiographical  characteristics,  and  the  mineral,  manufacturing,  mechanical, 
commercial,  and  railroad  interests,  advantages,  and  statistics  of  each  county. 
We  are  under  the  impression  tlmt  the  information  is  full,  late,  and  reliable,  for 
it  has  been  collected  by  tlie  author  in  person.  The  illustrations  are  undoubt- 
edly accurate  and  life-like.  In  a  word,  it  promises  to  be  the  best  work  of  the 
kind  yet  published  in  any  portion  of  the  great  West,  and  we  bespeak  for  it,  in 
advance,  the  encouragement  of  the  public. — Democrat,  St.  Louis. 

We  have  examined,  with  much  pleasure,  a  portion  of  the  manuscript,  and  a 
large  number  of  handsomely  executed  engravings,  for  an  Illustrated  Gazetteer 
of  the  State.  This  noble  and  useful  work  is  being  prosecuted  by  Mr.  N.  H. 
Parker.  From  tiic  energy  and  ability  of  this  gentleman,  we  cannot  doubt  that 
he  will  be  able  to  produce  a  book  that  will  be  of  the  utmost  value,  not  only  to 
citizens  of  Missouri,  but  to  all  who  are  seeking  homes  in  our  borders. 

A  work  of  this  kind  is  greatly  needed  in  Missouri,  and  we  have  no  reason  to 
doubt  that  the  author  will  present  to  (lie  public  a  faithful  and  reliable  Gazetteer 
of  the  State. — Examiner,  Jefferson  City. 


COMMENDATIONS   BY   THE   PRESS.  3 

It  will  embrace  a  full  description  of  the  State  of  "Missouri  as  it  is,"  in  every 
particular,  and  will  be  a  complete  guide  to  every  man  who  feels  an  interest  in, 
or  wishes  to  travel  through,  that  State.  The  interests  of  Missouri  and  Illinois 
are  in  some  measure  identified,  and  this  book  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every 
resident  in  either  State. — Herald,  Wilmington,  111. 

This  work  will  be  of  universal  interest.  Every  individual  in  every  city,  town, 
and  village  in  the  State  will  be  eager  to  have  it;  because  every  locality  in  the 
State  has  a  place  upon  its  pages,  and  many  of  them  are  beautifully  illustrated. 
We  have  seen  some  of  the  manuscript,  and  can  say,  without  hesita- 
tion, that  it  promises  to  be  the  best  work  of  the  kind  ever  published  for  any 
part  of  the  AVest,  and  it  will  be  an  honor  to  the  State  and  its  compiler. — Fron- 
ton Furnace,  Ironton,  Mo. 

We  shall  have  a  book  of  great  value,  especially  to  the  business  men  of  Mis- 
souri.—  Visitor,  Waver ly. 

This  gentleman  deserves  the  thanks  and  encouragement  of  the  people  through- 
out the  State,  for  the  energy  and  thoroughness  with  which, he  is  prosecuting  his 
work. — West,  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

Any  one  can  see  at  a  glance  that  this  work  will  prove  of  immense  advantage 
to  each  county,  and  give  it  character  abroad. — Mirror,  Springfield,  Mo. 

This  volume  will  contain  a  description  of  St.  Joseph  and  the  surrounding 
counti-y,  its  business  and  commercial  advantages,  incidents  in  its  early  settle- 
ment, etc.,  etc.  We  have  been  shown  the  engraving  of  St.  Joseph,  designed  for 
it.  It  is  decidedly  one  of  the  best  executed  engravings  we  have  ever  seen,  and 
correctly  represents  the  city  as  it  appears  from  the  stand-point  where  sketched. 
— Gazette,  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

This  work  has  long  been  wanted,  and  will  be  much  sought  after.  The  sketch 
of  St.  .Joseph  is  pei'fect ;  the  smallest  houses  are  visible,  and  can  be  recognized 
at  a  glance.  Nothing  is  missing,  from  the  largest  house  down  to  the  smallest. 
This  work  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  one  who  wishes  to  become  conver- 
sant with  the  resources  of  Missouri. — Journal,  St.  .Joseph,  Mo. 

This  will  be  an  important  work,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  citizen 
in  the  State.  It  will  not  only  be  an  interesting  work  to  read — the  early  times 
of  Missouri  equaling  those  of  any  other  State  in  the  Union  in  wild  adventure 
and  romantic  interest — but  will  contain  a  mint  of  knowledge  which  should  be 
known  by  every  one  regarding  tlieir  own  State. — Herald,  Neosho,  Mo. 

The  plan  of  the  author  has  been  to  visit  every  county  in  the  State,  and  from 
the  lips  of  its  oldest  citizens,  from  official  sources,  and  personal  observation,  to 
embody  every  matter  of  interest — historical,  agricultural,  and  commercial.  We 
have  seen  the  notes  on  Kansas  City,  and  if  the  book  is  made  up  with  such  mi- 
nuteness and  fidelity  as  that  of  Kansas  City,  it  will  be  the  most  important  his- 
tory of  Missouri  ever  published. — Journal  of  Commerce,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

The  author  is  able  to  send  forth  a  book  that  will  speak  alike  in  eloquent  tones, 
to  the  mind  and  eye,  of  the  true  greatness  of  our  State  now,  while  it  will  lay  the 
foundation  for  a  future  development  and  population,  which  can  be  better  imag- 
ined than  described. — Times,  Glasgow,  Mo. 


4  COMMENDATIONS   BY   THE    PRESS. 

Tlic  volume  will  he  beautifully  illustrateJ  with  engravings  of  towns  (among 
which  will  be  Brunswick),  public  buildings,  landscape  scenery,  etc.,  drawn  and 
engraved  expressly  for  this  work.  It  will  be  a  valuable  book  for  reference  to 
all  who  take  an  interest  in  this  great  Slate. — J'reas,  Brunswick,  Mo. 

This  book  will  contain  the  latest  and  most  reliable  information  in  regard  to 
our  noble  State,  as  well  as  authentic  accounts  of  its  early  settlement.  —  The  Cen- 
tral City,  Brunswick,  Mo. 

We  have  no  hesitancy  in  pronouncing  it  one  of  the  most  complete,  compre- 
hensive works  of  the  kind  ever  published  for  any  Western  Stale  or  Territory. 
At  this  time  the  great  want  of  the  State  is  an  influx  of  intelligent,  energetic 
Northern  ]>eople,  who  shall  infuse  new  life  and  energy  into  the  now  almost  depop- 
ulated portions  of  our  State.  This  want  has  been  expressed  by  our  noble  Gov- 
ernor in  his  inaugural  message,  by  the  best  men  in  our  Legislature  and  State 
Convention,  and  by  the  press  all  over  the  State.  In  all  the  Union  "as  it  was," 
there  is  no  other  State  that  possesses,  to  the  same  extent,  the  elements  of  wealth, 
of  greatness,  and  independence  as  does  Missouri;  but  the  fact  avails  us  nothing 
unless  these  latent  resources  are  developed.  To  insure  their  development  we 
must  make  these  facts  known  to  the  rest  of  the  world — to  the  overcrowded  East, 
and  the  manufacturing  and  mining  districts  of  the  Old  World,  and  a  tide  of  im- 
migration will  flow  into  "free  Missouri,"'  such  as  even  the  auriferous  districts 
might  covet.  The  reasons  are  self-evident;  almost  every  mineral  of  any  eco- 
nomical value  exists  in  working  quantities  in  this  State,  and  of  some  of  the  most 
useful  and  profitable  we  have  beds  of  unparalleled  extent.  The  more  valuable 
beds  of  iron,  lead,  copper,  and  marble  are  in  districts  penetrated  by  railroads 
already  completed,  or  whose  completion  at  an  early  day  is  provided  for;  our 
public  improvements,  the  cause  of  education  and  everything  that  fends  towards 
the  advancement  of  the  best  interests  of  the  State,  are  fostered  and  encour- 
aged by  the  Executive  and  Legislature. 

Let  these  facts  be  properly  and  fully  set  forth  before  the  world,  as  they  will 
be  in  the  forthcoming  work — let  a  correct  view  of  "Missouri  as  it  is  in  18G7" — 
redeemed,  disenthralled — be  published  and  widely  circulated,  and  thousands 
of  intelligent  and  industrious  settlers  will  make  their  homes  witli  us,  bringing 
with  them  millions  of  capital,  and  energy  and  principles  that  shall  inaugurate 
the  new  era  in  Missouri — that  shall  build  up  colleges  and  school-houses,  manu- 
factories, towns,  and  villages,  and  "  make  the  wilderness  to  blossom  as  the  rose." 

We  heartily  congratulate  the  people  of  the  State,  that  the  work  of  producing 
this  most  desirable  result,  by  the  advocacy  of  the  claims  of  our  State,  has  been 
undertaken  at  this  lime,  by  one  eminently  competent  to  do  the  subject  justice. 
Mr.  Parker  has  done  and  is  doing  the  State  a  noble  work,  unaided  hy  public  or 
private  enterprise,  and  it  is  due  him,  and  manifestly  to  the  interest  of  the  State, 
that  his  efforts  should  be  sanctioned  by  the  State,  as  far  as  consistent. — St. 
Louis  Dispatch. 


MISSOURI  AS  IT  IS  IN  1867. 


MISSOUEI 

AS    IT    IS    I]^^    1867: 


AN 


Illustrate  Distarital  §i\iti\m  of  Pissoini 

EMBRACING    THE 

Geography,  History,  Eesotiroes  and  Prospects ;  the  Mineralogical  and 

Agricultural  Wealth  and  Advantages;  the  Population, 

Business  Statistics,  Public  Institutions,  etc. 

of  each  County  in  the  State. 

THE   NEW   CONSTITUTION,  THE    EMANCIPATION   ORDINANCE, 

AND    IMPORTANT    FACTS    CONCERNING    "FREE    MISSOURI." 

AN  ORIGINAL  ARTICLE  ON  GEOLOGY,  MINERALOGY,  SOILS,  ETC. 

BY   PEOF.  G.  0.  SWALLOW. 

Also  Special   Articles   on   Climate,  Grape  Culture,  Hemp,  and  Tobacco. 


jllustrateb  [mil]  ^mwmu  §n^ml  inpabings. 


BY 

NATHAN    H.   PARKER, 

AUTHOR   OF  "IOWA   AS  IT  IS;"    HANDBOOKS   OF   MINNESOTA,  IOWA,  KANSAS   AND   NEBEASKA; 
SECTIONAL  AND  QEOLOQICAL  MAPS   OF  IOWA,  MISSO0KI,  ETC. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

J.    B.    LIPPINCOTT     &     CO. 

1867. 


12 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1867,  by 

NATHAN   H.  PARKER, 

In  the  Clerk's  Olfice  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Eastern 

District  of  Missouri. 


PREFACE. 


The  present  times  are  the  beginning  of  a  fresh  chapter 
in  the  history  of  Missouri.  The  tide  of  intelligent,  in- 
dustrious, and  earnest  men,  the  rapid  inauguration  of 
public  improvements  and  private  enterprises  upon  a  scale 
heretofore  unknown,  the  employment  of  skill  and  capi- 
tal in  mining  and  manufacturing,  the  transformation  of 
thousands  of  acres  of  the  virgin  soil  to  cultivated  farms, 
and  the  rapidly  growing  villages  and  creation  of  new 
business  centers,  give  us  every  reason  to  date  the  opening 
of  the  new  epoch  in  the  development  of  the  resources  of 
Missouri  from  the  close  of  the  war. 

After  long  years  of  struggle,  the  State  stands  to-day 
redeemed  from  slavery  and  oppression,  and,  as  will  be 
seen  by  reference  to  the  New  Constitution  herein,  she  has 
taken  her  position  in  the  front  ranks  of  the  Free  States, 
and  now  "guarantees  the  property,  protects  the  rights, 
and  yields  the  largest  liberty  to  all  her  citizens." 

After  having  thoroughly  acquainted  himself  with  the 
character  of  this  State,  by  extensive  tours  and  corre- 
spondence, during  the  past  ten  years,  the  writer  has  pre- 

(ix) 


X  PREFACE. 

pared  the  following  pages,  not  to  produce  a  pleasing  and 
salable  book,  but  to  supply  the  demand  for  full  and  re- 
liable information  about  this  noble  State.  Portions  of 
the  information,  especially  the  descriptive  and  historical 
notes,  were  collected  before  the  war.  After  the  smoke 
of  our  battles  had  cleared  away,  and  the  New  Era  fairly 
dawned  upon  the  State  by  the  adoption  of  the  New  Con- 
stitution, it  was  decided  to  complete  and  publish  this 
work  without  unnecessary  delay.  Missouri  suffered  more 
from  the  effects  of  the  war  than  any  other  Northern 
State,  and  the  consequent  disarrangement  of  traveling 
facilities,  the  removal  or  destruction  of  county  records, 
the  disruption  and  disorganization  of  religious  and  edu- 
cational societies,  rendered  the  task  of  collecting  reliable 
information  neither  pleasant  nor  satisfactory. 

The  most  careful  observer  and  candid  writer  cannot, 
in  making  tours  through  a  State,  give  as  full  and  reliable 
details  respecting  many  important  matters  as  the  reader 
would  desire  in  a  standard  work ;  hence  the  author  has 
not  relied  solely  upon  his  personal  observations,  but 
sought,  from  the  best  available  authority  in  every  de- 
partment, the  testimony  and  experience  of  practical  men. 
Special  articles  have  been  prepared  for  this  work  on 
Geology,  Mineralogy,  Grape  Culture,  Wine-making,  Hemp 
Culture,  Mineral  and  Agricultural  Resources,  Timber, 
Trees,  etc.,  by  persons  who  w'ere  believed  to  be  most 
competent  authority  in  those  several  departments. 


PREFACE.  XI 

It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  writer  to  address  himself 
to  the  general  intelligence  of  the  educated,  observing,  and 
thinking  men — to  state  facts  as  to  the  location  and  char- 
acter of  our  various  soils  and  minerals — to  describe  the 
resources  and  advantages  of  the  State,  rather  than  to  in- 
dulge in  theoretical  speculations. 

Of  course  it  is  impossible  for  perfect  accuracy  to  be 
obtained  in  a  work  of  this  description ;  for,  while  the  au- 
thor has  left  one  portion  of  the  State  with  correct  statis- 
tics to  that  date,  and  is  visiting  other  sections,  new  towns 
spring  up,  and  older  ones  grow  apace.  For  instance, 
Chillicothe  is  reported  to  have  built  300  and  Mexico  200 
new  dwellings  and  business  houses  within  the  past  twelve 
months.  The  same  is  true  of  other  portions  of  the  State. 
Virgil  City  is  so  new  as  not  to  be  located  upon  any  map — 
only  four  months  old,  and  now  numbers  twenty  dwell- 
ings, a  steam  saw-mill,  hotel,  stores,  brick  machines,  etc., 
with  prospects  so  extensive  that  the  projectors  have  lo- 
cated the  plat  in  two  counties — partly  in  Cedar  and 
Vernon  Counties.  Western  people  who  build  towns  in  this 
manner,  who  construct  railroads  at  a  rate  of  from  three 
to  five  miles  per  day,  do  not  stand  still  to  be  photo- 
graphed, nor  care  one  iota  how  rapidly  they  outstrip  the 
statistician's  estimates  of  their  business  or  population. 
However,  from  the  pains  taken,  this  work  is  believed  to 
contain  very  few  errors,  and  none  of  great  importance. 
Travelers  or  citizens  who  may  notice  mistakes  or  omis- 


XU  PREFACE. 

sions  will  confer  a  favor  by  reporting  the  same  to  the 
author,  at  St.  Louis,  b}'  mail,  that  future  editions  may  be 
as  nearl}^  accurate  as  possible. 

To  the  press  of  the  State,  for  universal  courtesy  and 
co-operation,  and  to  those  who  have  given  encouraging 
notices  in  advance ;  to  the  several  railroad  companies,  for 
traveling  facilities  for  visiting  points  along  their  lines, 
and  to  the  many  citizens  who  have  done  their  State  good 
service  by  contributing  information  for  this  work,  the 
author  w^ould  return  his  grateful  acknowledgments. 

And  here  the  writer  feels  called  upon  to  express  his 
gratitude  to  a  generous  public  for  the  very  liberal  pat- 
ronage bestowed  upon  his  six  previous  publications  on 
Western  States  and  Territories.  Imperfect  as  have  been 
his  labors,  his  motives  have  been  appreciated,  and  the 
census  statistics  for  the  past  decade  indicate  that  pub- 
lished information  has  no  unfavorable  results  upon  the 
increase  of  the  population  or  wealth  of  the  West. 

This  work  is  submitted  to  the  public  as  it  is,  with  the 
promise  of  a  better,  if  it  is  demanded.  If  the  author  has 
succeeded  in  representing  "Missouri  as  it  is  in  1867" — if 
his  task  shall  tend  to  throw  a  light  over  the  immigrant's 
path,  to  direct  intelligent  labor  and  capital  where  there 
is  unlimited  and  remunerative  demands — if  this  work 
shall  serve  to  eradicate  or  lessen  whatever  of  misconcep- 
tion or  of  prejudice  may  have  existed  in  the  minds  of 
strangers — if,  as  the  fruit  of  his  labors,  the  author  shall 


PREFACE.  Xlll 

be  able  to  place  Missouri  before  the  world  in  her  true 

light,  and  to  assign  to  her  that  lofty  rank  among  the 

States  which  she  must  attain  and  forever  hold — he  will 

feel  that  he  has  not  fallen  short  of  the  elevated  goal  of 

his  ambition,  and,  in  the  consciousness  of  duty  fulfilled, 

will  reap  a  golden  reward. 

N.  H.  P. 


CONTENTS. 


PAOE 

Historical  Epochs  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 17 

General  View  of  Missouri 20 

Topography  of  Eastern  and  Western  Missouri  compared 22 

The  Submerged  Lands  of  Missouri 30 

Outline  History 39 

Population  of  Missouri  from  1821  to  1860  inclusive 51 

Education 53 

Table — Showing  number  and  kind  of  School  houses,  number  of  Children  in 
Schools,  and  the  Radical  and  Conservative  Vote  in  each  County,  in 

March,  1866 54,  55 

Railways  in  Missouri 57 

Distances  by  Railroads  in  Missouri 59 

Table  of  River  Distances 60 

Elevations  in  Missouri 01 

Climate 62 

Table — Showing  the  order  of  leafing  of  Trees,  Shrubs,  etc.,  in  Missouri...  63 

Grape  Culture  in  Missouri 64-95 

Making  Wine 89 

Vine  Culture 94 

The  Lead  Region  of  Southwest  Missouri — Oranby 95 

The  Granite  and  Kaolins  of  Southeast  Missouri 101 

The  Grand  River  Country 103 

Geology 109 

The  Mineral  Resources  of  Missouri 140 


XVi  CONTENTS. 

PAOE 

Building  Materials  in  Missouri 149 

Springs  in  ]SIissouri 154 

Agricultural  Resources  of  Missouri 155 

Timber  and  Trees  of  Missouri 159 

Catalogue  of  Trees  and  Shrubs  observed  in  Missouri 161 

Public  Lands 169 

The  Homestead  Law 175 

Description  of  Counties 177-418 

Introdustion  of  Steam  Navigation  upon  Western  Rivers 419 

The  Emancipation  Ordinance 424 

Constitution  of  the  State  of  Missouri 425 


ILLUSTRATED  HISTORICAL 


GAZETTEER    OF    MISSOURI. 


BOOK     I. 


HISTORICAL  EPOCHS  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY. 

1539 — De  Soto  discovers  and  crosses  the  Mississippi. 

1542 — Winter-quarters  of  his   company,  probably  in   Missouri,   in 

1541-'42. 
"        De  Soto  died,  and  was  buried  in  the  Mississippi,  near  mouth 

of  Arkansas  River. 
"        Louis  de  Moscoso  succeeds  De  Soto.     He  marches  to  Red 

River,  in  Texas. 
1543 — Moscoso  and  his  troops  march  through  Arkansas  and  Missouri. 
1544 — De  Biedma  makes  a  report  of  De  Soto's  Expedition,  to  the 

King  of  Spain. 
1671 — The  French  take  formal  possession  of  the  Northwest. 
1G73 — May  13,  Marquette  and  Joliet  leave  Mackinaw  in  search  of 

the  Mississippi. 
"        June  17,  Marquette  reaches  the  Mississippi  at  the  mouth  of 

the  Wisconsin,  and  descended  it  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ar- 
kansas. 
1675 — May  18,  Marquette  died. 
1680 — La  Salle  sends  Hennepin  and  Dugay  to  explore  the  Upper 

Mississippi.     St.  Anthony's  Falls  named  by  Hennepin. 
1682 — Original  naming  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Rivers,  and 

the  countries  through  which  they  flow. 

2  (17) 


18  HISTORICAL    EPOCHS    OF 

lG83-^First  settlements  made  by  La  Salle.     lie  descends  the  Missis- 
sippi to  its  mouth. 
"        March    <>,  takes   possession   of    the   country,  and    named    it 
"Louisiana." 

1G87 — March  IT,  La  Salle  is  killed  by  some  companions. 

1G9G — War  between  the  Iro(iuois  Lidians  and  the  British  Colonies, 
against  the  rrovince  of  Canada. 

1705 — The  Missouri  River  explored  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas 
River  by  the  French. 

1712 — September  14,  Louisiana  granted  to  Crozart  by  Louis  XIY, 

1717 — August  22,  Crozart  resigns  Louisiana  to  the  Crown.  Transfer 
of  the  grant  to  "The  Company  of  the  West."    First  Laws. 

1718 — Colonists  arrive.  New  Orleans  laid  out.  Fort  Chartres,  Illi- 
nois, commenced. 

1719 — Renault  leaves  France  for  the  Illinois  country.  Arrives,  and 
dispatches  200  miners,  assayers,  and  artisans  in  search  of 
precious  metals  in  Illinois  and  Missouri.  Fort  Chartres 
completed. 

1720 — Spanish  Expedition  from  Santa  Fe,  against  the  French  and 
Missouri  Indians. 

1724 — Erection  of  Fort  Orleans  on  an  island  in  the  ^Missouri. 
Destruction  of  the  Fort. 

1731 — January  24,  Company  of  the  West  surrender  their  charter  to 
the  King  of  France. 

17G2 — November  3,  Paris  Treaty  concluded.     Louisiana  ceded  to 
Spain  by  France. 
"       Tillage  du  Cote  (St.  Charles)  established. 

1763 — November  3,  M.  Laclede  arrives  at  St.  Genevieve  and  Fort 
Chartres. 

1764 — February  15,  St.  Louis  founded  by  Piei're  Laclede  Liguest. 

17GG — August  11,  Grant  of  land  received  by  Pierre  Laclede  Liguest, 
upon  which  to  build  St.  Louis. 

17 09 — First  occupancy  by  the  Spaniards. 

1770 — Spain  obtains  possession  of  St.  Louis  and  Upper  Louisiana. 

1772 — Fort  Chartres  evacuated. 

1778 — General  Clark  takes  possession  of  Kaskaskia.     Cahokia  joins 
the  Americans. 
"        June  20,  Pierre  Laclede  Liguest  died  near  the  mouth  of  Ar- 
kansas River,  aged  54. 

1780— St.  Louis  attacked  by  1500  Indians  and  140  British. 

1785 — Great  flood  of  the  Mississippi  threatening  to  inundate  St.Loui 

1786 — Julicn  Dubuque  first  visits  the  Upper  Mississippi. 


THE    MISSISSIPPI   VALLEY.  19 

1787 — New  Madrid  founded  by  Colonel  G.  Morjjan,  of  New  Jersey. 
1788 — Dubuque  obtains  a  grant  of  140,000  acres,  embracing  the  pres- 
ent Dubuque,  lead  mines,  etc. 
"        First  boat-load  of  lead  bought  from  the  Indians  and  shipped 
to  St.  Louis  by  Col.  Joseph  Shaw,  the  pioneer  of  the  lead 
trade. 
1795 — First  Ferry  established  at  St.  Louis,  by  Captain  James  Pig- 

gott. 
1798 — Charles  Dehault  Delassus  de  Deluziere  succeeds  Zenon  Tra- 

deau  as  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Upper  Louisiana. 
1803 — Louisiana  ceded  to  the  United  States. 

1804 — March  26,  "Territory  of  Orleans"  organized;  residue  of  coun- 
try called  "Territory  of  Louisiana." 
"        Lewis  and  Clark  set  out  upon  their  Western  Exploring  Expe- 
dition. 
1808 — September  5,  Major  George  C.  Sibley  established  Fort  Osage 
Government  Factory  on  the  Missouri. 
"        July,  the  "Missouri  Gazette,"  first  newspaper  west  of  the 
Mississippi  established  at  St.  Louis  by  Joseph  Charless. 
1809 — Governor  M.  Lewis  committed  suicide. 
1811 — December  11,  Earthquake  at  New  Madrid. 
1812 — June  4,  Name  changed  to  Territory  of  Missouri,  and  advanced 
to  second  grade  of  government. 
"        December  7,  First  Session  of  Legislature  convened  at  St.  Louis. 
1814 — December  5,  Second  Session  of  Legislature  convened  at  St. 
Louis. 
"        Bank  of  Missouri  chartered. 
1815 — Second  weekly  paper  established  at  St.  Louis. 
1817 — The  first  Steamboat  (General  Pike)  reached  St.  Louis. 
"        John  Scott,  of  St.  Genevieve,  elected  first  Delegate  to  Con- 
gress. 
1818-19 — Missouri  Compromise  passed. 
1819 — June  8,  Exploring  Expedition  under  Major  Long  left  St.  Louis 

for  Mandan  villages  and  the  Yellowstone  ;  failed. 
1820 — Constitutional  Convention  at  St,  Louis. 
1821 — Admission  of  Missouri  into  the  Union. 
1833 — Trouble  with  the  Mormons  in  Jackson  County. 
1838 — State  Capitol  commenced. 

"        Mormon  war  in  Caldwell  County. 
1852 — November  20,  First  Locomotive  west  of  Mississippi,  on  Pacific 

Railroad. 
1859 — July,  Introduction  of  Horse  Railroads  in  St.  Louis. 


GENERAL   VIEW   OF   MISSOURI. 

'■MissdUia,  one  of  the  larpjcst  of  tlie  United  States,  and  the  lirst 
formed  wholly  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Iowa,  (from  which  it  is  separated  for  about  30  miles  on  the  north- 
east by  the  Des  Moines  lliver,)  and  on  the  east  by  the  Mississipjii 
River,  which  divides  it  from  Illinois,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee ;  on 
the  south  by  Arkansas,  aud  on  the  west  by  Indian,  Kansas,  and  Ne- 
braska Territories;  from  the  latter  two  of  which  it  is  partly  sepa- 
rated by  the  Missouri  lliver.  This  State  lies  (with  the  exception 
of  a  small  projection  between  the  St.  Francois  and  the  Mississippi 
Rivers,  which  extends  to  36°,)  between  36°  30'  and  40°  36'  N.  lat., 
and  between  89°  10'  and  96°  W.  Ion.,  being  about  285  miles  in  its 
greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  280  in  width  from  N.  to  S., 
including  an  area  of  67,380  square  miles,  or  43,123,200  acres,  only 
2,938,425  of  which  were  improved  in  1850." — LippincotVs  Gazetteer 
of  the  World. 

PHYSICAL   FEATURES. 

In  our  description  of  the  State  at  large  we  will  arrange  it  in  four 
distinct  divisions — the  Western,  the  Eastern,  and  the  Northern — and 
afterwards  describe  the  Southern  or  the  "  Swamp  Region  of  South- 
east Missouri;"  and  to  give  the  reader  a  more  clear  and  well-defined 
idea  of  its  topography,  we  insert  the  following  interesting  extract 
from  an  article  in  the  Western  Journal,  vol.  ii.  p.  292,  from  the  pen 
of  W.  R.  Singleton,  Esq.,  Civil  Engineer.     lie  says: — 

"I  shall  begin  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lamine  River,  in  Cooper 
County,  and,  drawing  a  line  due  south  to  its  intersection  of  the  south 
boundary  line,  where  White  River  leaves  the  State,  shall  establish 
this  as  the  'datum  line,^  dividing  the  eastern  from  the  western  part 
of  Missouri ;  from  the  fact  that  the  two  sections  difler  in  their  geo- 
grai»hi(al,  geological,  and  topographical  features.  To  a  superficial 
observer,  scarcely  any  difference  would  appear  upou  the  map  of  the 
State;  l)ut  the  topographer  must,  at  the  lirst  glance,  detect  a  marked 
and  striking  one. 
(20) 


GENERAL    VIEW    OF    MISSOURI.  21 

"The  Main  Ridges  first  claim  our  attention.  That  ridge  which, 
leaving  the  eastern  branch  of  the  Sierra  Madre  at  Long's  Peak,  west 
of  St.  Vrain's  Fort,  in  lat.  40°  20',  Ion.  105°  45',  runs  south  until  it 
heads  the  South  Fork  of  the  Platte,  becomes  the  main  divide  between 
the  waters  which  flow  north  to  the  Nebraska  and  east  into  the  Mis- 
souri, and  those  which  flow  into  the  Mississippi  by  the  Arkansas.  It 
passes  a  few  miles  north  of  Bent's  Fort,  and  from  thence  bears  due  east 
to  the  head  of  Little  Arkansas,  separates  it  from  Smoky  Hill  Fork 
of  Kansas,  and  passing  north  of  Council  Grove,  a  few  miles  east  of 
which  it  divides  itself  into  two  branches;  the  northern  one  passing 
into  the  State  of  Missouri  between  the  head  waters  of  the  Osage  and 
the  small  streams  which  empty  directly  into  the  Missouri. 

"This  ridge  continues  until  it  reaches  the  head  waters  of  the  River 
Jjamine,  and  then  again  divides;  its  main  branch  passing  south  of 
all  the  branches  of  the  Lamine,  is  the  divide  between  that  stream  and 
the  waters  of  the  Osage ;  and  after  running  toward  the  Yalley  of 
the  Missouri,  there  loses  itself  between  the  mouths  of  the  Lamine  and 
the  Osage  Rivers — changing  its  character  topographically,  from  the 
former  to  the  latter,  so  materially,  that  that  part  near  the  Osage 
appears  to  be  a  different  ridge  altogether.  Those  who  have  noticed 
the  slopes  of  the  hills  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lamine  would  scarcely 
identify  them  as  belonging  to  the  same  ridge  with  the  blufi's  just 
above  the  Osage. 

"The  southern  branch  of  the  principal  ridge,  passing  between  the 
heads  of  the  Osage  on  the  east,  and  the  streams  which  empty  into 
the  Arkansas,  retains  its  character,  and  passing  into  the  State  of 
Missouri,  in  Jasper  County,  110  miles  south  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Kansas,  becomes  upon  the  maps  the  Ozark  range;  which  name  is 
assumed  to  distinguish  it  from  other  ridges  in  that  section.  Possess- 
ing no  feature  whatever  to  characterize  it  as  a  mountain  chain — for 
in  every  essential  it  is  different  from  a  mountain — this  ridge,  as  it 
progresses  to  the  east,  becomes  the  most  remarkable  feature  in  the 
topography  of  the  State.  It  is  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  waters 
of  the  Missouri  on  its  northern  slope,  and  those  of  the  Mississippi  on 
its  southern,  from  its  inception  at  Long's  Peak  to  its  terminus  on  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi.  From  Long's  Peak  to  the  datum  line,  this 
ridge  is  celebrated  for  its  pampas  or  prairies,  its  long  slopes,  con- 
tinuous directions,  and  the  great  breadth  and  uniformity  of  its  sum- 
mit level;  from  the  same  line  to  the  Mississippi  River,  it  is  equally 
remarkable  for  the  reverse  of  these  features;  and  hence  we  have  in 
this  view  divided  the  southern  half  of  the  State  into  two  topograph- 
ical departments.     And  while,  in  many  particulars,  the  escarpment 


22  GENERAL    VIEW    OF    MISSOURI. 

of  the  ridiros  on  the  western  division  shows  a  similarity  to  those  in 
the  eastern,  yet  in  all  the  essential  qualities  they  difler  very  materi- 
ally. This  ridjre,  as  it  approaches  the  heads  of  the  Gasconade  and 
Current  llivers,  retakes  tiie  character  it  had  abandoned  at  Long's 
Peak,  and  retains  it  throughout  the  eastern  section;  crosses  the  Mis- 
sissippi river  at  Grand  Tower;  is  cut  through  by  that  river,  also  by 
the  Big  Muchly  in  Illinois;  passes  on  to  the  Ohio  River  at  Golconda; 
is  again  severed  by  the  Ohio,  and,  passing  through  Kentucky,  merges 
itself  into  the  Cumberland  Mountains  between  the  heads  of  the  Ken- 
tucky River  and  Rig  Sandy  on  the  north,  and  the  Cumlierland  River 
on  the  south. 

"We  have  thus  traced  a  connection  between  the  eastern  branch  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  at  Long's  Peak  and  the  Cumberland  Mount- 
ains in  Kentucky,  only  broken  by  the  Mississippi,  Big  Muddy,  and 
Ohio  Rivers,  showing  throughout  its  entire  length  certain  geological 
features,  and  at  its  eastern  end  exhibiting  topographical  similarities 
to  its  western.  This  ridge  is  at  an  elevation  much  above  all  the 
other  ridges  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  from  this  circum- 
stance I  have  formed  a  theory  to  account  for  the  prairies  to  the  north 
of  it,  but  which  I  shall  omit  from  this  article. 

"From  the  west  boundary  line  to  the  datum  line,  the  two  main 
branches  of  the  principal  ridge  (which  I  shall  now  denominate,  for 
the  sake  of  distinction,  the  'liamine  Ridge'  and  the  'Ozark,')  have 
the  same  characteristic  features,  which  are  great  width  and  regularity 
of  summit,  general  uniformity  as  to  grades,  and  the  very  gradual 
descent  to  the  valleys  of  the  streams  which  intersect  their  slopes  on 
every  side — to  the  eye  of  the  engineer  presenting  a  delightful  pros- 
pect in  their  peculiar  adaptation  for  railroads,  plank  roads,  etc. 

"Topography  of  Eastern  and  "Western  Missouri  compared. — Re- 
ferring again  to  the  map,  we  discover  that  east  of  the  datum  line, 
the  nmin  streams  running  northwardly  into  the  Missouri,  from  the 
dividing  ridge,  pass  much  nearer  to  one  another,  and  although  gener- 
ally parallel  in  their  course,  yet  in  their  meanders  approach  each 
other  very  frecjuently.  Again,  the  branches  of  one  stream  will  head 
within  two  or  three  miles  of  another  main  stream — as,  for  example,  I 
refer  to  the  ridge  between  the  Gasconade  and  Osage.  Many  small 
streams  of  both  rivers  head  past  each  other  within  a  very  short  dis- 
tance of  the  other  main  stream.  This  is  the  peculiar  feature  of  the 
topography  eaM  of  the  datum  line.  The  ridges  branching  off  from 
the  main  ridge,  between  two  unimportant  branches,  freiiuently  are 
found  to  l)e  higher  and  more  irregular  in  their  grade  at  the  summit 
than  the  principal  one;   indeed,  from  a  personal  and  instrumental 


GENERAL   VIEW    OF    MISSOURI.  23 

examination,  it  has  been  pronounced  a  more  remarkable  country 
than  any  within  the  States.  Hence,  in  my  examination  of  its  geo- 
logical features,  when  compared  with  those  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  I 
unhesitatingly  pronounce  it  to  have  been  subjected  to  the  same  vol- 
canic influences,  although  in  a  milder  form.  The  characteristic  rocks 
are  identical  with  those  of  Long's  Peak,  and  many  other  points  of 
the  Sierra  Madre.*  The  main  dividing  ridge,  before  mentioned,  east 
of  the  datum  line,  becomes  broken,  irregular,  and  mountainous ;  as  it 
approaches  the  head  of  the  Piney,  Maramec,  Indian  Creek,  and  Big 
Rivers,  on  the  north,  and  Eleven  Points,  Current,  Black,  and  St. 
Fran9ois  on  the  south,  it  becomes  more  and  more  broken,  irregular, 
and  ill  defined ;  and  as  it  approaches  the  seat  of  volcanic  action, 
near  the  Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob,  (those  most  wonderful  of  all 
natural  objects,)  the  ridge  proper  loses  itself  in  a  strange  anomaly — 
a  valley.  Yes,  a  very  valley  on  one  of  the  highest  ridges  in  the 
State  1  The  mountains  which  form  this  valley  rise  up  from  the  sum- 
mit of  this  ridge,  mostly  of  metalliferous  formations,  generally  covered 
with  a  mixed  growth  of  timber.  The  autumn  scenery  of  the  West  is 
celebrated  in  song  and  on  canvas;  but  I  am  satisfied,"  continues  Mr. 
Singleton,  "neither  harp,  pen,  or  pencil  could  portray  one-tenth  of 
the  beauties  of  that  one  glance,  as  I  surmounted  the  ridge,  from  the 
summit  of  which,  by  one  '  coup-d^osil,'  my  soul  drank  in  all  the  beau- 
ties of  the  Bellevue  Valley,  f  As  I  have  already  remarked,  this  ridge 
continues  its  course  unbroken  to  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  Grand 
Tower;  but  previous  to  which  it  branches  in  several  directions:  1st. 
Northwardly,  towaixl  the  Maramec,  forming  the  divide  between  the 
Big  River  of  the  Maramec  and  the  various  short  and  rapid  streams 
that  run  into  the  Mississippi,  which  I  shall  term  the  Maramec  ridge. 
2d.  Southwardly  toward  the  sunken  district  in  Scott  and  New  Madrid 
Counties,  east  of  the  St,  Fran9ois,  called  the  St.  Francis  ridge,  and 
gradually  loses  itself  in  the  valley  of  that  stream,  in  the  sunken 
region,  and  the  Mississippi  bottom. 

"  The  first  branch,  or  Maramec  ridge,  possesses  all  tlie  features  of 
the  main  ridge  —  more  broken  and  irregular  as  it  approaches,  and 
modifying  these  traits  as  it  recedes  from  the  parent  trunk,  until  at  the 
Maramec  it  is  similar  to  the  bluffs  on  the  Upper  Missouri  River,  which 

*  Since  the  return  from  the  Rocky  Mountain  gold  regions,  to  Southeast"  Mis- 
souri, of  persons  who  had  noticed  the  simihirity  in  the  geological  features  of  tlie 
two  sections,  explorations  have  been  made  which  seem  to  indicate  that  there  are 
very  rich  and  extensive  mines  of  gold  in  Southeast  Missouri.  (See  Iron  and 
Madison  County.) 

f  See  view  of  Pilot  Knob,  also  view  of  Ironton  from  the  summit  of  Pilot  Knob. 


24  GENERAL   VIEW    OF    MISSOURI. 

are  the  breaks  of  tlic  first  main  branch,  or  Lamine  ridge,  east  of 
Council  (Jrove.  In  this  ridge,  and  the  branches  from  it,  are  our 
most  valuable  lead  niiiios,  copj)or  mines,  and  stone  quarries. 

"The  southern  slope  of  the  main  or  Ozark  ridge  from  the  <hilum 
line,  to  the  geologist  becomes  strikingly  interesting  as  he  approaches 
its  eastern  terminus.  First,  arc  the  points  running  immediately  down 
to  White  River,  in  all  of  which,  near  the  main  ridge,  are  evidences  of 
coal ;  as  he  approaches  the  Eleven  Points,  the  mineral  resources  be- 
come more  interesting,  until  having  reached  the  waters  of  the  Cur- 
rent River,  he  is  involved  among  intermediate  hills,  knobs,  and  mount- 
ains of  metallic  deposits  of  iron,  lead,  copper,  gold,  silver,  zinc, 
cobalt,  and  many  other  rare  metals;  while  porphyritic  and  granitic 
formations  lead  him  to  imagine  himself  at  once  transported  to  the 
'Stony  Mountains,'  or  the  'Nevada'  of  California  itself.  The  topog- 
rapher can  only  look  on  with  wonder  and  amazement.  Where  shall 
he  begin  his  sketch?  Where  place  his  main  divide?  Echo  answers, 
'Where!'  With  'confusion  worse  confounded,'  'rocks  on  rocks  piled 
mountains  high,'  and  a  dozen  other  poetic  sentences  which  I  might 
quote,  to  describe  faintly  what  in  reality  exists,  all  whirling  through 
my  brain :  even  to  contemplate  such  a  general  'crash  of  worlds,'  my 
good  friend,  the  geologist,  is  quietly  seated,  hammer  in  hand,  pound- 
ing away,  with  bis  specimens  around  him,  oblivious  of  the  world! 
Can  I  describe  a  banquet-room  after  a  drunken  revel?  The  surgeon 
may  heal  the  broken  heads  and  noses,  and  the  cabinet  workman  the 
chairs  and  tables  ;  but  I  have  naught  to  do  there — the  Earth  and  her 
sisters  have  had  a  glorious  spree,  and  I  leave  those  most  interested 
to  make  the  best  of  it.*  The  topographer  has  no  business  there — 
he  cannot  possibly  describe  it.  So  let  us  hasten  to  another  equally 
interesting  feature  of  a  different  nature  —  the  country  of  the  St. 
Fran9ois.  While  the  same  convulsions  of  nature  were  going  on,  and 
the  country  near  the  Iron  Mountain,  and  southwest  of  it,  was  ele- 
vated, that  near  the  lower  St.  Fran9ois  was  depressed.  We  have 
no  reason  to  doubt  that  from  the  last  bluff  on  the  west  side,  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth  of  White  River,  the  general  level 
of  the  country  on  the  river  was  the  same  as  above  that  point ;  but  by 
the  great  earthquake  which  raised  the  one,  the  other  was  sunken,  and 
is  now  as  irregular  In  its  lakes,  rivers,  and  creeks,  as  the  former  is  in 
its  ridges  and  streams." 


*  Of  course,  the  writer  does  not  refer  to  the  enrlhqiinkes  of  ]R11-'12,  which, 
thougli  tiicy  diungcd  tiie  surfdcc  of  this  section  very  luatcrially,  produced  lillle 
or  no  change  in  any  other  portion  of  the  State. 


GENERAL   VIEW    OF    MISSOURI.  25 

In  another  portion  of  this  work,  (St.  Louis  County,)  tlie  idea  is 
advanced,  that  at  one  time  the  level  of  the  Mississippi  River,  above 
the  main  ridge,  was  probably  200  feet  higher  than  at  the  present 
time,  and  that  there  were  then  Falls  in  the  Mississippi,  at  the  Grand 
Tower,  probably  as  extensive  as  those  of  Niagara.  We  submit  it  to 
geologists,  whether  the  present  appearance  of  the  rocks  at  Grand 
Tower,  where  this  ridge  has  been  cut  through,  and  the  fact  that  the 
great  coal  basin,  as  well  as  the  prairies  of  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Iowa 
lie  north  of  this  great  natural  barrier,  do  not  justify  the  conclusion 
that  such  has  been  the  case,  and  that  the  great  coal  basin  and  the 
prairies  were  formed  during  the  period  when  that  portion  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi valley  must  have  been  a  vast  body  of  water  ! 

"The  eastern  section  of  the  State  is  broken  and  ii*regular  in  all 
its  ridges — its  streams  tortuous,  rapid,  and  of  sudden  descent;  drain- 
ing a  country  rocky  and  precipitous,  where  its  escarpments  approach 
the  valleys ;  the  streams  excavated  to  a  great  depth  below  the  sum- 
mit of  the  ridges,  and  rising  by  a  gentle  slope  to  within  a  short  dis- 
tance of  the  ridge,  then  by  a  rapid  ascent  gaining  its  summit.  So 
universally  is  this  the  case,"  says  Mr.  Singleton,  "that  in  all  my  sur- 
veys for  railroads,  a  tunnel  with  very  heavy  ascending  and  descend- 
ing grades  was  necessary  to  effect  the  transit  from  the  head  of  the 
valley  of  one  stream  to  another. 

"The  western  section  is  generally  regular  and  uniform,  both  in  its 
vertical  and  horizontal  sections  ;  the  streams,  descending  from  the 
summit  I'idges  by  gentle  slopes  to  the  main  valleys,  are  almost  imper- 
ceptible in  their  descent ;  the  ridges  are  wide,  continuously  direct, 
and  uniform  in  grade,  mostly  covered  with  prairies,  and  peculiarly 
adapted  to  the  construction  of  railroads." 

In  speaking  of  the  geography  of  Missouri,  Professor  Schoolcraft 
says  :  "  It  possesses  some  of  the  most  prominent  geographical  features 
of  the  western  country,  and  from  the  meeting  of  such  mighty  streams  on 
its  confines,  and  its  relation  to  all  the  country  situated  north  and  west 
of  it,  must  become  the  key  to  all  the  commerce  of  those  regions,  and 
is  destined  to  have  a  commanding  influence  on  the  surrounding  States, 
and  on  the  political  character  and  mutations  of  that  country.  The 
country  west  of  the  Mississippi  differs  in  some  respects  from  any  other 
section  of  the  western  country,  and  affords  a  variety  in  its  physical 
aspect  which  is  nowhere  else  to  be  met  with.  A  groat  proportion  of 
the  lands  in  this  territory  are  of  the  richest  kind,  jiroduciug  corn, 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  hemp,  flax,  and  tobacco  in  great  abundance,  and  in 
great  perfection.  The  lands  bordering  on  the  Missouri  River,  as  far 
as  the  territory  extends,  (in  1819,)  are  rich  beyond  comparison. 


26  GENERAL    VIEW    OF    MISSOURI. 

*  :4c  *  "The  traveler  in  the  interior  is  often  surprised  to  be- 
hold, at  one  view,  cliirs  and  prairies,  bottoms  and  barrens,  naked  hills, 
lieavy  forests,  rocks,  streams,  and  plains,  all  succeedinf;  each  other 
with  rai)idity,  and  mingled  with  the  most  pleasing  harmony.  I  have 
contemplated  such  scenes,  while  standing  upon  some  lofty  bluff  in  the 
wilderness  of  Missouri,  with  unmixed  delight;  while  the  deer,  elk,  and 
l}ulbilo  were  grazing  quietly  on  the  plains  below." 

"Although  there  is  much  high  land  in  this  territory,  there  is  perhaps 
none  which,  strictly  speaking,  is  entitled  to  the  apjiellation  of  a  moun- 
tain. A  ridge  of  high  land,  called  the  Ozark  chain,  commencing  on 
the  banks  of  the  Maramec  near  the  Fourche  a  Courtois,  extends  in  a 
southwestern  direction  to  the  banks  of  White  River  in  Arkansas 
Territory,  a  distance  of  about  400  miles,  and  occasionally  rises  into 
peaks  of  mountain  height.  This  ridge  divides  the  waters  of  the  Mis- 
souri from  those  of  the  ^Mississippi.  The  body  of  red  granite  found 
on  the  head  of  the  St.  Francois,  lies  in  mountain  masses,  and  forms, 
in  connection  with  the  accomjianying  rocks,  some  of  the  most  rude 
and  terrific  scenery,  full  of  interest  in  a  mineralogical  as  well  as  a 
geological  point  of  view." 

The  Granite  [Mountain  here  referred  to  is  north  of  the  center  of 
township  34,  range  3  east,  and  about  2  miles  due  west  from  Middle- 
brook  on  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  and  about  5  miles  southwest 
from  Pilot  Knob. 

"  The  region  of  the  Ozark  range  of  mountain-development  is  one 
of  singular  features,  and  no  small  attractions.  It  exhibits  a  vast  and 
elevated  tract  of  horizontal  and  sedimentary  strata,  extending  for 
hundreds  of  miles  north  and  south.  This  range  is  broken  up  into 
high  cliffs,  often  wonderful  to  behold,  which  form  the  inclosing  walls 
of  river  valleys.  The  Arkansas  itself  forces  its  way  through  about 
the  center  of  the  range.  The  Washita  marks  its  southern  boundary. 
The  St.  Francois  and  Maramec,  at  the  mouth  of  the  former  of  which 
De  Soto  landed,  constitute  its  northern  limits.  The  junction  of  the 
Missouri  with  the  Mississippi  may  be  said  to  be  its  extreme  northern 
development.  The  Missouri,  from  the  influx  of  the  Osage,  is  pushed 
northward  by  the  Ozark  range.  It  rests,  upon  the  south,  upon  the 
primitive  granites,  slates,  and  quartz  rock  of  Washita.  The  cele- 
brated Hot  Springs  issue  from  it.  The  long-noted  mines  of  Mis- 
souri, which  once  set  opinion  in  France  in  a  blaze,  extend  from  its 
northeastern  flanks.  The  primitive  sienites  and  hornblende  rocks  of 
the  sources  of  the  St.  Franyois  and  Grand  Rivers  support  it.  The 
Unica  or  White  River,  the  Strawberry,  Spring  River,  Current,  and 
Black  Rivers  descend  from  it  and  join  the  Mississippi.     The  Great 


GENERAL    VIEW   OF    MISSOURI.  27 

and  Little  Osai^e,  and  Gasconade,  flow  into  the  Missouri.  The  great 
plains  and  sand  desert,  which  stretch  at  the  eastern  foot  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  lie  west  of  it.  It  is  not  less  than  200  miles  in  breadth. 
No  part  of  the  center  regions  of  the  Mississippi  valley  exhibits  such 
a  variety  in  its  geological  constituents,  or  such  a  striking  mineralog- 
ical  development.  Its  bodies  of  the  ore  of  iron  called  iron-glace  are 
unparalleled.  These  are  particularly  developed  in  the  locality  called 
Iron  Mountain,  at  the  sources  of  the  St.  Francois.  Its  ores  of  lead, 
zinc,  antimony,  and  manganese  are  remarkable.  Its  limestones 
abound  in  caves  yielding  nitre.  Salt  and  gypsum  are  found  in  the 
plains,  on  its  western  borders.  Its  large  blocks  of  quartz  rocks, 
which  are  found  north  of  the  Arkansas  River,  particularly  scattered 
over  the  formations  crossing  the  Little  Red,  Buffalo,  and  White 
Rivers,  about  the  Buffalo  shoals,  furnish  indications  of  the  diluvial 
gold  deposit,  which  would  justify  future  examinations." — School- 
craffs  Adventures  in  the  Ozark  3Iountains,  p.  113. 

Notwithstanding  that  the  Ozark  range  presents  a  rough,  rocky,  con- 
fused appearance  in  some  portions,  and  that  its  perpendicular  walls 
here  and  there  attain  an  elevation  of  from  100  to  400  feet,  overhang- 
ing the  streams  and  valleys  below,  there  are  other  portions  of  the 
ridge,  especially  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  where  the  slopes 
on  either  side  are  so  gradual,  and  the  table-lands  upon  its  summit  so 
extensive,  that  the  traveler  would  pass  entirely  over  it  without  any 
knowledge  of  this  being  the  Ozark  ridge,  except  that  the  elevation 
attained  everywhere  presents  an  extensive  view  of  the  surrounding 
country. 

And  here  we  would  correct  some  erroneous  impressions  in  regard 
to  Missouri,  and  show  their  origin.  Upon  some  of  the  first  maps 
of  the  State,  the  "Ozark  Mountains,"  have  a  prominence  that  would 
be  no  disgrace  to  the  Alleghanies,  and  some  map  publishers  of  the 
present  day  still  copy  the  information  from  these  old  editions,  errors 
and  all.  The  following  article  appeared  in  the  St.  Louis  Enquirer, 
(Thomas  H.  Benton,  editor,)  December  1,  1819,  (in  reply  to  an  article 
from  the  National  Intelligencer,  in  regard  to  the  formation  of  the 
proposed  State  of  Missouri.)  The  editor  says:  "After  you  get  forty 
or  fifty  miles  from  the  Mississippi,  the  arid  plains  set  in  and  the  country 
is  uninhabitable,  except  upon  the  borders  of  the  rivers  and  creeks." 
Again  he  says:  "Take  up  Mellish's  map  —  look  for  St.  Genevieve — 
carry  your  eyes  west  to  Mine  a  Breton,  and  you  are  upon  the  con- 
fines of  a  desert;  six  miles  farther,  the  inhabitable  land  gives  out, 
and  the  naked  and  arid  plains  set  in."  Speaking  of  the  country 
north  of  the  Missouri,  the  same  writer  says:  "The  Grand  Prairie, 


28  GENERAL    VIEW    OF    MISSOURI. 

a  plain  without  wood  or  water,  which  extends  to  the  northwest 
farther  than  hunters  or  travelers  have  ever  yet  gone,  comes  down  to 
within  a  few  miles  of  the  town  of  St.  Charles,  and  so  completely 
occupies  the  fork  of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  llivers,  that  the 
woodland  for  300  miles  up  each  only  forms  a  skirt  from  five  to  twenty- 
five  miles  wide,  and  al)()ve  that  distance  the  prairie  actually  reaches 
the  borders  of  the  rivers  in  many  places." 

Such  was  the  opinion  held  in  1819.  Let  us  see  what  Professor  G. 
C.  Swallow  says  of  these  same  portions,  after  a  careful  examination, 
forty  years  later. 

The  southwestern  branch  of  tlie  Pacilic  Railroad  traverses  the 
'"naked,  arid,  and  uninhabitable"  country  above  spoken  of.  In  his 
lengthy  and  able  report  upon  tlie  character  of  the  lands  of  this 
company,  the  State  Geologist  says  of  the  soil:  "Almost  every  acre 
of  the  alluvial  bottoms  throughout  this  entire  region  has  a  rich, 
durable  soil,  which  is  usually  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  corn, 
wheat,  tobacco,  oats,  and  the  grasses  ;  some  would  yield  good  hemp. 
Where  the  silicious  marls  of  the  bluff"  are  well  developed,  the  ni)land 
soils  are  rich,  fertile,  and  durable.  This  variety  of  soil  prevails  in 
all  the  best  upland  on  the  line  of  the  road,  particularly  in  the  eastern 
and  western  extremities.  In  Oliver's  prairie.  Pool's  prairie,  and 
Sarcoxie  prairie,  in  Newton  ;  Grand  and  Kickapoo  prairies  in  Green; 
Pleasant  prairie  in  Webster;  Dimond  prairie  in  Jasper;  and  Ozark 
prairie  in  Lawrence,  the  soil  is  excellent.  It  possesses  the  same 
good  qualities  in  some  of  the  timbered  portions  of  all  the  counties 
above  named.  There  is  a  soil,  somewhat  inferior  to  the  preceding, 
which  covers  large  areas  in  the  region  under  consideration.  It  also 
rests  upon  the  marls  of  the  bluff,  where  that  formation  is  somewhat 
clayey,  and  where  it  has  been  injured  by  washing.  This  variety  is 
found  on  the  ridges  and  undulating  portions  of  the  country,  where 
the  white,  post,  and  black  oaks,  and  summer  grapes  abound,  and 
white  hickory,  dwarf  sumac,  and  hazlc  are  less  prevalent.  This  same 
soil  also  occupies  the  prairies,  which  are  somewhat  inferior  to  those 
mentioned  above.  It  is  also  true,  contrary  to  the  opinions  of  some, 
that  the  central  counties  on  the  line  of  this  road  have  large  areas  of 
most  excellent  land."  Again  he  says:  "The  time  is  not  far  distant 
when  iha  poor  Jlinl  ridges  and  terraced  slopes  of  Southern  Missouri 
will  be  more  valuable  for  vineyards  than  the  best  lands  of  the  State 
for  the  (jther  departments  of  agriculture." 

Jlenco  the  reader  has  reliable  iiiforniation  respecting  the  soils  of 
the  southern  portion  of  the  State.  AVhat  is  said  of  "the  plain  with- 
out wood  or  water,  which  extends  farther  than  hunters  or  travelers 


GENERAL   VIEW    OF    MISSOURI.  29 

bad  ever  gone"  in  1819?  The  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Raih'oad 
passes  through  very  nearly  the  center  of  the  northern  half  of  the 
State.  In  a  letter  from  the  State  Geologist,  giving  his  opinion  of 
the  lands  along  the  line  of  this  road,  he  says :  "By  far  the  larger  part 
of  it  is  a  high,  rolling  country,  and  about  equally  divided  into- prairie 
and  timber ;  all  well  watered  with  numerous  springs  and  streams.  A 
small  portion  of  the  country  is  broken  into  ridges  and  knobs;  and 
the  larger  streams  are  bordered  by  rich  alluvial  bottoms.  Nearly  all 
the  soil  of  this  region  is  based  upon  the  fine  silicious  marl  of  the 
bluff  formation.  As  this  fact  would  indicate,  they  possess  all  the 
good  qualities  of  the  very  best  Western  soils.  Those  in  the  valleys 
of  the  streams  are  not  inferior  in  fertility  to  the  very  best  alluvial 
soils;  but  those  upon  the  ridges  and  knobs  are  of  a  lighter  char- 
acter, and  much  inferior  for  the  ordinary  uses  of  the  farmer.  It  is, 
however,  very  probable  that  these  soils  will  be  more  valuable  for  the 
cultivation  of  the  grape,  than  even  our  richest  soils  for  the  ordinary 
purposes  of  agriculture ;  for  the  grape  will  succeed  on  the  poorer 
ridges,  when  the  soil  has  the  proper  composition.  Thus  it  will  be 
seen,  that  the  lands  of  your  company  are  located  in  one  of  the  richest 
and  most  desirable  regions  of  the  West.  The  soil  is  scarcely  sur- 
passed in  any  region  of  equal  extent,  and  yet  the  country  is  high, 
undulating,  well  watered,  and  salubrious.  It  is  so  divided  into  timber 
and  prairie,  as  will  render  the  opening  of  farms  most  convenient  and 
profitable.  The  prairie  is  ready  for  the  plow,  and  the  best  of  tim- 
ber at  hand  for  buildings  and  fences.  But  the  vast  coal-beds,  be- 
neath the  soil,  give  these  lands  a  value  far  above  all  ordinary  prices. 
According  to  Major  Hawn's  surveys,  a  large  portion  of  these  lands 
contain  at  least  fine  workable  beds  of  good  coal.  These  beds  will 
contain  an  aggregate  thickness  of  fifteen  feet,  which  will  yield  not 
less  than  20,000  tons  per  acre.  The  coal  alone,  at  only  one  cent  per 
ton,  is  worth  $200  per  acre.  Good  limestone,  suitable  for  all  build- 
ing purposes,  is  abundant  along  the  line  of  the  road.  Clays,  of 
excellent  quality  for  common  and  fine  brick  and  pottery,  are  found 
in  large  quantities.  The  numerous  streams  which  pass  through  this 
region  afford  a  large  amount  of  water-power,  and  many  good  sites 
for  mills  and  factories." 

Northern  Missouri. — From  the  facts  given  in  the  above  extracts, 
as  well  as  the  information  contained  in  the  descriptions  of  the  several 
counties,  the  reader  will  perceive  that  the  portion  of  the  State  north 
of  the  Missouri  River  exhibits  a  desirable  medium  between  a  mount- 
ainous and  a  level  country — a  bleak  prairie  and  a  densely-timbered 
region.     It  is  less  broken  and  hilly  than  most  of  the  Eastern  and 


30  GENERAL   VIEW    OF    MISSOURI. 

MidtUe  States,  or  the  southern  portion  of  this  State,  and  less  level 
or  flat  than  portions  of  Illinois  and  many  of  the  Southern  States. 
As  will  l)f  seen  by  reference  to  tlie  map,  this  section  is  well  watered, 
the  principal  streams  running  from  tlie  north  to  the  south,  and  many 
of  them  jiresent  pood  facilities  for  water-power,  (which,  however, 
are  less  numerous  than  upon  the  streams  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State.)  The  ridges  or  divides  between  the  streams  are  generally  suf- 
ficiently elevated  to  afford  natural  roads  of  the  most  perfect  char- 
acter, passable  with  heavy  loads  during  all  seasons. 

The  '"Elk  Knobs,"  in  Macon  County,  are  worthy  of  mention,  and 
are  fully  described  in  the  chapter  devoted  to  "Natural  Curiosities," 
where  will  also  be  found  a  description  of  the  "^Slamclles,"  the  "Cedar 
Pyramid,"  and  the  "Rocky  Cliff,"  in  St.  Charles  County. 

The  Submerged  Lands  of  Missouri.* — The  portion  of  the  State 
of  Missouri  that  is  inundated,  comprises  the  counties  of  Cape 
Girardeau,  Scott,  Mississippi,  Wayne,  Stoddard,  Butler,  New  Madrid, 
Dunklin,  and  Pemiscot,  embracing,  according  to  the  returns  made  to 
the  Surveyor-General's  office  (including  all  the  swamp  lands  in  the 
Jackson  land  district)  1,856,120  acres.  "A  portion  of  each  of  the 
above  counties  is  covered  with  water,  and  possess  an  alluvial  soil ; 
the  lands  are  low  and  marshy,  interspersed  by  streams,  rivers,  lakes, 
swamps,  bayous,  bogs,  and  marshes;  although  a  part  of  the  swamps 
is  not  submerged  by  water  the  whole  year,  but  the  water  remaining 
stagnant  on  these  low  and  marshy  lands  during  the  hot  summer, 
become  very  impure  and  putrid.  The  vegetation  being  very  rank 
and  abundant  on  this  rich  and  marshy  soil,  mixes  with  the  putrid 
waters,  and  when  decomposed  fills  and  renders  the  atmosphere  im- 
l)ure  and  unhealthy,  which  adds  greatly  to  disease;  and  as  the  waters 
are  dried  up  from  these  swamps,  there  is  a  sediment,  stench,  and 
poison  left  on  them  that  cause  disease  and  death,  not  only  to  those 
that  live  on  their  borders,  but  likewise  to  the  inhabitants  that  live  in 
the  vicinity.  A  great  portion  of  these  swamps  is  not  susceptible  for 
the  habitation  of  man,  except  a  numberless  group  of  islands  inter- 
spersed, which  are  occupied  during  certain  seasons  of  the  year  by 
hunters  and  trappers.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact,  that  there  is  a  chain 
of  I'lW,  level,  and   marshy  lands,  commencing  at  the  City  of  Cape 

*  In  addition  to  our  personal  knowledge  of  this  region,  we  have  compiled 
many  of  the  facts  and  estimates,  made  by  actual  surveys,  from  the  able  reports 
of  F.  A.  KoziKU,  Esq.,  Chairman  of  the  Southwestern  Convention,  held  at  Memphis; 
also  from  the  concise  reports  of  Messrs.  O'Suli.ivan  and  Morrell,  Engineers 
of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad;  and  from  data  furnished  W.  S.  Moselet,  Esq., 
of  New  Madrid. 


^  GENERAL    VIEW    OF    MISSOURI.  31 

Girardeau,  Missouri,  and  extending  to  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  and 
between  these  two  points  there  is  not  a  rock  lauding,  except  at  the 
small  town  of  Commerce,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi ;  there 
is,  furthermore,  only  one  ridge  of  high  land  from  Commerce  to  be 
met  with  on  the  west  side  of  said  river,  which  is  at  Helena,  Arkansas. 
From  the  City  of  Cape  Girardeau,  running  into  the  State  of  Arkansas, 
there  is  a  strip  or  tongue,  350  miles  long,  of  beautiful  and  excellent 
lands,  along  the  western  margin  of  the  Mississippi,  which  is  well  in- 
habited, having  an  average  of  ten  miles  wide,  and  is  entirely  cut  off 
and  stands  isolated  from  the  interior  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  by 
the  great  swamps  lying  west  of  it,  and  deprives  and  cuts  off  all  com- 
munication from  the  interior  southern  part  of  Missouri  and  northern 
part  of  Arkansas,  for  the  distance  above  mentioned  to  the  Missis- 
sippi River."*  The  lands  west  of  these  swamps  are  very  fertile  and 
rich — the  timber  unsurpassed  in  size  and  quality. 

"The  earthquakes  of  1811-'12  proved  very  injurious  and  dis- 
astrous to  Southeast  Missouri,  and  were  felt  far  and  wide.  They 
changed  the  course  of  the  streams  and  rivers,  which  occasioned  the 
waters  to  spread  in  every  direction ;  and  made  high  land  where  it 
was  low  previous,  and  in  elevated  places  sunk  them,  thus  causing  the 
rivers  and  streams  to  overflow  a  great  extent  of  country.  These 
earthquakes  are  still  remembered  by  many  of  the  oldest  settlers; 
when  the  whole  land  was  moved  and  waved  like  the  waves  of  the 
sea,  and  the  majestic  oak  bent  his  head  to  the  ground  like  a  reed, 
and  the  terrible  fact  that  the  waters  of  the  mighty  Mississippi  (oppo- 
site the  town  of  New  Madrid)  rolled  up  stream  for  ten  miles,  carry- 
ing on  its  bosom  barks,  keel-boats,  and  every  species  of  craft,  with 
a  rapidity  unknown,  and  causing  destruction  of  property  and  life.""!" 

There  are  four  large  swamps  that  originate  in  Missouri,  to  wit : — 
The  White  Water  or  Little  River  swamps,  the  St.  John's,  the  James, 
and  the  St.  Fran9ois  swamps. 

The  following  is  from  the  report  of  Messrs.  O'Sullivan  and  Morrell, 
before  alluded  to : — 

"  The  swamp  lands  of  Southeast  Missouri  all  lie  southeast  of  a  line 
drawn  from  just  below  Cape  Girardeau,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  to 
a  point  on  the  Arkansas  State  line,  in  range  3  east.  This  line  is  not 
straight,  however,  but  starts  from  the  Mississippi  River,  on  a  course 
about  12  deg.  south  of  west,  and  deflects  gradually  to  the  southward, 

*  Since  the  above  report  was  made,  the  Cairo  and  Fulton  Railroad  has  been 
constructed,  and  is  now  in  operation  some  twenty  five  miles  west  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi, passing  through  Charleston,  Mississippi  County. 

I  See  descripiion  of  "New  Madrid  Earthquakes"  in  another  chapter. 


32  GENliRAL    VIEW    OF    MISSOURI.. 

until  it  crosses  tlic  line  between  ranges  5  and  6  east,  making  a  curve 
in  this  distance  with  a  versed  sine  of  about  9^  miles,  thence  to  the 
Arkansas  line,  in  range  3  cast,  on  a  general  course  of  south  50  deg. 
west.  This  line  is  the  termination  of  the  high,  broken  ridges  that 
spur  out  southwardly  from  the  Ozark  range,  and  form  a  rough,  broken 
country  for  some  seventy  miles,  until  they  are  cut  off  abruptly  at  this 
line. 

"  The  swamp  lands  may  be  divided  into  three  distinct  divisions. 
The  west  swamp  or  Black  River  division  ;  the  middle  swamp  or  Cas- 
tor River  division  ;  and  the  overflowed  lands  bordering  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  above  New  Madrid,  may  be  called  the  Mississippi  division. 
The  Black  River  and  Castor  divisions  are  divided  by  a  high,  broken 
ridge.  This  ridge  commences  on  the  east  side  of  the  St.  Fran9ois 
River,  opposite  the  Chalk  l)lu(f,  (the  termination  of  the  high,  broken 
ridge  known  as  Croly's  ridge,)  and  runs  northeasterly  in  the  same 
general  direction  of  Croly's  ridge,  to  a  point  about  three  miles  east 
of  the  town  of  Bloomfield  ;  thence  bears  northwesterly  and  terminates 
at  Mingo  swamp. 

"This  ridge  is  very  broken — the  crest  of  it  being  a  succession  of 
undulations,  and  the  east  slope  of  it  is  very  abrupt,  as  shown  on  the 
profiles ;  it  is  of  the  same  character  as  tlie  north  end  of  Croly's  ridge, 
and,  from  the  appearance  at  Chalk  bluff,  may  at  some  day  have  formed 
part  of  the  same  ridge — the  St.  Francois  having  cut  a  channel  through 
it  since.  It  will  be  seen  that  this  is  an  isolated  ridge,  surrounded  by 
overflowed  lands. 

"  The  Castor  and  ^lississippi  divisions  are  divided  by  the  New 
Madrid  and  IJenton  ridges,  commencing  at  New  Madrid  and  extend- 
ing north  about  thirty  miles ;  in  this  distance  the  ridge  averages 
about  three  miles  wide,  and  is  nearly  level,  and  generally  about 
twenty-five  feet  above  overflow ;  thence,  after  crossing  a  slough  which 
connects  the  Castor  and  Mississippi  divisions,  the  Benton  ridge  sets 
in,  which  is  a  high,  broken  one,  extending  to  the  Mississippi  River  at 
Commerce,  and  thence  continuing  some  eight  miles  up  the  river,  and 
there  terminating  on  the  southern  border  of  the  Mississippi  inlet. 

"As  the  slough  cutting  this  ridge,  south  of  Benton,  can  be  diked 
at  a  small  expense,  it  is  of  but  little  consequence ;  and,  in  speaking 
of  the  swamps,  I  will  consider  the  ridge  unbroken  by  any  water- 
course from  New  Madrid  to  the  Mississippi,  at  the  southciMi  border 
of  the  Cape  Girardeau  iidet. 

"  The  Black  River  and  Castor  divisions  are  overflowed  through  the 


.    GENERAL   VIEW   OF    MISSOURI.  33 

inlet  mentioned  from  the  Mississippi,  below  Cape  Girardeau.  This 
inlet  is  at  the  narrowest  point  about  three  miles  wide,  (averages  five 
miles,)  and  the  water  from  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  time  of  the 
flood  in  1844,  ran  through  it  to  a  depth  of  from  four  to  six  feet — say- 
five  feet  for  the  whole  width.  This  inlet  bears  southeast  twelve 
miles  to  the  Castor  division,  when  the  water,  in  time  of  high  floods, 
spreads  out  to  a  width  of  ten  miles ;  and  this  width  of  overflow  in- 
creases as  the  water  runs  south,  until  at  a  point  opposite  New  Madrid 
it  overflows  a  belt  of  some  fifteen  miles  in  width. 

"  A  portion  of  the  Mississippi  water  also  runs  through  Mingo 
swamp  to  the  Black  River  division,  and  fills  the  channel  of  the  river 
to  the  tops  of  the  banks,  and  runs  through  the  Blue  Spring  slough, 
the  Caledonia  slough,  the  Monorkene  slough,  and  other  smaller  ones 
to  Black  River,  which  it  fills  to  its  banks,  and  at  low  places  runs  over 
the  west  bank,  and  submerges  the  country  westward  to  Cane  Creek 
and  a  portion  west  of  this  creek  to  little  Black  River.  Farther  south, 
below  'Ash  Hills,'  it  also  breaks  over  the  banks  of  the  St.  Francois, 
and  runs  over  the  flat  surface  of  the  country  west  of  that  river,  sub- 
merging it  from  one  to  four  feet  in  depth,  and  is  received  in  a  lake  at 
the  Arkansas  line,  about  six  miles  west  of  Chalk  Bluffs.  In  this  lake 
heads  Cache  River,  which  runs  into  Black  River,  about  125  miles 
south  of  the  State  line. 

"  Another  source  of  overflow  of  the  swamp  lands  is  from  the  drain- 
age, during  heavy  rains,  of  the  country  to  the  north,  being  the  southern 
slope  of  the  Ozark  range. 

"  The  southern  slope  of  the  Ozark  divide  is  very  abrupt,  falling  ofi" 
700  and  1200  feet  in  a  distance  of  forty  and  seventy  miles.  These 
swamp  lands  receive  the  drainage  of  3518  square  miles  of  this  slope, 
through  the  channels  of  Black  River,  St.  Fran9ois,  Castor,  and  White 
Rivers,  and  falling,  as  these  rivers  do,  at  an  average  of  twenty  feet 
per  mile,  from  their  sources  to  the  flats,  where  the  fall  southward  is 
only  one  and  a  half  feet  per  mile,  the  channels  become  choked,  and 
hence  the  overflow. 

"By  keeping  off  all  overflow,  there  is  but  a  very  small  portion  of 
these  lands  that  will  be  unfit  for  cultivation,  and  those  of  first  quality. 

"A  stranger  in  traveling  over  this  flat  country,  after  a  season  of  no 
unusual  flood,  would  be  surprised  that  such  a  body  of  rich  land,  in 
such  close  proximity  to  the  river,  should  be  yet  a  wilderness.  The 
bottom,  at  such  a  time,  is  as  dry  as  the  high  ridges  north,  except  the 
cypress  sloughs  which  tread  their  way  at  various  places,  the  tall  tim- 
bers on  these  sloughs  looking  in  the  distance  like  some  high  ridge 
stretching  across  the  country. 

3 


34  GENERAL    VIEW    OF    MISSOURI. 

"ThcBC  sloughs  vary  in  width  from  two  hundred  to  eight  liundred 
feet,  and  are  from  five  to  ten  feet  Ijclow  the  general  plane  of  country, 
and  will  at  some  future  day  be  reclaimed  after  the  timber  shall  have 
found  a  market.  This  timber,  after  the  railroads  are  constructed,  will 
become  valual)le,  and  be  a  large  source  of  wealth  to  the  country.  The 
cypress-troes  are  of  an  enormous  size,  and  run  up  perfectly  straight 
to  a  height  of  from  sixty  to  eighty  feet  without  a  limb ;  and  the  forest 
being  void  of  undergrowth  presents  a  grand  spectacle,  looking  like 
a  thousand  symmetrical  columns  supporting  some  immense  vault. 

"  The  timber  of  the  drier  lands  is  superior  to  that  of  the  uplands 
to  the  north.  White  oak  of  the  largest  size  is  here  found,  the  trunks 
maintaining  a  nearly  uniform  girth  to  a  great  height.  The  other  kinds 
of  oak,  hickory,  and  various  other  timbers,  grow  iu  abundance. 

"  On  the  banks  of  Cane  Creek,  Black  River,  St.  Fran9ois  River, 
Castor  River,  and  Little  River  is  a  thick  growth  of  cane,  but  this 
does  not  reach  to  a  great  height,  being  kept  down  by  the  cattle  that 
range  over  the  whole  country  and  subsist  entirely  on  it  during  the 
winter. 

"  When  we  consider  the  excellent  quality  of  the  swamp  lands,  the 
productiveness  of  which  is  not  surpassed  by  any  of  the  Illinois  lands, 
and  the  source  of  wealth  to  Southeast  Missouri  that  might  be  devel- 
oped by  settlers  coming  in,  and,  it  might  be  added,  the  important 
bearing  this  would  have  on  a  railroad  from  St.  Louis,  it  becomes  an 
important  question,  can  the  swamp  lands  be  drained  ?  and  if  so,  what 
would  be  the  cost,  and  whether  the  end  to  be  accomplished  would 
justify  the  means  ? 

"  In  the  Surveyor-General's  office  the  area  of  overflowed  lands  in 
the  Jackson  District  is  found  to  be  1,856,120  acres.  Assuming  that 
about  two-thirds  of  these  lands  would  be  available  for  cultivation, 
and  of  a  quality  that  would  be  reclaimed  by  a  judicious  system  of 
drainage,  this  would  be  equal  to  1,237,412  acres,  say  1,200,000 
acres.  These  lands  are  now  worth  l)ut  little,  except  for  the  timber 
they  l)ear,  which  at  i)resent  may  be  considered  inaccessible  to  market. 
Bring  them  to  a  condition,  by  a  proper  drainage,  so  as  to  invite  a 
class  of  settlers  who  are  looking  for  choice  land,  and  they  would  l)ring, 
on  an  average,  at  very  low  figures,  $2  50  per  acre,  equal  to  $3,000,000. 

"We  now  suggest  an  outline  for  a  system  of  drainage,  which  con- 
siderable knowledge  of  the  swamp  lands,  acquired  by  observation  on 
the  ground,  and  by  consulting  the  U.  S.  notes  in  the  office  of  the  Sur- 
veyor-(j!eneral,  warrants  as  probably  practicable. 

"  First.  We  would  sliut  out  the  water  from  the  Mississippi  through 
the  Ca])e  Girardeau  inlet,  which  could  be  done  effectually  by  an 
embaukmcut  three  miles  long  and  averaging  ten  feet  high.     Theu 


GENERAL   VIEW    OF    MISSOURI.  35 

for  the  Black  River  and  Castor  division  there  would  be  only  the  drain- 
ing from  the  south  slope  of  the  Ozark  range,  and  the  local  drainage 
of  the  flats  themselves.  As  the  latter  is  a  matter  of  much  detail,  and 
of  no  great  importance  in  a  general  system,  we  will  not  notice  it  here 
further  than  to  say  that  it  can  be  readily  accomplished  through  the 
numerous  small  sloughs  that  abound  throughout  the  entire  overflowed 
region.  Then  we  have  on  these  two  divisions  the  overflow  from  the 
four  rivers — Black,  St.  rran56is.  Castor,  and  White — to  dispose  of, 

'*  Black  River  Division. — Assuming  the  Cape  Girardeau  inlet  to  be 
closed,  the  water  that  overflows  this  division  of  the  swamp  lands  then 
comes  in  by  Black  and  St.  Francois  Rivers.  The  former  drains  about 
1130  square  miles,  and  the  distance  by  the  stream  from  the  head  of 
the  longest  fork  to  the  swamp  lands  is  ninety-four  miles,  and  a  cross 
section  of  the  river  where  it  enters  the  swamp  lands,  at  the  highest 
known  flood,  is  3950  square  feet. 

"The  St.  Fran9ois  drains  about  1250  square  miles,  and  by  the 
longest  fork  has  a  length  to  the  swamp  lands  of  105  miles,  and  a 
cross  section  of  water,  at  the  highest  known  flood,  of  9400  square 
feet,  taken  above  the  mouth  of  Mingo  swamp.  Mingo  swamp,  as 
before  desci'ibed,  connects  the  Black  River  with  the  Castor  division 
north  of  the  Bloomfield  ridge.  This  swamp  is  two  miles  wide,  and 
the  drainage  from  it  to  the  St.  rran9ois,  in  time  of  low  water,  is 
through  a  channel  which  is  twenty  feet  deep,  below  the  plane  of 
country  where  it  enters  the  St.  rran9ois. 

"At  a  point  below  the  old  Indian  ford,  where  the  high  grounds 
recede  from  the  west  bank  of  the  river,  the  cross  section  of  high 
water  of  the  St.  rran9ois  is  but  5100  square  feet,  and  at  a  point 
about  seventeen  miles  below,  or  eleven  miles  above  Chalk  Bluff,  a 
cross  section  of  the  same  is  only  2330  square  feet.  Assuming  the 
current  to  be  of  equal  velocity  at  these  difterent  points,  it  will  be  seen 
that  forty-five  per  cent,  of  the  water  that  comes  down  the  St.  Fran- 
9ois  in  local  floods  passes  through  Mingo  swamp  into  the  Castor 
division,  and  that  thirty  per  cent,  overflows  its  west  bank  in  its  pro- 
gress to  Chalk  Bluff,  running  over  the  country  to  Black  and  Cache 
Rivers,  then  down  those  streams,  discharging  into  the  Mississippi 
finally  through  White  River,  180  miles  below  the  Missouri  line, 
while  less  than  twenty-five  per  cent,  finds  its  way  down  the  St.  Fran- 
9ois  and  through  the  ridge  at  Chalk  Bluff. 

"  The  banks  of  the  St.  Fran9ois,  at  the  edge  of  the  swamp  just 
below  Indian  ford,  are  twenty  and  twenty-five  feet  high  above  low 
water ;  and  at  the  point  mentioned  as  eleven  miles  north  of  Chalk  Bluft", 
where  the  other  cross  section  is  given,  the  banks  are  but  ten  feet  high, 
and  the  channel  too  is  narrower. 


3G  GENERAL   VIEW    OF    MISSOURI. 

"At  a  point  just  below  Mingo  swamp,  tlic  end  of  the  Bloomfield 
ridge  is  but  two  and  a  quarter  miles  from  the  St.  Fran9ois,  and  the 
side  of  the  bluff  comes  close  to  the  river  on  the  west  side,  the  iuter- 
vening  bottom  between  the  ridge  and  the  river  being  but  three  feet 
below  high-water  mark.  We  would  propose  throwing  up  an  embank- 
ment across  this  two  miles  of  bottom  to  a  height  of  about  six  feet, 
and  throwing  a  low  dam  across  the  river  sufhciently  high  to  throw  all 
the  water  through  ^lingo  swamp  into  the  Castor  division,  except  so 
much  as  the  banks  will  contain  at  the  point  indicated  as  near  Chalk 
Bluff,  after  stopping  some  of  the  narrow  gullies  which  the  river  has 
cut,  through  which  the  water  escapes,  and  clearing  the  river  of  its 
rafts  of  drift.  This  could  be  done  at  a  moderate  expense,  a  mere 
trifle  compared  with  the  benefits  to  be  derived  in  both  Missouri  and 
Arkansas. 

"  The  water  that  flows  over  the  west  bank  of  the  St.  Fran^'ois  in 
floods  nearly  all  runs  into  Arkansas  west  of  Croly's  ridge,  and,  as 
before  demonstrated,  is  equal  to  thirty  per  cent,  of  the  drainage  of 
1250  square  miles ;  during,  however,  only  the  time  that  the  water  is 
at  its  maximum  height,  which  is  the  most  important  time,  especially 
north  of  the  Missouri  line.  Black  River  could  then  be  easily  kept 
within  its  banks,  and  the  fine  body  of  rich  land  west  of  it,  embracing 
about  five  townships,  would  be  fit  for  settlement. 

"Castor  Division. — Having  shut  the  Mississippi  out  by  the  em- 
bankment across  Cape  Girardeau  inlet,  we  have  only  the  draining  of 
the  Ozark  slope  to  contend  with  through  White,  Castor,  and  St. 
Franc;ois  Rivers,  the  body  of  water  from  the  latter  being  greatly 
increased  by  the  improvement  already  suggested  below  Mingo  swamp. 
Thirty  per  cent,  of  the  whole  volume  of  water  at  its  maximum  height 
in  the  St.  Francois  having  been  diverted  by  the  proposed  improve- 
ments, and  as  forty-five  per  cent,  before  flowed  through  Mingo  swamp 
from  the  same  river,  this  gives  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  all  the  water 
in  the  St.  Fran9ois,  when  at  its  extreme  height,  as  passing  through 
Mingo  swamp  into  Castor  division. 

"To  compensate  for  diverting  thirty  per  cent,  of  the  St.  Fran9ois 
into  this  division,  wc  would  pro])Ose  throwing  up  a  dike  from  the 
north  end  of  the  inlet  dike  to  the  point  where  White  River  enters  the 
swamp,  a  distance  of  about  twelve  miles.  It  is  presumed  that  this 
may  be  done  at  a  moderate  expense,  making  it  near  the  ends  of  the 
ridges  where  the  overflow  is  not  so  deep,  and  raising  the  bed  of  the 
stream  by  a  dam  across  the  old  channel  where  the  river  enters  the 
Bwarap. 

"  White  River  drains  590  square  miles  of  the  Ozark  slope,  and  the 


GENERAL   VIEW    OF   MISSOURI.  37 

distance  to  the  head  of  the  longest  fork  is  forty-seven  miles,  it  being 
about  the  same  with  Castor  River,  which  drains  548  square  miles,  and 
to  the  head  of  the  longest  fork  from  the  swamp  is  fifty-three  miles. 

"It  will  be  seen  that  the  proposed  improvement  of  diverting  White 
River  would  carry  more  drainage  off  from  the  Castor  division  than 
the  surplus  portion  from  the  St.  Francois  brought  in  by  the  proposed 
change,  even  supposing  that  this  surplus  be  brought  in  during  all  the 
stages  of  the  water,  which  is  not  the  case.* 

"  The  improvements  suggested  for  the  Castor  division,  then,  are 
the  shutting  out  entirely  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  White  River, 
to  compensate  for  thirty  per  cent,  of  the  St.  Fran9ois  during  its 
highest  stage  let  in  through  Mingo  swamp;  and  as  it  is  fair  to  assume 
that  a  river  heading  among  mountain  ranges,  like  the  St.  Francois, 
with  its  longest  fork  only  105  miles  in  length,  would  remain  at  a 
maximum  in  flood  but  a  few  hours  at  once,  and  as  the  White  River 
drains  more  country  than  the  Castor  River,  we  think  it  might  be  safe 
to  assume  that  four-tenths  of  the  drainage  is  diverted  by  the  proposed 
improvement,  in  addition  to  that  most  important  of  all  suggestions 
for  this  and  the  Black  River  divisions,  the  shutting  out  of  the  mighty 
volume  that  escapes  from  the  Mississippi. 

"  By  the  figures  shown  on  the  map,  and  by  looking  at  the  profile, 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  high-water  mark  of  the  Mississippi  River  at 
New  Madrid  is  sixteen  feet  above  the  high  water  in  the  swamp,  ten 
miles  directly  west  of  the  same  point.  The  high-water  marks  are 
presumed  to  be  correct,  having  been  shown  at  different  points  by  peo- 
ple who  professed  to  understand  them,  and  the  height  of  different 
places  do  not  materially  conflict. 

"  The  country  below  New  Madrid  we  know  nothing  of  from  obser- 
vation. The  fall  of  high-water  mark  from  Cairo  to  New  jNIadrid  is 
twenty-nine  feet  by  our  levels,  and  the  distance  by  map  is  sixty-two 
miles  by  the  river,  making  the  fall  of  the  water  average  five  and  six- 
tenths  inches  per  mile.  Assuming  that  the  fall  is  the  same  for  some 
distance  below  New  Madrid,  then  to  fall  sixteen  feet,  we  go  thirty- 
four  miles  by  the  river  below  New  Madrid,  which  gives  an  elevation 
of  high-water  mark  equal  to  the  elevation  spoken  of  west  of  New 
Madrid,  and  consequently  the  Mississippi  River  can  have  no  outlet 
of  importance  in  this  distance,  which  we  are  informed  is  true,  by  those 
acquainted  with  the  country ;  and,  in  fact,  we  have  been  told  that  no 

*  As  will  be  seen,  no  account  is  taken  of  the  greater  velocity  which  rivers 
have  near  the  surface  of  the  water  in  floods.  This  would  augment  our  estimate 
of  the  percentage  that  waslics  over  the  west  bank  of  tiie  St.  Frauyois,  as  well  as 
our  estimate  of  the  proportion  that  does  now  run  into  the  Castor,  and  the  sur- 
plus which  would  be  thrown  in  by  the  construction  of  the  proposed  dam,  etc. 


38  OBNBRAL   VIEW    OF   MISSOURI. 

outlet  occarred  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river  from  New  Madrid  to 
Mcnipliis. 

"  Tlie  country  west  of  New  Madrid  is  well  known  as  havin"^  been 
sunk  several  feet  by  an  eartlKjuake  in  1811.  AVhere  once  was  high, 
timbered  land  is  now  covered  with  standing  and  running  water,  being 
the  discharges  of  Castor  and  White  Rivers,  which  here  form  one 
stream  which  is  called  Little  River. 

"  Tiie  route  to  Memphis,  as  shown  on  the  map  of  this  division, 
runs  mostly  on  land  said  to  be  above  overflow.  The  first  ten  miles 
south  of  the  point  where  it  crosses  the  Bloomfield  ridge,  we  know 
from  observation  on  the  ground,  is  some  fifteen  feet  above  overflow, 
and  is  there  mostly  a  sandy  prairie  which  is  said  to  continue  much  the 
same  to  the  Arkansas  line. 

"  Mississippi  Division. — On  this  division  the  overflow  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  must  be  kept  out  by  a  system  of  levees,  but  the  posi- 
tion of  these  must  be  determined  by  more  extended  surveys  than  those 
made  by  us  with  only  a  railroad  route  in  view.  Much  of  the  ground 
is  now  above  overflow.  Long  prairie  and  Matthew's  prairie  are  both 
extensively  settled,  and  contain  some  of  the  finest  farms  in  Southeast 
Missouri. 

Approximated  estimate  of  cost  of  carrying  out  the  proposed  system 
of  drainage  for  Southeast  Missouri. 

47,000  yds.  embankment,  No.  1,  below  Mingo  swamp,  at  25  cents 

per  yard $11,750  00 

Dam  ion  feet  lonp,  at  say  S20 <].'2n0  00 

Rock  protections  on  sides 1,000  00 

Stopping  the  gullies  when  St.  Franc^ois  bi-eaks  out  at  sundry  points, 

say 10,000  00 

$25,950  00 
162,000  yards  embankment,  near  Cape  Girardeau,  3  miles  long  and 

10  feet  Jiigii 4O,.50O  00 

For  changing  Wliite  River,  say IGO.t.iOO  00 

Leveeing  divide  between  Castor  and  Mississippi  divisions 5,000  00 

Leveeing  50  miles  of  the  Mississippi  River,  averaging  $4000  per 

mile 200,000  00 

$4;!1,450  00 
F.nginecring,  contingencies,  surveys,  etc.,  etc 43,150  00 

$474,600  00 

"We  would  repeat  here  that  the  a1)ove  remarks  are  only  intended 

to  give  what  information  we  had  collected  in  progress  of  survey,  and 

not  as  a  matured  plan.     They  may  be  useful  in  either  confirming  or 

suggesting  other  plans." 


OUTLINE   HISTORY. 

"  Tlie  man  who  is  ignorant  of  the  transactions  of  former  times,  is  condemned  to  a  perpetual  state 

of  childhood." — Cicero. 

TuE  valley  of  the  Mississippi  was  first  discovered  by  Hernando 
De  Soto,  appointed  by  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  of  Spain,  as 
Governor  of  the  Island  of  Cuba,  and  President  of  Florida.  He 
explored  the  Lower  Mississippi,  as  far  north  as  the  mouth  of  the 
Arkansas,  in  1539,  and  passed  up  White  River,  crossed  the  Ozark 
ridge,  and  spent  the  winter  of  1541-42  on  the  plains  (or  prairies) 
beyond — probably  in  the  western  part  of  this  State.  (See  Yernon 
County.)     He  named  the  country  "Florida." 

After  describing  the  Ozark  hills  in  Missouri,  Schoolcraft  says: 
"Through  these  Alpine  ranges  De  Soto  roved  with  his  chivalrous 
and  untiring  army,  making  an  outward  and  inward  expedition  into 
regions  which  must  have  presented  untoward  hardships  and  dis- 
couragements to  the  march  of  troops.  To  add  to  these  natural 
obstacles,  he  found  himself  opposed  by  fierce  savage  tribes,  who 
rushed  upon  him  from  every  glen  and  defile,  and  met  him  in  the  open 
grounds  with  the  most  savage  energy.  His  own  health  finally  sunk 
under  these  fatigues ;  and  it  is  certain  that,  after  his  death,  his  suc- 
cessor in  the  command,  Moscoso,  once  more  marched  entirely  through 
the  southern  Ozarks,  and  reached  the  Buffalo  plains  beyond  them. 
Such  energy  and  feats  of  daring  had  never  before  been  displayed  in 
North  America;  and  the  wonder  is  at  its  highest,  after  beholding  the 
wild  and  rough  mountains,  cliffs,  glens,  and  torrents,  over  which  the 
actual  marclies  must  have  laid.  Some  of  the  names  of  the  Indian 
tribes  encountered  by  him  furnish  conclusive  evidence  that  the  prin- 
cipal tribes  of  the  country,  although  they  have  changed  their  par- 
ticular locations  since  the  year  1542,  still  occupy  the  region.  Thus, 
the  Kapahas,  who  then  lived  on  the  Mississippi,  above  the  St.  Fran- 
9ois,  are  identical  with  the  Qnappas,  the  Cayas  with  the  Kanzas,  and 
the  Quipana  with  the  Pawnees." 

In  1673,  tlie  Mississippi  valley  was  furtlier  exi)l()rcd  l)y  Father 
Mauequette  and  M.  Joliet,  from  New  France,  (Canada,)  who 
entered  the  Mississippi  River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  and 
continued  down  the  stream  to  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  River, 

(89) 


40  OUTLINE    HISTORY. 

which  point  they  reached  in  1073.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  that 
portion  of  the  Mississippi  forming  the  eastern  boundary  of  this  State 
was  discovered  by  the  last-named  French  explorers,  who  were  the 
first  white  men  that  had  floated  upon  the  Mississippi  for  a  period  of 
130  years — or  since  the  disastrous  voyage  of  Louis  de  Moscoso,  with 
the  remains  of  De  Soto's  expedition,  iu  the  year  1543.  lleturning 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas,  they  passed  up  the  Illinois  River, 
and  discovered  all  that  country  in  July,  1G74. 

In  KISO,  Robert  Cavaliek  de  L.\  Salle  fitted  out  an  exploring 
expedition,  consisting  of  Father  Louis  Hennepin  and  M.  Dugay, 
with  six  others,  to  advance  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Mississippi. 
Hennepin  went  no  farther  north  than  Saint  Anthony's  Falls,  which 
name  he  gave  them  in  honor  of  his  patron  saint,  St.  Antliony,  of 
I'adua.  Thence  they  descended  the  Mississippi  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Arkansas,  and  from  there  returned  to  Green  Bay.* 

In  1682,  La  Salle  made  a  tour  of  exploration  through  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  to  the  "great  river"  he  gave  the  name  of 
St.  Lonis,  and  the  country  traversed  by  it  Louisiana,  both  in  honor 
of  the  King  of  France;  and  to  the  Missouri  River  lie  gave  the  name 
of  Saint  Philip.  Continuing  down  the  "St.  Louis,"' on  the  7th  of 
April,  1G82,  he  planted  the  colors  of  France  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  formally  and  solemnly  claimed  the  Territory  for  France,  giving 
it  the  name  of  Louisiana;  he  soon  after  returned  to  France,  to  make 
arrangements  for  colonizing  Louisiana,  which  he  had  accomplished 
by  July,  1G84,  when  his  fleet  of  four  vessels  left  Rochelle,  France; 
failing  to  recognize  the  mouth  of,  the  Mississippi,  as  they  passed 
it,  the  fleet  landed  at  the  Bay  of  the  Matagorda.  Ilis  subsequent 
history  is  full  of  melancholy  interest. 

The  discovery  of  the  Mississippi  by  the  Canadian  French  gave  to 
France  a  conventional  claim  to  navigate  the  great  river  and  its  prin- 
cipal tributaries,  and  to  occupy  and  settle  in  the  country  traversed 
by  them. 

The  further  exploration  of  the  Lower  Mississippi  was  interrupted 
by  the  war  between  the  Iroquois  Indians  and  the  British  Colonies, 
against  the  Province  of  Canada,  from  1689  to  1696.  But  the  settle- 
ments formed  in  the  Illinois  country  (east  of  the  Mississippi)  by 
Father  La  Salle  were  annually  on  the  increase,  by  the  accession  of 
Canadian  adventurers,  who  had  heard  of  the  fertile  lands  and  the 
more  temperate  climate.  Before  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century 
"  Old  Kaskaskia"  was  known  through  not  only  all  the  Illinois  country, 


*  Monette. 


OUTLINE    HISTORY.  41 

(of  which  it  was  for  several  years  the  capital,)  but  throughout  Canada ; 
and  the  Catholic  Mission  posts  established  by  La  Salle  had  grown 
into  parishes,  so  great  was  the  tide  of  emigration  and  so  fair  the 
fame  of  the  country. 

Soon  after  the  termination  of  the  war  above  alluded  to.  Count  de 
Frontenac,  then  Governor-General  of  New  France,  proceeded  to 
occupy  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  in  1697  located  colonies  at 
several  points,  both  north  and  south.  Up  to  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  settlements  in  New  France  were  confined  entirely 
to  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mississippi ;  but  the  reports  made  by  a  few 
wandering  explorers,  that  both  gold  and  silver  were  abundant  in  what 
is  now  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  induced  the  French  to  turn  their  at- 
tention to  the  country  to  the  west.  Accordingly,  early  in  the  eight- 
eenth century.  Count  de  Frontenac  prepared  an  expedition  to  visit 
the  mines  of  Upper  Louisiana.  A  fort  was  erected  and  settlements 
commenced,  but  the  prejudices  of  the  savages  were  soon  excited,  and 
their  demonstrations  of  hostility  induced  the  French  to  abandon  this 
part  of  the  country  without  making  any  permanent  settlements. 

The  Missouri  River  next  claimed  their  attention,  and  in  1705  they 
ascended  to  the  mouth  of  Kansas  River,  and  met  with  kind  and  hos- 
pitable treatment  from  the  Indians,  whose  kindness  on  this  occasion 
soon  obliterated  from  their  minds  the  remembrance  of  the  opposition 
offered  by  the  savages  on  the  Mississippi. 

The  war  in  Europe  at  this  time  demanded  all  the  resources  of 
France,  and  required  all  the  attention  of  her  principal  men,  both  in 
France  and  "New  France ;"  and  unable  to  keep  up  the  usual  advances, 
the  king  had  allowed  the  colony  of  Louisiana  to  become  reduced 
almost  to  starvation  ;  and  although  unable  to  contribute  either  men 
or  money  to  its  support,  the  king  was  intent  upon  keeping  from  the 
hands  of  his  enemies  this  country,  which  was  believed  to  contain  inex- 
haustible mines  of  gold  and  silver,  which,  when  opened,  would  not 
only  place  the  colony  upon  a  permanent  basis,  but  be  suflicient  to  re- 
move the  debt  of  France,  which  during  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  had 
increased  to  upwards  of  two  thousand  millions  of  livres.  "Mutual 
friendship  and  confidence"  had  been  established  between  the  French 
and  all  the  Western  tribes  of  Indians ;  and  emigrants  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  continued  to  advance  to  the  Illinois  country,  which  was 
then  settling  up  rapidly,  and  Old  Kaskaskia  had  become  the  capital 
of  the  country,  and  the  authorities  during  1712  issued  land  titles  for 
a  "common  field,"  and  deeds  and  titles  to  aid  the  people  in  the 
pursuit  of  important  public  and  private  enterprise.  In  view  of  the 
prosperous  present,  and  the  promising  future  of  the  Illinois  country, 


42  OUTLINE   HISTORY. 

(then  looked  npon  as  the  "terrestrial  paradise,'')  and  the  mines  of 
precious  ores  believed  to  exist  on  either  side  of  the  irreat  river,  the 
kiujr  granted  the  exclusive  privilege  in  all  the  trade  and  commerce 
of  the  province  to  Anthony  Crozat,  a  wealthy  and  influential  merchant 
of  France,  "who  had  prospered  in  opulence  to  the  astonishment  of  all 
the  world."  His  charter  embraced  sixteen  years,  from  the  26th  of 
September,  1712.  Louisiana,  as  then  held  by  France,  embraced  the 
entire  Mississippi  valley,  from  the  Alleghanies  to  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, and  north  to  the  lakes  in  Canada.  At  this  time  there  were  less 
than  380  Europeans  in  the  lower  half  of  the  district  described,  yet 
Crozat  entered  upon  his  projects  with  an  energy  which  exhibited  his 
confidence  in  his  gigantic  and  hazardous  undertaking.  Crozat  adopted 
for  the  government  of  the  country  the  laws,  usages,  and  customs  of 
Paris,  which  were  the  first  laws  of  civilized  society  that  were  ever 
in  existence  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony, and  were  principally  copied  from  the  Roman  civil  law. 

In  1712  M.  de  la  Motte  Cadillac  was  appointed  royal  governor  of 
Louisiana  by  Louis  XI Y.,  and  arrived  in  Louisiana  in  1713.  In 
order  to  enlist  him  in  the  commerce  of  the  colony  Crozat  associated 
him  as  a  partner  in  his  operations.  La  Motte  was  a  self-important, 
egotistical,  proud  man,  whose  elevation  from  obscurity  in  France  to 
the  position  of  "royal  governor  of  Louisiana"  rendered  him  almost 
unfit  for  the  association  of  even  his  superiors.  When  he  was  ordered 
by  the  ministry  to  assist  the  agents  of  Crozat  in  establishing  trading 
posts  on  the  Wabash  and  Illinois,  he  at  once  got  into  bad  humor, 
and  had  the  hardihood  to  write  back  to  the  ministry:  "I  have  seen 
Crozat's  instructions  to  his  agents.  I  thought  they  issued  from  a 
lunatic  as}'4um,  and  there  appeared  to  me  to  be  no  more  sense  in 
them  than  in  the  Apocalypse.  What!  Is  it  expected  that  for  any 
commercial  or  profitable  purposes  boats  will  ever  be  able  to  run  up 
the  Mississippi  into  the  Wabash,  the  Missouri  or  the  Red  River? 
One  might  as  well  try  to  bite  a  slice  off  the  moon.'  Not  only  are 
those  rivers  as  rapid  as  the  Rhone,  but  in  their  crooked  course  they 
imitate  to  perfection  a  snake's  undulations.  Hence,  for  instance,  on 
every  turn  of  the  Mississippi  it  would  be  necessary  to  wait  for  a 
change  of  wind,  if  wind  could  be  had ;  because  this  river  is  so  lined 
up  with  thick  woods  that  very  little  Avind  has  access  to  its  bed."* 

M.  de  la  Motte  was  the  first  governor  under  the  new  grant,  and 
arrived  in  the  Illinois  country  (comjirising  Missouri)  in  1713,  and 
took  possession  of  his   government.     Anticipating   an  astonishing 

*  Louisiana,  by  Gayiine,  p.  137. 


OUTLINE    HISTORY.  43 

profit  from  the  mines,  which  they  hourly  expected  to  find,  no  atten- 
tion was  given  to  agriculture  except  by  a  few  individuals,  and  large 
investments  were  therefore  necessary  to  purchase  provisions,  which, 
with  the  other  expenses  of  the  colony,  greatly  exceeded  the  profits  of 
its  trade;  and,  in  1T17,  after  a  trial  of  five  years,  having  failed  in  all 
his  plans,  Crozat  resigned  his  charter  and  returned  to  France. 

Soon  after  the  relinquishment  by  Crozat,  the  colony  of  Louisiana 
was  granted  by  a  patent,  containing  similiar  privileges  and  restric- 
tions, to  the  "Mississippi  Company,"  or  "Company  of  the  West,' 
with  authority  to  monopolize  all  the  trade  and  commerce  of  Louis- 
iana and  New  France,  to  declare  and  prosecute  wars,  appoint  offi- 
cers, etc.  This  company  was  under  the  direction  of  the  notorious 
John  Law,  and  soon  established  a  post  in  the  Illinois  country,  where 
they  built  Fort  Chartres,  about  sixty-five  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Missouri,  in  1120-21,  which,  at  the  time  of  its  completion,  was 
one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  on  the  continent.  Under  this  com- 
pany, Philippe  Francis  Renault,  who  had  been  appointed  "  Director- 
General  of  the  mines  of  Louisiana,"  with  two  hundred  miners  and 
skillful  assayers,  arrived  in  the  Illinois  country  in  1719,  and  the 
miners  were  soon  dispatched  in  different  directions  to  explore  the 
country  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi.  During  the  year  1119  and 
1720,  Sieur  de  Lochen,  M.  de  la  Motte,  and  a  number  of  others 
engaged  in  exploring  the  country  lying  between  the  Missouri  and  the 
swamps  east  of  the  Ozark  hills;  and  in  1719  the  former  commenced 
digging  on  the  Maramec,  where  he  raised  several  hundred  pounds  of 
lead,  from  which,  after  tedious  experiments,  he  produced  two  drachms 
of  silver,  and  left  the  lead  as  worthless.  They  were  in  search  of  gold 
and  silver ;  hence  lead  had  but  slight  value  in  their  estimation. 

Those  who  have  compiled  the  History  of  the  Mississippi  Yalley 
make  no  mention  of  M.  de  la  Motte  after  he  was  succeeded  by  M.  de 
I'Espinay,  as  governor  and  chief  commander  of  Louisiana;  but  we 
believe  he  was  one  of  de  Bienville's  expedition  when  he  discovered 
the  mines  in  Madison  County,  which  still  perpetuate  his  name. 
Schoolcraft  dates  the  discovery  of  these  mines  by  him  in  1720;  but 
other  circumstances  go  to  prove  that  that  section  of  country  was 
explored,  and  lead  ore  found  abundant,  as  early  as  1718. 

The  miners  and  assayers  sent  out  by  the  "Company  of  the  West" 
were  required  to  carefully  observe  and  report  the  presence  of  any 
rich  ores  which  might  be  discovered  in  their  explorations,  and  to 
mark  the  localities.  These  excursion  parties  were  either  headed  by 
Renault  or  M.  la  Motte,  and  in  one  of  their  earliest  excursions,  la 
Motte  discovered  the  lead  mines  which  bear  his  name,  near  Fred- 


44  OUTLINE   HISTORY. 

cricktown,  and  soon  afterward  Renault  discovered  the  mines  north 
of  Potosi,  which  are  iianicd  in  roincnibrance  of  liini.  Failinjr  to  find 
cither  jrold  or  silver,  Renault  and  his  miners  turned  their  attention 
to  working  the  lead  mines,  which  was  continued  till  1742,  when  he 
returned  to  France;  and  from  the  number  of  ancient  diggings  and 
other  indications,  it  is  probable  large  amounts  of  ore  were  taken  out 
and  manufactured — principally  shipped  to  France. 

In  1720  the  Spanish  determined  to  take  the  country  from  the  con- 
trol of  the  French,  in  order  to  accomplish  which  they  thought  it 
necessary  to  destroy  the  nation  of  the  ISIissouris,  then  situated  on 
the  Missouri  River,  and  who  were  in  alliance  with  the  French,  and 
espoused  their  interests.  Their  plan  was  to  excite  the  Osages  to  war 
with  the  Missouris,  and  then  take  part  in  the  contest.  For  this  pur- 
pose an  expedition  was  fitted  out  from  Santa  Fe  for  the  Missouri  in 
1720.  It  was  a  moving  caravan  of  the  desert — armed  men,  horses, 
mules,  families,  women,  priests,  with  herds  of  cattle  and  swine  to 
serve  for  food  on  the  route,  and  to  serve  for  increase  in  the  new 
colony.  In  their  march  they  lost  the  proper  route,  the  guides  became 
bewildered,  and  led  them  to  the  Missouri  tribes  instead  of  the  Osages. 
Unconscious  of  their  mistake,  as  both  tribes  spoke  the  same  language, 
they  believed  themselves  among  the  Osages  instead  of  their  enemies, 
and  without  reserve  disclosed  their  designs  against  the  Missouris, 
and  supplied  them  with  arms  and  ammunition  to  aid  in  their  ex- 
termination. The  great  chief,  concealing  his  real  thoughts  and 
intentions,  evinced  the  greatest  joy,  and  promised,  after  they  should 
have  rested  three  days  from  their  march,  to  join  the  expedition  with 
them,  and  in  the  mean  time  the  chief  would  assemble  his  warriors 
and  hold  a  council  with  the  old  men  of  the  tribe.  Just  before  the 
dawn  of  the  day  upon  which  the  company  had  arranged  to  march, 
the  Missouris  fell  upon  their  treacherous  enemies  and  dispatched 
them  with  indiscriminate  slaughter,  sparing  only  the  priest,  Avhose 
dress  convinced  them  he  was  a  man  of  peace  rather  than  a  warrior. 
They  kept  him  some  time  as  a  prisoner;  but  he  finally  made  his  escape, 
and  was  the  only  messenger  to  bear  to  the  Spanish  authorities  the 
just  return  upon  their  own  heads  of  the  treachery  they  had  intended 
to  ])ractice  upon  others.* 

To  arrest  any  further  attempt  of  the  Spaniards  to  advance  into 
Upper  Louisiana,  a  French  post  was  designed  for  the  Missouri,  and 
M.  Burgmont  was  dispatched  from  Mobile  to  the  Missouri  River. 
He  took  possession  of  an  island  in  the  river,  above  the  mouth  of  the 


*  Monette's  Hist.  Miss.  Valley,  vol.  i.  chap.  vi. 


OUTLINE   HISTORY.  45 

Osage,  upon  which  he  built  a  fort,  which  he  named  "Fort  Orleans." 
The  war  between  the  French  and  Spaniards  continued,  and  the 
Indians  who  had  been  leagued  in  with  the  interests  of  the  respective 
colonies  (Louisiana  and  Florida)  carried  on  their  marauding  excur- 
sions against  the  enemies  of  their  respective  friends.  About  the 
same  time  "Fort  Chartres"  was  constructed  on  the  Mississippi,  under 
the  instructions  of  the  king,  by  M.  Boisbriant,  and  a  fort  and  trad- 
ing post  for  the  company  at  the  mouth  of  Blue  Earth  River,  on  the 
St.  Peter's,  erected  by  Lesueur,  who  was  accompanied  by  a  detach- 
ment of  ninety  men. 

On  his  arrival  at  the  mouth  of  the  Osage,  Burgmont  found  the 
different  tribes  engaged  in  a  sanguinary  warfare,  which  prostrated  all 
trade  and  rendered  all  intercourse  extremely  hazardous;  hence  his 
attention  was  at  once  turned  toward  bringing  about  a  reconciliation, 
which  he  efiFected  in  1*724.  In  the  mean  time  "Fort  Orleans"  had 
been  completed  and  occupied;  but  soon  after  the  declaration  of  peace 
between  the  contending  tribes,  "Fort  Orleans"  was  attacked,  totally 
destroyed,  and  all  the  French  massacred.*  Nor  is  it  yet  known  by 
whom  this  bloody  work  was  performed. 

During  the  following  sixteen  years,  the  French  seemed  to  be  fated 
to  disappointment  and  disaster.  Their  troubles  with  the  Indians 
increased ;  the  Bank  of  France  under  John  Law,  which  promised  so 
fairly,  had  proved  worse  than  a  bubble ;  several  of  their  expeditions 
had  resulted  in  the  loss  of  large  numbers  of  valiant  and  learned  men, 
valuable  treasure  and  stock ;  and  the  Directory,  in  view  of  the  disas- 
ters they  had  experienced,  determined  to  suri-ender  the  charter  into 
the  hands  of  the  crown  and  retire  from  the  American  wilderness. 
The  petition  was  readily  granted,  and  by  proclamation,  dated  April 
10,  1132,  the  king  declared  the  province  of  Louisiana  free  to  all  his 
subjects,  with  equal  privileges  as  to  trade  and  commerce. f 

From  this  time  to  17C2,  when  the  whole  territory  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi was  ceded  to  Spain,  no  events  transpired  worthy  of  record 
in  so  brief  a  sketch  as  our  limited  space  permits  us  to  give. 

Up  to  1751  there  were  but  six  settlements  within  a  hundred  miles 
of  the  present  site  of  St.  Louis,  to  wit:  1.  Kaskaskia,  situated  upon 
the  Kaskaskia  River,  upon  a  peninsula,  five  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  that  stream,  and  two  miles  by  land  from  the  Mississippi.  2.  Fort 
Chartres,  twelve  miles  above  Kaskaskia.  3.  Prairie  du  Rochter,  near 
Fort  Chartres.  4.  St.  Philip,  or  Little  Yillage,  four  miles  above 
Fort  Chartres.    5.  Cahokia,  near  the  mouth  of  Cahokia  Creek,  about 

*  Monette.  -j-  Stoddard. 


46  OUTLINE    HISTORY. 

five  miles  below  the  center  of  the  present  City  of  St.  Louis.  6.  St. 
Genevieve,  upon  Gabouri  Creek,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  about 
one  n)ile  from  its  western  shore.  Kaskaskia  was  once  the  caj)ital  of 
the  Illinois  cnuntry,  and  in  its  palmy  days  contained  aI)out  3000 
inhubiiaiits;  but  after  the  country  passed  under  the  dominion  of  the 
King  of  Spain  the  population  decreased,  and  at  the  time  St.  Louis 
was  founded,  in  1764,  contained  but  about  425  inhabitants. 

The  territory  known  as  Louisiana  was  ceded  to  Spain  Novem- 
ber 3,  1762,  but  nothing  was  known  of  this  cession  by  the  inhabit- 
ants for  nearly  three  years  afterward ;  hence  the  mistake  made 
by  La  Clede,  in  February,  17G4,  in  naming  St.  Louis  in  honor  of 
Louis  XY.,  whose  subject  he  expected  to  remain  for  a  number  of 
years,  when  he  was  then  really  a  subject  of  the  King  of  Spain.  The 
territory  was  not  taken  possession  of  by  the  Spanish  until  1770. 
(See  Early  History  of  St.  Louis,  St.  Charles,  Howard,  St.  Gene- 
vieve, and  Washington  Counties.) 

In  1762  Louisiana  was  ceded  to  Spain  by  France,  and  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  Spanish  in  1770.  In  1780  an  expedition  was  fitted 
out  by  the  British  commandant  at  Michillimackinac,  upon  his  own 
responsibility,  in  order  to  conquer  the  towns  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Mississippi,  in  consequence  of  the  part  the  King  of  Spain  had  taken 
in  favor  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  in  the  then  late 
war.  His  expedition  consisted  of  140  regular  British  troops  and 
Canadian  Frenchmen,  and  1400  Indian  warriors.  After  reconnoiter- 
ing  several  days  from  the  opposite  shore,  and  by  scouts  lurking  in 
ambush  along  the  western  bank  of  the  river,  they  made  the  grand 
attack  upon  St.  Louis,  on  the  6th  of  May,  1780,  and  were  repulsed 
by  Colonel  Clark  from  Kaskaskia,  who  came  to  the  relief  of  the  St. 
Louisians,  with  a  company  of  500  men.* 

During  the  year  (1762)  the  first  village  was  established  upon  the 
Missouri  River,  and  named  Village  da  Cole,  now  St.  Charles.  In 
1787,  New  Madrid  was  laid  out  under  the  direction  of  General  Mor- 
gan, from  New  Jersey,  who  had  received  a  large  grant  of  land. 
There  had  been  a  settlement  of  hunters  and  traders  at  this  point  for 
some  time  previous  to  bis  location  here. 

By  the  treaty  of  St.  Ildefonso,  made  in  1800,  Spain  retroeeded 
Louisiana  to  France,  by  whom  in  1803  it  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States,  and  taken  possession  of  l)y  American  authorities  on  the  20th 
of  December,  1803.  "The  settlements  upon  the  Upper  Mississipj)i, 
including  the  post  at  New  Madrid,  (wliich  was  just  settled  in  1786  ?) 

*  Monettc. 


OUTLINE   HISTORY.  47 

had  been  attached  to  the  government  of  Upper  Louisiana;  and  the 
census,  as  taken  by  order  of  the  Lieutenant-Governor  Dehvssus,  at 
the  close  of  the  year  1*799,  presented  the  entire  population  at  more 
than  6000  souls,  including  880  slaves  and  197  free  persons  of  color."* 
This  population  was  distributed  as  follows :  St.  Louis,  925 ;  Caron- 
delet,  184;  St.  Charles,  875;  St.  Fernando,  276;  Marias  des  Liards, 
376;  Maramec,  115;  St.  Andrew,  393;  St.  Genevieve,  949;  New 
Bourbon,  560;  Cape  Girardeau,  521;  New  Madrid,  782;  and  Little 
Prairie,  49.     Total,  6028. 

At  diiferent  periods  previous  to  1811,  a  number  of  Delaware, 
Shawanese,  and  Cherokee  Indians  had  built  villages  along  the  banks 
of  the  St.  Fran9ois  and  White  Rivers,  by  a  privilege  granted  them 
by  the  Spanish  authorities,  and  up  to  1812  they  had  conducted  them- 
selves to  the  satisfaction  of  all  the  white  settlers.  About  the  same 
time  a  few  Creeks,  Choctaws,  and  Chicasaws  located  upon  the  same 
waters,  and  were  considered  as  outlaws  by  their  respective  nations, 
and  their  depredations  among  the  whites  were  serious  and  frequent. 

The  name  of  Louisiana  Territory  was  changed  to  that  of  "Mis- 
souri Territory,"  which  was  then  advanced  to  the  second  grade  of 
government,  by  an  act  of  Congress,  approved  June  4,  1812.  The 
first  Council  consisted  of  nine  members,  and  the  House  of  thirteen. 

On  the  1st  of  October,  1816,  Governor  Howard,  by  proclamation, 
reorganized  the  "districts,"  as  heretofore  called,  into  counties:  St. 
Charles,  St.  Louis,  St.  Genevieve,  Cape  Girardeau,  and  New  Madrid. 
The  district  of  Arkansas  formed  a  portion  of  New  Madrid  County. 

The  House  commenced  their  first  session  on  the  7th  of  December, 
1812.  The  first  representatives  were:  St.  Charles — John  Pitman 
and  Robert  Spencer;  St.  Louis — David  Music,  Bernard  G.  Farrar, 
William  C.  Carr,  and  Richard  Caulk;  St.  Genevieve — Geo.  Bullett, 
Richard  S.  Thomas,  and  Isaac  McGready ;  Gape  Girardeau — Geo. 
F.  Bollinger  and  Stephen  Byrd ;  New  Madrid — John  Shrader  and 
Samuel  Phillips.  William  C.  Carr  was  elected  Speaker,  and  Andrew 
Scott,  Clerk. 

The  members  of  the  first  Council  were :  Jas.  Flaugherty  and  Ben- 
jamin Emmons,  of  St.  Charles;  Auguste  Chouteau,  Sr.,  and  Samuel 
Hammond,  of  St.  Louis;  John  Scott  and  James  Maxwell,  of  St. 
Genevieve;  William  Neely  and  Geo.  Cavener,  of  Cape  Girardeau, 
and  Joseph  Hunter,  of  New  Madrid  Counties. 

In  1818,  the  people  of  the  territory  petitioned  Congress  for  author- 
ity to  form  a  State  government.     A  bill  was  accordingly  introduced 

*  Mouettc,  vol.  ii. 


48  OUTLINE    HISTORY. 

durinj^  the  session  of  1818-19,  and  contained,  among  other  provisions, 
that  of  proliibitin}?  slavery  or  involuntary  servitude.  It  passed  the 
House,  l)ut  was  rejected  in  the  Senate.  The  bill  was  again  brought 
up  the  ensuing  session,  and  after  an  animated  discussion  which  lasted 
several  weeks,  a  compromise  was  entered  into  by  the  advocates  and 
opposers  of  the  "slavery  restriction."  The  terms  adopted  were  that 
slavery  should  be  tolerated  in  Missouri,  but  in  no  other  part  of 
Louisiana  as  ceded  by  France  to  the  United  States,  north  of  36°  30' 
north  latitude.  Accordingly  the  people  of  Missouri  Territory  were 
authorized  to  form  a  constitution,  under  which,  when  approved  by 
Congress,  Missouri  should  be  admitted  into  the  Union,  on  an  equal 
footing  with  the  original  States. 

The  election  for  members  of  the  Convention  was  held  on  the  first 
Monday  in  May,  1820,  and  resulted  in  the  choice  of  the  following 
persons : — 

Gape  Girardeau. — Stephen  Byrd,  Richard  S.  Thomas,  James 
Evans,  Alexander  Buckner,  and  Joseph  McFerron. 

Gooper. — Robert  P.  Clark,  Robert  Wallace,  and  William  Lillard. 

Franklin. — John  G.  Heath. 

Howard. — Nicholas  S.  Buckhart,  Duff  Green,  John  Ray,  Jonathan 
S.  Findlay,  and  Benjamin  H.  Reeves. 

Jefferson. — Samuel  Hammond. 

Lincoln. — Malcolm  Henry. 

Montgomery. — Jonathan  Rumsey  and  James  Talbott. 

Madison. — Nathaniel  Cook. 

New  Madrid. — Robert  D.  Dawson,  Chris.  C.  Houts. 

Pike. — Stephen  Cleaver. 

Si.  Charles. — Hiram  H.  Baber,  Nathan  Boone,  and  Benj.  Em- 
mons. 

St.  Genevieve. — Jno.  D.  Cooke,  Henry  Dodge,  John  Scott,  and 
R.  T.  Brown. 

St.  Louis. — David  Barton,  Edward  Bates,  Alexander  McNair, 
William  Rector,  Jno.  C.  Sullivan,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  Bernard 
Pratte,  and  Thos.  F.  Riddick. 

Washington. — John  Rice  Jones,  Samuel  Perry,  and  John  Hutch- 
ings. 

Wayne. — Elijah  Bates. 

The  Convention  mot  at  St.  TiOuis,  June  12,  1820,  elected  David 
Barton  President,  and  William  O.  Pcttus  Secretary,  and  formed  a 
constitution  which  was  laid  before  Congress  early  in  the  session  of 
1820-21.  The  constitution  contained  a  provision  by  which  it  was 
made  the  duty  of  the  Legislature  to  pass   laws  "to  prevent  free 


OUTLINE    HISTORY,  49 

negroes  or  mulattoes  from  coming  into  and  settling  in  this  State, 
under  any  pretext  whatever."  This  was  considered  by  some  of  the 
members  as  a  direct  violation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  which  they  had  sworn  to  support.  Missouri,  which  had  thus 
far  contended  for  every  inch  of  ground  in  her  passage  from  a  terri- 
torial to  a  State  government,  was  now  again  the  subject  of  conten- 
tion, of  debate,  and  finally  of  compromise.  The  "restrictionists" 
and  "anti-restrictiouists"  Avcre  again  in  hostile  array,  and  the  old 
contest  was  renewed,  and  carried  on  with  a  spirit  which  in  many 
instances  was  quite  unjustifiable,  the  effects  of  which  are  still  per- 
ceptible in  the  enmity  existing  between  even  the  descendants  of  the 
contending  parties.  After  several  months'  time  and  thousands  of 
dollars  had  been  squandered  in  debating  and  wrangling  over  the 
subject,  a  resolution  was  finally  passed  through  both  Houses  of  Con- 
gress, which  provided  that  "no  law  shall  be  passed  by  which  any 
citizen  of  either  of  the  States  of  this  Union  shall  be  excluded  from 
any  of  the  privileges  and  immunities  to  which  such  citizen  is  entitled 
under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States."  In  compliance  with 
the  specification  of  the  act,  the  Legislature  of  Missouri,  on  the  21st 
of  June,  1821,  passed  a  solemn  public  act  of  assent  to  the  funda- 
mental provision  contained  in  the  above  resolution,  which  was  trans- 
mitted to  the  President,  who,  on  the  10th  of  August,  1821,  issued 
his  proclamation,  and  gave  Missouri  her  place,  as  the  twenty-third 
State  in  the  Union.* 

The  following  are  the  particulars  respecting  the  location  of  the 
seat  of  government,  and  the  erection  of  the  Capitol  building: — 

An  act  providing  for  the  location  of  the  permanent  seat  of  govern- 
ment for  the  State  of  Missouri,  (approved  November  16,  1820.) 

Sec.  1.  —  That  John  Thornton,  from  the  County  of  Howard, 
Robert  Gavy  Watson,  from  the  County  of  New  Madrid,  John  B. 
White,  from  the  County  of  Pike,  James  Logan,  from  the  County  of 
Wayne,  and  Jesse  B.  Boon,  from  the  County  of  Montgomery,  in  the 
State  of  Missouri,  shall  be  and  they  are  hereby  appointed  Commis- 
sioners for  the  purpose  of  selecting  a  suitable  place  for  the  location 
of  the  permanent  seat  of  government  for  said  State,  etc. 

An  act  supplementary  to  an  act,  entitled  an  act  providing  for  the 
location  of  the  permanent  seat  of  government  for  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri, (approved  28th  June,  1821.) 

Sec.  1. — That  Daniel  Morgan  Boon,  of  the  County  of  Gasconade, 
be  and  he  is  hereby  appointed  a  Commissioner  for  the  purpose  of 

*  Beck's  Gazetteer,  edition  of  1823. 
4 


50  OUTLINE    HISTORY. 

selecting  a  suitable  place  for  the  location  of  the  permanent  seat  of 
government  of  tliis  State,  to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  death 
of  Jesse  B.  Boon,  one  of  the  Commissioners  heretofore  appointed,  etc. 
By  the  provisions  of  an  act  entitled  "an  act  fixing  the  permanent 
seat  of  government,  (approved  31st  December,  1821,)  the  following 
described  lands  were  selected  for  the  permanent  seat  of  government: 
"The  fractional  sections  six,  seven,  and  eight,  the  entire  sections 
seventeen  and  eighteen,  and  so  much  of  the  north  part  of  sections 
nineteen  and  twenty  as  will  make  four  sections,  all  in  fractional  town- 
ship 44  north  and  range  11  west  of  5th  principal  meridian."  These 
lands  had  been  previously  selected  by  the  Commissioners,  and  by  a 
resolution  approved  28th  of  June,  1821,  the  Governor  was  required 
to  give  notice  to  the  Surveyor  of  Illinois,  and  Missouri,  and  Arkan- 
sas, and  also  to  the  Register  of  the  proper  land  oflflce,  of  said  selection. 
By  the  provisions  of  "an  act  supplementary  to  the  act  fixing  the 
permanent  seat  of  government,"  (approved  11th  January,  1822,) 
the  same  Commissioners  were  required  to  lay  off  a  town  on  said  sec- 
tions to  be  called  "City  of  Jefferson."  And  all  the  said  lauds  were 
to  be  laid  off  into  lots,  large  or  small. 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  building  of  a  Capitol  and  for  other  pur- 
poses, (approved  2d  February,  1837.) 

Sec.  1. — "  The  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  Auditor  of  Public 
Accounts,  Treasurer,  and  Attorney-General,  or  any  three  of  them, 
shall  be  ex-officio  Commissioners,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  superin- 
tend the  building  of  the  Capitol,"  etc. 

Above  the  principal  entrance  to  the  Capitol  is  the  following  inscrip- 
tion : — 

Erected  a.d.  1838, 
L.  W.  BoQGs,  Governor. 
P.  G.  Glover,  Secretary  of  State. 
H.  II.  Baber,  Auditor  Public  Accounts. 
W.  B.  Napton,  Attorney-General. 
A.  McClellan,  Treasurer. 

Commissioners. 
S.  IIiLL,  Architect. 


^ 


POPULATION. 


51 


POPULATION  OF  MISSOURI. 


FROM  1821*  TO  1860,  INCLUSIVE. 


Counties. 

1821. 

1830. 

1840. 

1850. 

1856. 

I860  — 

Present 
County-seats. 

White. 

Free 
Colr'd 

Slaves. 

Adair 

2,351 
9,434 
1,678 
3,508 

6,535 
10,944 
3,y94 
6,130 
4,929 

7,890 

11,011 
4,404 
6,569 
7,761 
1,816 
6,787 
8.528 
5,958 

14,494 

21,918 
2,125 
4,931 

13,135 
4,631 

12,734 
8,757 
1,062 
8,851 
6,442 
9,851 
5,325 
9,318 
9,584 
6,704 
8,724 

13,591 
5,650 
6,735 
5.800 
9,248 
5,101 
5.542 
2,459 
4.535 

16,478 
8,456 

11,922 

11,568 
7,909 

10,621 
8,620 
4,618 
6,281 

10,120 
3,200 
5,433 

19,166 
6,607 
8.801 

13,080 

4 
24 

97 
1,071 

59 
1,351 

1i 
453 
599 
238 

5,035 

1,714 

20 

234 

4,-579 
214 

1.533 

1,067 
16 

1,009 
211 

2,079 
224 
455 

3,550 

1,144 
990 

3,871 
182 
347 
114 
358 
137 
156 
2 

152 

1,604 

90 

12U 
1;007 

287 

25 

1,244 

195 

309 

6,886 

36 

290 
3.94.) 

340 

487 
1,900 

KirksviUe. 

Savannah. 

Rockport. 

Mexico. 

Cassville. 

Lamar. 

Butler. 

Warsaw. 

Dallas. 

Columbia. 

St.  Joseph. 

Poplar  Bluff. 

Kingston. 

Fulton. 

Linn  Creek. 

Jackson. 

CarroUton. 

Yan  Buren. 

Harrisonville. 

Stockton. 

Keytesville. 

Ozark. 

Waterloo. 

Liberty. 

Plattsburg. 

Jefferson  City. 

Booneville. 

Stcelville. 

Greenfield. 

Buffalo. 

Gallatin. 

Ma3-sville. 

Salem. 

Vera  Cruz. 

Kennett. 

Union. 

Hermann. 

.\lbany. 

Springfield. 

Trenton. 

Bethany. 

Clinton. 

Hermitage. 

Oregon. 

Fayette. 

West  Plains. 

Ironton. 

Independence. 

Carthage. 

Hillsboro'. 

Warrensburg. 

Audrain 

1,949 

Barton  

Bates 

3,669 
5,026 

5,702 
6.789 
5,080 

17,248 

15,813 
2,151 
3,626 

15,906 
3,287 

12,349 
9,663 
new 
6,813 
5,395 
9,211 
5,946 

Benton 

4,205 

15 

Bollin""er 

Boi.ne 

3,692 

8,859 

13,561 
6,237 

14,981 

12,976 

1,616 

2.317 

13,828 
2,338 

13,916 
5,448 

69 

43 

3 

1 

59 

Butler 

Caldwell 

1,458 
11,765 

Callaway 

1,797 

6,159 

Cape  Girardeau.. 
Carroll 

7,852 

7,445 

9.359 
2,423 

66 
7 

11 
9 

Carter 

Cass 

4,693 

6,090 
3,360 

7,537 

Cedar 

1,426 

1,780 

4,746 

53 

Cl.arke 

2.846 
8,282 
2,724 
6,754 
10,484 
3,561 

5,527 
10.332 
3,786 
9,286 
12,968 
6,397 
4,247 
3,648 
5,295 
2,075 

21 

27 

5 

Clay 

5,388 

Clinton 

Cole 

1,028       3,023 
3  483       ^ 904 

10,138 
15,082 
7,672 
6.061 
4;620 
7,940 

Cooper 

33 

2 

13 

Crawford 

1,721 

Dade 

Dallas 

Daviess 

2,736 

9 
6 

De  Kalb 

Dent 

3,207 

Dunklin 

1,232 

11,022 

6,000 

4,247 

13,009 

3,005 

2,446 

4,052 

2,330 

3,955 

13,971 

2,616 

12,918 

6,900 

8,781 

14,124 

4,989 

7,649 

6,642 

3,312 

5,404 

15,085 

2 

42 

3 

1 

12 

6 

1.928 
1,174 

3,484 
1,545 

7,515 
5,330 

Gasconade 

5,372 

Grundy 

4,726 

1 
7 

Hickory 

Holt 

Howard 

7,321 

10,854 

13,108 

71 
15 

Howell 

Jackson 

2,823 

7,612 

14.001 
4,223 
6,928 
7,464 

17,071 
5,223 
8,507 

10,880 

80 

27 

17 

5 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

1,838 

2,592 

4,296 
4,471 

Johnson 

*  A  State  census  was  taken  in  September,  1821,  at  which  time  there  were  twcuty-livc  counties  in  the 
State,  and  a  population  of  70,647 ;  of  whom  11,234  were  slaves. 

4* 


52 


POPULATION. 


Counties. 


1821. 


1,674 


2,032 


1,699 


2.077 


Koiix 

Liu"K-de 

Lnfiiyotte 

Liiwronce 

Lewis , 

Liuci'ln 

Linn 

Livin;;ston j 

McDumild 

Macon 

MadiBon 1,907 

Marirs ' 

Manon ' 

Mercer ! 

Miller 

Mississippi 

Moniteau 

Monroe 

Montgomery.... 

Morgan 

New  Madrid 

Newton 

Nodaway 

Oregon 

Osage 

Ozark 

Pemiscot 

Perrv 

Pettis 

Phelps 

Pike 

Platte 

Polk 

Pulaski 

Putnam.- 

Kails 

Randolph 

Kay 

Keynolds 

Kipley .. 

St.  Charles 

St.  Clair 

St.  Fran^i'ois 

Ste.  Genevieve.. 

St.  Louis 

Saline 

Schuyler 

Scotland 

Scott 

Shannon 

Shelby 

Stoddard 

Stone 

Sullivan 

Taney 

Texas 

A'ernon 

Warren 

Wasliingtou 

■\Vayne 

M'ebster 

Wright 


1830. 


1,340 1      •2,912 


4,059 


2^71 
"4,837 


3,902 


2,444       2,350 


3,349 


6,129 


1.6S4 


1.789; 


4.375 
2,924 
2,657 


4,058'      4,320 


3,181 

s,iyo 

1,176 


2,366 

2,186 

14,125 

2,873 


2,130 


3,741 
1.614 


Total 113|  70,647 


0,784 
3,264 


140,455 


1840. 


6,815 


6,040 
7,449 
2,245 
4,.325 


6,034 
3,395 


9,023 
'2,282 


9,505 
4,371 
4,407 
4,554 
3,790 


5.760 
2,930 


I8S0. 


2,895 
2,498 
13,691 
4,S51 
6,577 
9,422 
4,060 
4,249 
2,230 
0,506 
6,001 


12,241 

2.690 
3,834 
3,123 
6,005 
10,543 
5,4S9 
4,048 
5,233 
4,270 
2,118 
1,432 
6.705 
2/296 


1856. 


7,220 
6,143 


10,046 
8,913 
8,449 
6.529 


5,670 
7,198 
6,553 


13,609 

16,926 

6,185 

4,010 


2,856 
7,911 


3,211 

3.148 

35,979 

5,258 


5,974 


3,056 
3,153 


3,264 


4.253 
7,213 
3,403 


383.702 


6,151 
9,440 

10,402 
1,849 
2,830 

11,454 
3.550 
5,600 
5,315 
105,004 
8,843 
3,2S7 
3,785 
3,182 
1,202 
4,252 
4,289 


2,938 
4,.375 
2,313 


5,861 
8,815 
4,418 


3,387 


082,907 


5,484 
4.559 

17,070 
7,613 
9,959 

11,030 
6,567 
6,496 
3,533 
8,286 
6,256 
3,248 

13,144 
6,603 
4.024 
4,241 
6,402 

11,353 
7,203 
5,767 
4,317 
6,720 
4,772 
3,405 
6,493 
4,185 
2,090 
7,996 
6,638 


White. 


16,139 

18,482 
7,583 
3,034 
5,603 
6,594 

10,530 

12,250 
2,399 
3,884 

13,428 

4,986 

6,797 

6,158 

144,977 

12,a33 
4,091 
7,535 
3,792 
1,470 
5,168 
5,470 
2,177 
5,108 
4,291 
3,493 
0,073 
5,410 

10,157 
4,829 
0,719 
3,109 


900,000 


-1860.- 

Frce 
Corr'd 


1.5.63 
4,861 

13,7 1)3 
8.772 

10.419 

ll.:;02 
8,555 
6,833 
3,976 

13,710 
6,338 

15,783 
4.875 
9,280 
0.070 
3.702 

10,202 

11,805 
7,30;i 
7,024 
3,886 
8,904 
6,1.31', 
3,428 
7,050 
4,834 
2,919 
9,206 
7,510 
6.097 

14,105 

16,119 

10,030 
3.835 
9,209 
0,1.')4 
8,8.38 

12,050 
3,200 
3,018 

14,370 

6,266 

7,549 

7,199 

182,857 

10,120 
6,082 
9,170 
4,744 
1.972 
0.943 
7,942 
2,333 
9,235 
3,540 
0,071 
4,920 
7.7S2 
,s,o:l4 
5,080 
0,880 
4,440 


5 
33 

69 
5 
10 
25 
19 
22 
13 
4 
20 


44 
20 
18 
14 
90 
1 


4 
44 
12 
10 


50 

03 

12 

1 


0 

91 

117 

2.139 

11 


16 


23 


9 

24 

9 


1,055,934     3,974 


Slaves. 


Present 
County-seats. 


203  Ediiia. 
307  Lebanon. 
6,608  Lexington. 

285  Mount  Vernon. 
1,2.52  Monticello. 
2.S04  Troy. 
578  Linneus 
007  Chillicothe. 
72  Pineville. 
661  Blooinington. 
436  I'ledericktown. 
2,839  Vienna. 
64  Palmyra. 
24  Princeton. 
23S;Tustun]liia. 
940  Cliarleston. 
745  Califoruia. 
3,024 1  Paris. 
1,028!  Danville. 
050 1  Versailles. 
859' New  Madrid. 
494  Neosho. 
127  .Maty sville. 
20  Thi>Miaiville. 
330  Linn. 
43  Jioikbridge. 
200'Gayoso. 
735  Perry ville. 
1,982  Cieorgetown. 

114  Uolla. 
4,123  Bowling  Green, 
3.313i  Platte  City. 
'512  Bolivar. 
60  ^VayIu•8ville. 
31  Unionville. 
1,7  J8  New  London. 
2,000  Iluntsville. 
2,020|l\icliniond. 
49|Centervi:le. 
78 1  Doniphan. 
2,180] iit.  Charles. 
574  Osceola. 
889  Farmington. 
677  Ste.  Genevieve. 
3,825  St.  Louis. 
4,901  -Marshall. 
39  L;uica,-,ter. 
166  Memphis. 
503  Benton. 

0  Kiiiinence. 
7.52  Shelbvville. 
189lBluoMineia. 
10  Salina. 
103  Milan. 
82'Foisyth. 
43 1  Houston. 
142 1  Nevada  City. 
l,019|Warrenton. 
SOOJl'otosi. 
238i<inTnville. 
220  Marshheld. 
66  Ilartsvillc. 


112,889 


EDUCATION.  53 


EDUCATION. 

The  accomplished  principal  of  the  St.  Louis  Normal  School  says 
"it  is  the  public  schools  that  touch  the  life  of  the  nation,  and  upon 
their  character  and  success  depends  the  stability  of  this  government." 

The  law  for  the  organization,  support,  and  government  of  common 
schools,  now  just  being  put  into  operation  in  Missouri,  accords  with 
the  true  spirit  of  progress,  and  when  fully  inaugurated  will,  in  some 
respects,  place  our  educational  system  in  advance  of  many  of  the  older 
States.  "Public  schools,  like  laws,  are  silent  in  the  midst  of  arms." 
During  the  war,  in  several  counties  the  schools  were  broken  up,  the 
teachers  forced  to  flee  for  their  personal  safety,  and  the  school-houses 
burnt  or  injured  beyond  repair.  The  State  Superintendent,  in  his 
last  annual  report  (1867),  says  : 

"  The  arts  of  industry  are  reclaiming  the  waste  places  ;  the  communities 
in  certain  parts  of  the  State,  reinforcetl  by  immigration  from  the  neighbor- 
ing labor  States,  are  replacing  the  school-house  and  employing  the  profes- 
sional teacher,  educated  under  the  ideas  of  patriotism,  as  well  as  in  the 
methods  of  free  school  instruction.  I  wish  to  restrict  this  latter  remark  to 
those  portions  of  our  State  where  the  friends  of  freedom  predomiuate.  *  *  * 
It  is  a  notable  fact  that  all  the  counties  in  the  State  which  show  the  pre- 
dominance of  Free  State  power  are  clamorous  for  free  schools.  *  *  *  They 
are  rapidly  placing  themselves  under  the  development  of  the  school  law.  and 
demand,  as  among  the  prime  elements  of  their  newly-organized  communities, 
substantial  primary  and  high  schools,  to  be  under  the  control  of  intelligent 
officers  and  teachers.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  equally  notable  that  those 
counties  in  the  State  which  have  proven  to  be  under  the  control  of  the  same 
influences  which  made  them  intolerant  before  the  war  and  traitorous  during 
it,  are  either  wholly  negligent  of  their  public  school  interests,  or  bitterly 
hostile  to  them." 

By  a  careful  perusal  of  the  following  table,  the  reader  will  readily 
decide  the  educational  as  well  as  the  political  status  of  each  county, 
on  the  basis  stated  above  by  the  State  Superintendent. 

The  capital  of  the  Public  School  Fund  on  the  first  of  October, 
1866,  wa«  $1,004,071.98,  having  increased  $200,167.14  during  the 
preceding  two  years. 

The  present  school  law  had  been  in  operation  but  about  four  months 
when  the  report  was  made  from  which  the  main  features  of  this  table 
were  compiled,  hence  its  results  are  scarcely  notable.  The  number 
and  influence  of  public  schools  will  very  rapidly  increase,  as  this  new 
law  is  appreciated  and  enforced. 


/ 


54 


EDUCATION. 


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EDUCATION. 


65 


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56 


EDUCATION. 


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RAILWAYS.  57 


RAILWAYS  IN  MISSOURI. 

The  system  of  trunk  lines  projected  in  Missouri,  when  completed, 
will  form  a  network,  which,  with  the  branch  lines,  will  traverse  every 
portion  of  the  State.  Since,  in  this  great  railway  era,  speed  in  tran- 
sit is  the  desideratum,  and  as  it  has  been  clearly  demonstrated  that 
railways  are  the  most  successful  civilizers,  as  well  as  the  greatest  pro- 
ducers of  business,  it  becomes  Missouri  to  maintain  her  position  among 
her  sister  States,  by  multiplying  these  iron  arteries  of  commerce. 

Railroad  lines  are  projected  through  the  most  populous  and  wealthy 
counties  in  the  State — counties,  some  of  which  possess  inexhaustible 
beds  of  mineral  wealth,  and  others  that  are  well  settled  by  farmers, 
whose  industry  and  perseverance  are  exhibited  by  the  superior  man- 
ner in  which  they  cultivate  their  broad,  fertile  fields,  and  the  abundant 
yield  they  gather  as  a  reward.  These  artificial  channels  are  much 
needed  for  the  transportation  of  our  valuable  home  products  to  a 
reliable  market ;  and  none  but  those  who  are  familiar  with  the  capa- 
bilities of  the  State  and  of  its  unparalleled  mineral  and  agricultural 
wealth,  can  form  an  adequate  estimate  of  the  immense  treasures  which 
lie  hidden  in  the  earth.  Some  of  the  finest  portions  of  the  State  are 
yet  comparatively  undeveloped,  and,  indeed,  almost  unknown,  because 
of  their  remoteness  from  any  great  thoroughfare.  Few  portions  of 
the  West  are  more  productive,  or  possess  better  water,  or  a  more 
genial  climate  rhan  Southwestern  Missouri,  not  merely  in  agricultural 
lands  but  in  lead,  marble,  coal,  petroleum,  etc.  All  these  now  remain 
undeveloped  because  of  the  expense  and  delay  necessary  to  take 
these  products  to  market.  For  stock  growing,  also,  this  is  one  of  the 
finest  portions  of  the  West ;  yet,  owing  to  its  present  isolated  position, 
the  population  is  sparse,  and  will  continue  so  until  facilities  are  afforded 
for  the  transportation  of  their  agricultural  and  mineral  productions 
to  market.  One  of  the  immutable  laws  of  trade  is  that  where  the 
demand  is  greater  than  the  supply,  the  price  of  the  article  is  enhanced, 
and  the  improved  facilities  for  intercourse  bring  to  our  very  doors  the 
markets  of  the  extreme  eastern  and  southern  borders  of  our  country. 
When  this  Atlantic  and  Pacific  road  is  completed,  it  will  furnish  an 
unbroken  route  from  St.  Louis  to  the  Pacific,  under  the  one  manage- 
ment. This  route  is  claimed  to  be  five  hundred  miles  shorter  from 
New  York  to  the  Pacific  than  any  other;  running  from  St.  Louis  in 
a  direction  a  little  south  of  west — opening  up  in  Southwest  Missouri 


58  RAILWAYS. 

as  fine  a  section  of  country  for  agricultural  or  niininp:  purposes  as  can 
be  found  in  the  Union — to  the  Canadian  River  in  the  Indian  Territtjry  ; 
thence  westerly  to  Albuquerque,  on  the  Rio  del  Norte,  about  forty 
miles  south  of  Santa  Fe,  and  thence  along  the  thirty-fifth  parallel 
north  latitude,  crossing  the  Colorado  at  the  head  of  navigation,  and 
entering  California  in  the  vicinity  of  Los  Angelos,  then  along  the 
valleys  to  San  Francisco,  crossing  no  mountains,  and  showing  at  no 
point  a  grade  exceeding  seventy  feet  to  the  mile,  and  passing  so  far 
south  as  never  to  be  inconvenienced  by  snow.  Another  advantage 
claimed  for  this  route  is  the  brief  time  required  to  build  it,  owing  to 
the  avoidance  of  mountain  work  and  delays  of  winter,  and  the  ability 
to  tap  it  at  three  points,  viz.,  the  Arkansas  and  Colorado  Rivers,  and 
by  a  short  branch  from  San  Diego,  in  California — thus  making  eight 
points  from  which  to  build  the  road. 

The  rich  lead  region  in  Southwest  Missouri,  some  of  the  best  mines 
in  which  are  owned  by  the  company,  will  alone,  it  is  thought,  furnish 
a  paying  freight  business. 

The  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountains  and  Southern  Railroad  has  been 
purchased  by  parties  who  will  speedily  extend  it  to  the  Mississippi 
River  at  Belmont,  opposite  Columbus,  Ky.,  and  to  Helena  or  Memphis. 
The  Southern  trade  is  too  extensive  to  depend  upon  river  navigation 
entirely — low  water  and  ice  cannot  be  permitted  to  check  the  demands 
of  commerce.  Independent  of  the  immense  through  passenger  and 
freight  business  of  this  road,  it  will,  with  its  branches,  furnish  an  out- 
let to  market  for  the  richest  mineral  region,  probably,  in  the  world. 
This  road  will  be  rapidly  extended  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  people  of 
Southern  Missouri,  and  of  the  trade  south  from  St.  Louis. 

The  North  Missouri  Railroad  is  being  extended  to  the  Iowa  State 
line,  tliere  to  be  taken  up  by  the  people  of  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  and 
rapidly  completed — a  through  line  to  St.  Paul.  A  western  line  is 
also  being  built  from  Allen,  on  this  road,  to  the  Missouri  River. 

We  trust  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  the  more  important  of  these 
roads  will  be  completed,  bringing  every  portion  of  the  State  within 
a  day's  travel  of  the  Father  of  Waters,  and  of  the  City  of  St,  Louis ; 
when  the  shrill  neigh  of  the  iron  horse  shall  be  heard  in  the  most  re- 
mote corners  of  the  State,  and  when  the  rattle  of  his  tread  shall  re- 
verberate along  the  frontier,  with  thousands  of  intelligent  and  indus- 
trious settlers  following  in  his  wake,  who  shall  "make  the  wilderness 
to  blossom  as  the  rose." 


DISTANCES    BY   RAILROADS. 


59 


DISTANCES  BY  RAILROADS  IN  MISSOURI. 


stations.  MiUs. 

St.  IjOCis  to 

Cheltenham 6 

Laclede S 

Webster 10 

Kirkwooil 14 

Barretfa 17 

Maramec 10 

St.  Paul 24 


30 
32 


41 


PACIFIC   RAILROAD. 

Stations.  Miles. 

St.  Loots  TO 

Newport 62 

.Miller'.s  Landing 67 

Berger 75 

Hermann SI 

Gasconade 88 

Chamois 100 

St.  Aubei-t 10.5 

L'Ours  Creek V'9 

Bonnett's  Mill 113 

Osage 117 

.Tkfferson  City 125 

Scott 132 

Lookout 140 

California 150 


Glencoe 

Kuieka 

AUentown 

Pacific 

Gray's  Summit .v 

Labadie 45 

South  Point 53 

Washingtuu 55 

Two  through  ti-ains  to  Leavenworth  City,  making  direct  connection  at  AVyandotte  with  the  Union 
Pacific  P>ailway  for  Lawrence,  Topeka,  Manhattan,  and  Fort  Riley.  Stages  leave  Warrensburg  for 
Lexington  every  morning :  leave  Sedalia  for  Springfield,  Bolivar,  and  Warsaw  daily  on  arrival  of 
trains.  Stages  leave  Tipton  every  evening  for  Booneville.  Passengers  taking  the  morning  train 
from  St.  Louis  connect  at  Pacific  with  the  train  daily  for  Eolla  aud  intermediate  stations.  Stages 
leave  Kolta  every  evening  for  Springfield. 


Stations.  Miles. 

St.  Louis  to 

Tipton 163 

Syracuse 168 

Otterville 176 

Smithton 182  • 

Sedalia 189 

Dresden 196 

Knobnoster 208 

Warrensburg 218 

Ilolden 233 

Krigsville 237 

Pleasant  Ilill 249 

Lee's  Summit 261 

Independence 274 

Kansas  City 283 


ATLANTIC   AND   PACIFIC   RAILROAD. 


Stations.  Miles. 

St.  Louis  to 

Cheltenham 5 

Laclede 8 

Webster 10 

Kirkwood 14 

Maramec 19 

St.Paul 2t 

Glencoe 26 

Eureka 30 


Stations.  Miles. 

St.  Locis  to 

AUentown 32 

Pacific  Junction 37 

Catawissa 41 

Ciilvev 44 

Moselle 48 

St.  Clair 55 

Stanton 65 

Sullivan 71 


Stations.  Miles. 

St.  Liiuis  TO 

Bourbon 77 

Harrison 82 

Cuba 90 

Knob  View 98 

St.  James 103 

Dillon 108 

RoUa 113 


ST.  LOUIS,  IRON    MOUNTAINS   AND    SOUTHERN    RAILROAD. 


Stations.  Miles. 

St.  Louis  to 

Illinois 26 

I'eevly '27 

Porines 30 

Hematite 35 

Victoria 39 

De  Soto 42 

Tunnell 47 

Blackwell's 50 


Stations.  Miles. 

St.  Louis  to 

Lami  Street 1 

Carondelet G 

Ivory's 8 

Jefferson  Barracks 10 

Grimsley's 14 

Jefferson 18 

Kimmswick 21 

Windsor  Harbor 21 

Sulphur  Springs "23 

Stages  connect  witlx  trains  at  Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob  for  important  interior  towns  and  the 
South. 


Statio7is.  Miles. 

St.  Louis  to 

Cadet 57 

Mineral  Poinf* 61 

Hopewell 65 

Irondale 69 

Blairsville 74 

Inm  Mountain 81 

Middle  Biook S3 

Pilot  Knob 86 


HANNIBAL   AND    ST.    JOSEPH    RAILROAD. 


Stations.  '  Miles. 

n.^NNiBAL  to 

Barkley 10 

PALMYIlAt 14 

Monroe 30 

Hunnewell 37 

Shelbina 47 

Clarence 59 

Carbon 67 

Hudson- 70 


Stations.  Miles. 

Hannibal  to 

Revier 75 

Calliio 79 

Bucklin 94 

St.  Catharine loo 

Brookfield  lo4 

Lacleue 109 

Chilucothe 130 

Ctica 136 


Miles. 


Stations. 
Hannibal  to 

Breckinridge 145 

Hamilton 156 

Cameron 171 

Osborn 177 

Stewartsville 185 

Kaston 194 

St.  Joseph '-W 


*  Branch  road  from  Mineral  Point  to  Potosi,  3  miles, 
t  From  West  yuiniy  to  Palmyra  Junction,  13  miles. 


GO 


TABLE    OF    RIVER    DISTANCES. 


NORTH    MISSOURI    RAILROAD. 


Stations.  3Ii 

^r.  Lons  to 

Bellefuntnine 

Jonniiigs 

FiTRUSon 

Qnihiim 

Hridiitoti 

>H.'ctiim  lii 

Kerry  Lnniliii); 

St.  CiiAiiLts 

Dardciine 

O'Fallon 

Perriii|iii' 

•  AVciit/.ville 

Millvillf 

Wrifilit's 

AVakreston 


Ift. 

4 

I'l 

!! 

11 

13 
Hi 
1'.' 

'2'i 
•2".l 

37 
42 

48 
.M 
57 


Stations.  Miks. 

!^T.  Lons  TO 

■loiipsliinut 07 

Iliiili  liill 72 

Floroiice 7(> 

.Miiiit^ioiin  TV 81 

Wcllslmi,;.." 89 

Mailiiislmrg 94 

Jeflstown 100 

Mcxic.) 107 

CiTitralin 121 

t!turt;.Min 129 

Hfnick 139 

Allen 140 

JiirksDii  villi' 1;')7 

HrnsdN 108 

Boviei- 173 


Stations.  Miles. 

St.  Lonis  to 

Callao 177 

liurkliii I'.t2 

St.  Oitliiiiiiie 19S 

linM.kMoUl 2u2 

Laclede 2ii7 

CiiiLi.K'OTnE 228 

Utica 233 

Breeketiridge 

Hamilton 254 

Cameron 209 

Osborn 275 

StewartsviUe 2S3 

Ka.ston 292 

St.  Joseph 304 


TABLE  OF  RIVER  DISTANCES. 


DISTANCES    FROM    NEW    ORLEANS   TO    ST.    LOUIS. 


Stations.  Milfs. 

DP  DOWN 

\ew  Orleans  to  •  1278 

Carrolton 7  1271 

Ked  Church 20  1252 

College 00  1218 

Convent 02  1210 

Donaldrtoiiville 78  1200 

I'la(iuemine 110  llOS 

Jiaton  i:.m;;e 1:10  lUS 

I'ort  Hudson lr,3  1125 

■Waterloo 159  1110 

B.iyou  Sara 105  1113 

Mouth  Ked  lUver...  205  1073 

La.  and  .Miss.  Line.  207  1071 

Fort  Adams 217  1001 

Natchez 277  lool 

Rodney 322  O.M) 

St.  .loseph 327  'X,\ 

Grand  Gulf 340  038 

Hard  Times 345  9.33 

New  Carthage 371  907 


Stations. 

New  Orleans  to 

AVarrenton 

Vicksburg 

Mouth  Yazoo  Kiver 

Millikcn's  liend 

Lake  I'nivideiice 

Skipwitlis   Landing 

Louisiana  Line 

Pi'incetiin 

Grand  Lake 

Greenville 

Columbia 

Gains  and  Gntrs 

liolivar 

.Najioleon 

Mouth  White  River. 
Helena 


Milea. 

UP     llOWN 


Mouth  St.  K.  R.... 

Commerce 

Mississipj)!  Line., 


389 
401 
414 
427 
477 
487 
498 
500 
504 
547 
557 
576 
005 
020 
045 
728 
738 
780 
790 


889 
877 
804 
851 
801 
791 
780 
778 
774 
731 
721 
703 
673 
05S 
033 
550 
540 
498 
482 


Stations. 

New  Orleans  to 

Memphis 

Kandoljdi 

Aghport 

Hale's  I'oint 

Arkan.sas  Line 

I'oint  I'leasant 

Tennessee  Line 

New  Madrid 

Hickman 

Columbus 

Cairo 

Commerce 

Cape  Girardeau 

Tower  Itock 

Chester 

Ste.  Genevieve 

Jefferson  Rarracks.. 
St.  Louis 


Milfs. 
CP     DOWN 


818 

878 

018 

938 

944 

993 

098 

1003 

1040 

1057 

1077 

1112 

1127 

11.52 

1193 

1213 

1208 

1278 


4130 
400 
300 
340 
334 
2S5 
280 
275 
2.38 
221 
201 
106 
151 
126 
85 
05 
10 


DISTANCES    FROM    ST.    LOUIS   TO    ST.    PAUL. 


.Nations.  Miles. 

St.  Louis  to 

Alton 25 

Cap  au  Oris 40  65 

Clarksville 37  102 

Louisiana 12  114 

Hannibal 30  144 

Quincy 20  104 

Lagrange 12  170 

Canton 8  184 

Alexanilria  &  Warsaw  20  204 

Keokuk 4  208 

Montrose 12  220 

Nauvoo 3  22.3 

F<irt  Madison 9  2:52 

I'ontooHuc 6  238 

Dallas 2  240 

Biirlington 15  255 

Oquawka 15  270 

Keillisburg 12  282 

Now  HoHton 7  289 

Port  I/ouisa 10  299 

MuHcatinv 18  317 


Stations. 

St.  Louis  to 
Rock  Islund) 

Davenport     j  

Le  Claire  A  I'ort  Ryron 
Princeton  A  Coidova.... 

Canianche 

Albany 

Clinton 

Fulton  ati<l  Lyons 

Sabnia  

Savannah 

Relleview 

(lalena 

Diibmiue  &  Dunleith.... 

■Welles'  Landing 

Cassville 

Outtenburg 

Clayton 

McGregor 

Prairie  du  Chieu 

Lansing 

DeSoto 


Miles. 


39    347 


18 

6 

10 


305 
371 
3S1 
3S4 
.'iOO 
392 
412 
415 
4:18 
450 
470 
485 
500 
,510 
622 

5:b 

530 
500 
571 


Stations.  Miles. 
St.  Louis  to 

Victory 5  .'^i70 

Bada.\eCity 11  587 

Browneville 12  599 

LaCros.se 12  Oil 

Richmond 10  0'27 

Tiemiielau 5  032 

AViniuia 1.3  042 

Fountain  Citv 10  655 

M.aint  Vernon 11  606 

Minnieski 3  OliO 

Alma 15  084 

Warba.-liaw 9  093 

Reads  Landing 3  090 

North  Pe|iin 5  701 

LakeCilv 7  70S 

Re.lwing 18  726 

I'rescott .'JO  756 

H.astings 3  759 

St.  Paul .■i2  791 

St.  Anthony 14  805 


ELEVATIONS    IX    MISSOURI. 


61 


DISTANCES  ON  THE  MISSOURI  RIVER  PROM  ST.    LOUIS   TO  FORT  BENTON. 


Stations. 
St  Louis  to 

.Teft'iTson  City 

Booneville .'iS 

Glasgow 32 

Brunswick 35 

Lexington To 

Kansas  City 82 

Leavenwortli  City 39 

Atchison 37 

St.  Joseph 33 

Nebraska  Citv 175 

Council  BlufTs 53 

Omaha 1-1 

Florence 15 

Little  Sioux  River....    72 

Sioux  City 110 

Vermillion  River 140 

.James  River 47 

Yancton 104 

Bonhonime  Island....    IG 


Miles. 

174 

232 

2ti4 

290 

.374 

450 

495 

5:52 

505 

740 

792 

807 

822 

894 

1010 

1150 

1197 

1201 

1217 


Statifins.  Miles. 

St.  Louis  to 

Mouth  Niobrarah...  22  1239 

Yancton  Agency 32  1271 

Fort  lianilMll 14  1285 

White  River 100  1391 

Crow  Creek  or  Ush- 
er's Laiicliiig 94  1485 

Fort  Sully 45  15.30 

Fort  Pierre 5  1535 

Big  Chevenne 55  1590 

Mouth  Morenu 100  1690 

r.ranil  Hivcr 31  1721 

Beaver  KiviM- 85  1800 

Cannon  liall  River...  30  1830 

Fort  Rice 10  184ti 

Hart  River 50  1890 

Old  Fort  Clark 65  1901 

Fort  Berthold 59  2020 

Little  .Missouri 30  20.50 

White  Earth  River..  85  2135 


Stations. 

.'^T.  Louis  TO 

Mouth  Y'ellowstone.. 

Fort  Union 

Milk  River 

Round  Bute 


1.35 
5 

350 
135 


Doiilian's  Rapids 152 

Mouth  Maria 218 

Fort  Benton 45 


Miles. 

2270 
2275 
2025 
2700 
2912 
3130 
3175 


Fort  Benton  to 

Silver  City 150 

I'rickly  Pear 170 

Last  Cliance 171 

Deer  Lodge  City 180 

Deer  Lodge  Diggings 210 

Virginia  City 270 

Bannock  City 300 

Gallatin 350 

Bosnian 351 


ELEVATIONS  IN  MISSOURI. 


The  elevations  of  the  following  places  will  give  a  general  idea  of 
the  surface  of  the  soutliern  portion  of  the  State.  The  first  column 
shows  the  elevation  above  tide-water  at  Mobile  Bay  ;  the  second  col- 
umn above  the  City  Directrix  at  St.  Louis. 

St.  Louis  Directrix .372  feet 

Base  of  Pilot  Knob 909  537  feet 

Top  of  Pilot  Knob 1490  1118 

Marslifield,  Webster  County 1462  lU90 

New  Madrid  947  575 

Granby,  Newton  County 1030  668 

Springtield 1452  1080 

Oliio  City 272  100  below 

A  high  "divide"  extends  from  Green  County,  through  Webster, 
Wright,  Texas,  Dent,  Iron,  and  St.  Fran9ois  Counties.  The  western 
part  of  this  high  region  is  a  broad,  rolling  table-land ;  but  the  eastern 
end  is  broken  into  numerous  knobs,  hills,  and  ridges,  as  seen  at  Pilot 
Knob,  which  is  only  twenty-eight  feet  higher  than  Marshfield,  on  the 
table-lands  of  the  western  end. 


62  CLIMATE. 


C  L I M  A  T  E. 

Situated  in  the  center  of  the  United  States  possessions,  lying 
between  thirty-six  and  forty-one  degrees  north  latitude,  and  between 
eighty-nine  and  ninety-six  degrees  west  longitude,  this  State  is  free 
from  the  sudden  and  trying  changes  experienced  by  residents  nearer 
the  sea-coast  in  the  same  latitudes.  The  difference  in  temperature, 
however,  varies  from  8°  below  zero  in  winter,  to  110°  above  in  summer. 
The  seasons  in  their  progress  are  gradual  and  uniform,  subject  to  few 
or  no  abrupt  transitions.     The  air  is  pure  and  salubrious. 

The  following  table  is  the  result  of  twenty-five  years'  observations  in 
St.  Louis,  by  Dr.  George  Engelmann,  and  being  centrally  located  in 
the  State  (latitudinally  speaking),  will  give  a  correct  idea  of  the  gen- 
eral climate  of  the  State.  Some  allowance  should  be  made,  however, 
for  the  effect  of  buildings,  smoke,  etc.,  which  affect  the  temperature 
of  a  populous  city  somewhat. 


OBSERVATIONS  AT  ST.  LOUIS  FRO.M  1834  TO  1850,  INCLUSIVE. 

Month.                                                      Mean  Temp.  Lowest  Mean.     Highest  Mean. 

January 32-7  19-3  40-5 

February 34-5  20-8  44-1 

March 44-5  27-5  56-7 

April 50  2  44-4  G6-7 

May (jCO  60-5  69-3 

June 74  2  703  78-3 

July 78-8  72-5  83-5 

August 7lr2  71-0  81-5 

September 093  64-4  76-1 

October 557  48-4  02-8 

November 43()  34-7  518 

December 33-5  25-0  40  5 

65-4 — Mean  of  all  the  years. 

The  opinion  has  been  advanced  by  some  meteorologists  that  the 
temperature  of  the  United  States  is  annually  becoming  lower;  the 
mean  temperature  of  1859  was  55'4,  the  same  as  the  mean  of  all  the 
twenty-five  years  above  given. 


CLIMATE. 


63 


The  following  is  the  result  of  observations  by  James.  W.  Evans, 
Esq.,  during  six  years,  taken  at  Big  River,  in  St.  Francois  County. 
"r"  indicates  rain,  and  "n.r."  no  rain. 


MONTHS. 

1837. 

1838. 

1839. 

1840. 

1841. 

1842. 

R. 

5 
8 
10 
11 
14 
18 
11 
11 
10 
7 
10 
11 

126 

N.B. 

26 
20 
21 
19 
17 
12 
20 
20 
20 
24 
20 
20 

239 

R. 

5 

9 
10 

9 
11 
18 

5 

7 
2 

9 

11 

7 

103 

N.R. 

26 
19 
21 
21 
20 
12 
26 
24 
28 
22 
19 
24 

262 

K. 

12 
6 

8 
16 
15 
14 
10 

3 

5 
5 
9 
8 

111 

N.R. 

19 
22 

23 
14 
16 
16 
21 
28 
25 
26 
21 
23 

254 

R. 

8 

8 

11 

10 

14 

8 

9 

12 

5 

9 

10 

3 

107 

N.R. 

23 

21 
20 
20 
17 
22 
22 
19 
25 
22 
20 
28 

259 

R. 

9 
2 
8 
9 
6 
12 
7 
1 
3 
6 
9 
9 

81 

N.R. 

22 
26 
23 
21 
25 
18 
24 
30 
27 
25 
21 
22 

284 

R. 

4 

9 

7 

11 

13 

11 

8 

4 

3 

4 

6 

5 

85 

N.R. 

27 
19 
24 
19 
18 
19 
23 
27 
27 
27 
24 
26 

280 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September.... 

October 

November 

December 

Total 

The  following  is  the  order  of  the  leafing  of  the  several  trees,  shrubs, 
etc.,  as  recorded  by  J.  W.  Evans,  Esq. 


NAME. 

1839. 

1840. 

1841. 

1842. 

Gooseberry 

March  14 
"  19 
•'  26 
"  27 
"  29 
"     30 

April  14 
"  3 
"  12 
"  16 
"     17* 

Feb.  28 
March  5 

"    8 

March  19 

March  1 
"     6 
"  15 
"  23* 
"  25* 
"  18* 

April  25 
"     9* 
"  18 
"  16* 
"  16* 

Elder      

Buckeve 

March  26 

Wild  Cherry 

Annie-tree 

March  18 

March  29 
"     30 

Siicar  Alanle 

White  Made 

Peach 

Willow 

Red  Bud 

April  14 
March  29* 

Plum 

*  In  bloom. 


04  GRAPE    CULTURE. 


GRAPE   CULTURE   IN   MISSOURI. 

BY  G.  C.   SWALLOW,  STATE  GEOLOGIST. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  department  of  husbandry  in  which  cultivators 
find  so  much  difficulty  and  meet  with  so  many  failures  as  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  vine  ;  and  yet,  while  some  fail,  it  is  equally  true  that  others 
meet  with  eminent  success.  It  is  quite  obvious  that  the  most  of  those 
who  have  failed  in  their  efforts  must  attribute  their  faihires  to  the  want 
of  adaptation,  in  their  modes  of  culture,  to  the  habits  and  wants  of  the 
vine  ;  as  others,  on  the  same  soil  and  under  the  same  sun,  have  been 
most  successful. 

Notwithstanding  the  true  principles  of  grape  culture  are  so  little 
understood  by  the  community  at  large,  no  department  of  agriculture 
has  been  more  carefully  investigated  —  more  distinctly  defined  and 
reduced  to  scientific  principles.  Since  Yirgil  wrote  his  masterly  trea- 
tise upon  the  habits  and  cultivation  of  the  vine,  the  principles  which 
should  govern  its  culture  have  been  within  the  reach  of  all  who  would 
investigate  the  structure  of  this  plant,  and  learn  the  soil  and  climate 
adapted  to  its  perfect  development.  And,  indeed,  it  could  scarcely  be 
otherwise,  as  the  vine  has  occupied  so  prominent  a  position  in  the  hus- 
bandry of  almost  all  the  enlightened  nations  of  ancient  and  modern 
times.  Since  Noah  planted  a  vineyard  the  vine  has  followed  the  pro- 
gress of  husbandry  and  civilization  throughout  India,  Arabia,  Pales- 
tine, and  Southern  Europe.  It  holds  an  important  place  in  the  history 
of  those  seats  of  ancient  civilization  and  progress.  The  "  vine-clad 
hill"  occupied  a  conspicuous  position  in  every  landscape,  and  the  juice 
of  the  grape  had  its  place  at  the  social  board  and  ruled  the  joys  of  the 
banquet  hall.  While  it  held  so  important  a  position  among  the  nations, 
its  value  led  the  ablest  minds  to  investigate  its  habits  and  deduce  the 
best  modes  of  culture  from  the  exi)erience  of  the  many  engaged  in  the 
pleasant  pursuit.  Solomon  investigated  the  properties  of  the  vine,  and 
A^irgil  gave  so  excellent  a  treatise  upon  its  habits  and  culture  that  the 
investigations  and  experience  of  the  last  two  thousand  years  have  added 
but  little  to  the  knowledge  then  possessed.  Since,  then,  the  habits  of  the 
vine,  and  the  modes  of  culture  best  adapted  to  it  have  been  so  carefully 
determined  and  so  thoroughly  estal)lishcd  by  the  experience  of  the  last 
four  thousand  years,  it  only  remains  for  the  cultivators  of  our  times  to 
investigate  the  modes  of  culture  so  long  and  so  successfully  practiced  in 


GRAPE   CULTURE  65 

India  and  the  countries  bordering  upon  tlie  Mediterranean  ;  to  inquire 
how  far  tlie  varieties  there  cultivated  and  the  culture  there  adopted 
will  succeed  in  other  localities  ;  to  determine  whether  some  new  varie- 
ties may  not  succeed  better  in  other  climates  and  soils  ;  and  what 
modiflcations  of  culture  will  secure  the  highest  degree  of  success  in 
the  various  soils  and  climates  to  which  we  would  introduce  the  vine. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  success  of  the  grape  depends  upon  the  mutual 
adaptation  of  both  soil  and  climate.  In  places  where  the  soil  has  all 
the  requisite  properties,  the  climate  may  be  such  as  to  prevent  full  sac- 
cess  ;  as  in  many  parts  of  New  England,  where  the  climate  is  too  cold, 
and  in  England,  where  it  is  too  moist.  In  many  localities  in  Southern 
Europe  the  soil  is  such  as  to  prevent  the  full  success  of  the  vine,  though 
the  climate  is  all  that  could  be  desired. 

Soil. — According  to  Virgil*  and  the  best  authors  who  have  followed 
him,  the  soil  should  be  warm,  light,  dry,  and  rich  in  alkalies  and 
alkaline  earths,  especially  potash,  soda,  lime,  and  magnesia.  The 
best  vines  have  been  grownf  upon  soils  of  this  description,  and  when 
any  of  these  qualities  have  been  wanting,  the  most  skillful  vine-growers 
have  carefully  supplied  them  by  artificial  means.  Hence  Virgil  directs 
to  place  "  porous  stones  and  rough  shells"  in  the  trenches  ;  the  stones 
and  shells  to  loosen  the  soil  and  perfect  the  drainage,  and  the  shells  to 
supply  the  defect  of  lime.  The  vine  has  ever  succeeded  the  best,  other 
things  being  equal,  in  a  calcareous  soil.  The  best  vineyards  upon  the 
Rhine,  the  Ohio,  and  the  Missouri  are  upon  soils  rich  in  lime  ;  and, 
according  to  D'Orbigny,  the  wines  from  such  soils  in  France  are  more 
lively  and  spirituous. 

*  Geor.,  lib.  ii.  lines  217-2U1  and  202 — "Optima  putri  arva  solo." 
f  The  great  vine  at  Windsor  Park  was  planted  about  fifty  years  ago.  "  In 
1850,"  says  Professor  Lindley,  "it  produced  two  thousand  large  bunches  of 
magnificent  grapes,  filled  a  house  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  feet  long  and  six- 
teen feet  wide,  and  had  a  stem  two  feet  and  nine  inclies  in  circumference.  The 
border  in  which  it  grows  is  warm,  dry,  light,  shallow."  The  most  funious 
claret  vineyards  of  France  are  on  the  peninsular  of  Medoc,  north  of  Bordeaux, 
where  the  soil  is  dry  and  warm,  and  so  full  of  pebbles  that  the  entire  mass 
seems  to  be  made  up  of  them.  A  recent  traveler  tlius  describes  the  su)ierior 
grape  soil: — "Trellises  of  scarce  two  feet  liigh  carry  the  vines,  and  neither 
foliage  nor  the  clusters  can  conceal  the  harsh,  pebbly  soil,  which  you  would 
declare,  if  you  were  bred  in  a  grain-growing  country,  to  be  utterly  wortliless. 
There  are  vineyards  upon  this  gravel-bank  of  Medoc  which  have  the  look  only  of 
a  waste  of  white  silicious  pebbles;  oiliers  again  seem  to  be  of  slaty  debris,  and 
nowhere  couhl  you  thrust  your  staff  in  the  earth  more  than  an  iucii  or  two.  Yet 
upon  this  gravelly  mass  the  sun  lies  warmly  and  kindly.  For  hours  after  sunset 
these  pebbles,  which  have  been  basking  all  d;)y  in  the  light,  retain  tlieir  licat, 
and  through  all  the  night  give  it  to  the  little  rootlets  of  the  vine." 


66 


GRAPE   CULTURE. 


The  chemical  composition  of  a  plant  also  gives  us  sure  indications 
of  the  mineral  iiif^rcdicnts  of  the  soil  required  for  its  perfect  develop- 
ment. The  following  table,  from  Johnston's  Agricultural  Chemistry, 
contains  the  composition  Of  five  vines  grown  on  five  dilTcrent  soils. 
The  result  shows  most  conclusively  what  mineral  substances  are 
demanded  for  the  perfection  of  the  vine. 


Substances. 

By 

Leibfranen. 

a 

c 

Primary  Hocks. 
Gratz. 

Mountain 
LiuiPstone. 

Gratz. 

■2 

1 

B 
OS 

Potash 

17-32 
28-50 
29-75 
9-78 
4-12 
5-20 
1-96 
1-82 
1-55 

25-24 
2-74 

40-75 
7-47 
1-52 

18-87 
2-88 
0-53 

34-13 

8-03 
32-67 
4-66 
0-16 
16-35 
2-16 
0-50 
1-45 

24-93 
7-31 

37-59 
7-12 
0-24 

19-55 
2-37 
0-35 
0-62 

26-41 
8-79 

33-47 
9-16 
0-19 

16  87 
2-44 
0-25 
2-48 

25-60 

11-07 

34-85 

7-64 

1-25 

15-37 

2-36 

0-08 

1-22 

Soda 

Lime 

Magnesia 

Oxide  of  iron 

Phosphoric  acid.... 

Sulphuric  acid 

Chlorine 

Silica 

Total 

100-00 

100-00 

100-11 

100-08 

100-06 

100-04 

Percentage  of  ashes 
in  dry  twigs 

2-885 

2-689 

2-525 

2-25 

2.325 

2-625 

These  analyses  shovir  that  potash,  soda,  lime,  magnesia,  and  phos- 
phoric acid  enter  largely  into  the  composition  of  the  vine,  and  that 
grapes  will  succeed  best  on  soils  rich  in  those  materials.  The  other 
ingredients  are  such  as  are  found  in  nearly  all  soils,  and  may  be  left  out 
of  our  investigations. 

It  is  a  well-established  principle  of  vegetable  science  that  lime  may 
supply  the  place  of  soda  and  j^otash,  in  part  at  least,  in  some  plants. 
The  following  analysis  of  vines  from  two  localities  show  this  to  be  true 
of  the  vine  also  : — 


Alkalies 45  82 

Lime 2975 


II. 

27-98 


If,  therefore,  soda  and  potash  be  deficient  in  a  soil,  their  place  may 
be  partially  sup)>lied  by  lime,  should  it  exist  in  sufficient  quantities.   . 

Climate. — The  success  of  the  grape  on  the  islands  and  the  shores  of 
the  Mediterranean  show  their  adaptation  to  a  climate  in  which  the  winters 
are  short  and  mild,  and  the  summers  are  temperate  and  equable.  In 
the  Ionian  Islands,  where  the  grape  attains  great  perfection,  it  is  never 
exposed  to  pinching  cold  or  burning  heat,  or  to  any  very  sudden 
changes  from  one  to  the  other.    But  the  great  profusion  and  excellence 


GRAPE    CULTURE.  67 

of  the  grapes  in  India,  at  Candahar  and  Cabul,  the  sunny  home  of  the 
grape,  indicate  an  ability  to  reach  perfection  in  spite  of  sudden  changes 
from  extreme  cold  to  burning  heat.  "  In  no  part  of  the  world,"  says 
Lindley,  "are  the  grapes  more  delicious  than  in  Candahar  and  Cabul;" 
and  yet  the  traveler  speaks  of  the  hitter  cold  wind  and  blazing  firex 
at  night,  and  the  burning  sun  by  day  in  March  ;  and  the  sun's  heat  at 
140°  in  May,  where  the  grapes  ripen  as  early  as  June. 

We  may  conclude,  then,  that  the  grape  will,  under  favorable  circum- 
stances, reach  the  greatest  perfection  though  exposed  to  sudden 
changes  and  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

Having  ascertained  the  conditions  of  soil  and  climate  best  adapted 
to  the  successful  culture  of  the  vine,  it  has  been  my  aim,  during  the 
progress  of  the  geological  survey  of  Missouri,  to  determine  how  far 
these  conditions  are  fulfilled  in  Missouri ;  to  what  extent  and  with  what 
success  the  vine  may  be  cultivated  in  our  State,  and  the  advantages  to 
be  derived  from  its  cultivation.  In  order  to  secure  the  most  accurate 
data  for  our  conclusions,  our  investigations  have  been  directed  to  the 
following  subjects  : — 

1 .  The  characters  and  habits  of  all  our  native  vines  and  the  soils  on 
which  they  succeed  best  have  been  carefully  noted. 

2.  Five  persons*  have  been  appointed  to  make  meteorological  ob- 
servations. One  at  Springfield,  in  the  Southwest ;  one  at  Cape  Girar- 
deau, in  the  Southeast ;  one  at  Palmyra,  in  the  Northeast ;  one  at  St. 
Joseph,  in  the  Northwest;  and  one  at  Columbia,  in  the  centre,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Missouri  River.  These  observers  have  been  supplied 
with  the  very  best  instruments,  and  they  have  made  and  recorded  their 
observations  according  to  the  plan  adopted  by  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution. 

3.  The  experience  of  our  most  successful  vine-growers  has  been  col- 
lected, and  the  results  carefully  compared  with  the  conclusions  derived 
from  our  examination  of  the  climate,  soils,  and  wild  vines  of  the 
State. 

4.  The  soils  of  the  State  have  been  carefully  observed,  and  the 
varieties  collected  and  submitted  to  a  most  skillful  chemist  for  full  and 
accurate  analyses. 

*  It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  bear  testinion}'  to  the  disinterested  labors  of 
those  who  have  so  faithfully  observed  and  recorded  the  meteorological  phenomena 
at  the  stations  above  named.  Our  State  will  be  under  many  obligations  to  the 
Rev.  G.  P.  Comings,  of  St.  Paul's  College,  Palmyra;  Rev.  James  Knoud,  of  St. 
Vincent's  College,  Cape  Girardeau;  J.  A.  Stephens,  Esq.,  Springfield;  E.  B. 
Neely,  A.M.,  of  the  St.  Joseph  High  School;  and  Miss  M.  B.  Hill,  at  Columbia, 
who  have  made  the  observations  at  their  several  localities. 


68  GRAPE    CULTURE. 

Native  Grapes. — The  growth  and  fruit  of  our  native  vines  give  us 
most  important  indications  of  the  adaptation  of  our  soil  and  climate 
to  the  cultivation  of  the  grape.  The  following  species  have  been 
observed  ;  the  growth,  habits,  and  fruit  of  each  variety  have  been  care- 
fully examined. 

1.  YiTis  Labrusca,  Linn.    Fox  Grape  of  the  Northern  States. 

This  vine  is  abundant  in  all  parts  of  the  State.  It  attains  to  a  very 
large  size*  in  our  rich  alluvial  I)ottoms  and  on  our  best  upland  soils  ; 
but  the  vines  of  a  smaller  size,  which  are  found  on  the  poorest  soils  in 
the  State,  produce  much  the  best  grapes.  Those  which  grow  upon  the 
dry  ridges,  on  the  declivities  of  the  bluffs,  (especially  those  of  the  mag- 
nesian  limestone,)  and  on  the  talus  of  debris  at  their  bases,  exhibit  a 
healthy,  firm  growth,  and  produce  an  abundance  of  fine  fruit.  The 
grapes  found  in  these  localities  are  larger,  and  the  pulp  is  more  juicy 
and  palatable. 

Many  well-known  and  excellent  varieties  of  Grapes  now  in  cultiva- 
tion were  derived  from  this  species.  The  Isabella,  Catawba,  Schuyl- 
kill, and  Elands  are  the  most  esteemed. 

2.  YiTis  ^STiVALis,  Michx.     Summer  Grape. 

This,  like  the  preceding,  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  State,  and  is 
doubtless  the  largest  of  all  our  vines.  It  is  one  of  the  most  striking 
objects  in  our  magnificent  upland  forests ;  while  the  stem,  like  a  huge 
cable,  hangs  suspended  from  the  limbs  of  the  largest  trees,  the  branches, 
clothed  in  rich  foliage,  and  often  loaded  with  fruit,  hang  in  graceful 
festoons  over  the  highest  boughs.  But  the  vines  growing  on  the  thin 
soilsof  our  limestone  ridges  and  bluffs,  and  on  the  loose  debris  at  their 
bases,  where  they  are  more  exposed  to  the  air  and  the  sun,  produce  a 
greater  abundance  of  the  best  fruit. 

3.  ViTis  CoRDiFOLiA,  Mifhx.      Winter  or  Frost  Grape. 

This  vine  is  widely  diffused  through  the  State :  it  is,  perhaps,  the 
largest  of  all  our  vines;  but  its  fruit  is  not  so  large  as  the  fox  or  the 
summer  grape. 

Its  fruit  is  small  and  acerb. 

4.  (Fa?-,  of  the  former,  Gray.)     YiTis  Riparia,  Michx. 

River  Grape. 

This  grape  is  partial  to  the  alluvial  soil  along  the  margins  of  our 
streams.     It  grows  to  a  large  size. 

*  Tins  vine  often  attains  a  dinmeter  of  ten  inches,  ascends  the  loftiest  trees, 
and  i-prcaUs  its  brunches  over  their  iiigliest  boughs. 


GRAPE    CULTURE.  69 

m 

5.  YiTis  VULPINA,  Linn.     MiL^cadine  of  the  West,  and  Fox  Grape, 
according  to  Elliott,  in  the  Southeastern  States. 

It  is  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  I  saw  several  vines 
in. Pemiscot  and  Dunklin  Counties.  It  grows  very  large  and  pro- 
duces abundantly.  Its  fruit  is  very  much  esteemed.  The  cultivated 
Scuppernong  Qrape  is  a  variety  from  this  species. 

A  small  vine  with  the  fruit  like  this  grows  in  the  southwestern 
counties. 

6.    VlTIS  BIPINNATA,  MicTlX. 

This  plant  was  observed  in  Cape  Girardeau  and  Pemiscot  Counties. 

7.  ViTis  iNDivisr,  Willd. 

This  vine  abounds  in  the  central  and  western  counties. 

From  this  list  it  will  be  seen  that  Missouri  possesses  nearly  all  the 
native  grapes  of  our  country,  save  one,  the  Vitis  Caribcea?  (D.  C.)  of 
California.  The  vines  are  so  abundant  and  so  large  as  to  form  an 
important  and  conspicuous  part  of  every  copse  and  thicket  throughout 
the  entire  State.  They  are  everywhere  present,  lending  grace  and 
beauty  to  every  landscape,  and  indicating  with  prophetic  certainty 
that  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  the  purple  vineyards  will  cf)ver 
our  hills,  the  song  of  the  vine-dresser  fill  the  land  with  joy,  and  the 
generous  juice  of  the  grape  will  improve  our  moral,  intellectual  and 
physical  powers. 

Experience  of  our  Vine-dressers.* — Several  vino-dressers  in  our 
State  have  been  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  grape  during  the 
last  twelve  or  fourteen  years.  Their  success  has  been  fully  equal  to 
their  expectations;  and  they  are  full  of  high  hopes  of  the  most  use- 
ful and  profitable  results,  even  of  entire  and  permanent  success. 
Their  experience  in  cultivating  the  vine  has  led  them  to  the  same 
conclusion  that  we  have  deduced  from  our  scientific  examinations  of 
the  soil,  climate,  and  native  vines,  viz. :  that  the  vine  can  he  cultivated 
with  entire  success,  in  favorable  localities,  in  all  parts  of  the  State. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  these  results  have  been  derived 
mostly  from  vineyards  in  the  valley  of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi 
Rivers,  which  are  not,  by  far,  the  most  favorable  localities  in  the 


*  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  William  Haas,  of  Boonville,  Mr.  Geo.  Ilusmann,  of 
Hermann,  Mr.  Frederick  Munch,  of  Martliasville,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Stuhy,  of 
Hamburg,  for  valuable  iuformatiou  respecting  the  cultivation  of  grapes  in  our 
State. 


70  GRAPE   CULTURE. 

• 

State;  for  the  "mildew"  and  the  "rot,"  the  most  formidable  obstacles 
they  have  had  to  contend  with,  may  be  partially  or  entirely  obviated 
in  localities  where  the  atmosphere  and  soil  are  not  so  densely  charged 
with  moisture.  Tlie  "rot,"  says  one  of  our  most  successful  vine- 
dressers, Mr.  Haas,  "  attacks  the  berries  when  the  soil  is  in  a  wet  con- 
dition, in  July  and  August.  It  is  most  severe  on  the  low  and  wet 
IKUts  (if  ilie  vineyard."  Mr.  Husmanu  says,  "the  principal  cause, 
all  are  agreed,  is  an  excess  of  moisture  about  the  roots,  and  damp, 
moist  weather."  Now  the  larger  part  of  our  vineyards  are  located 
upon  a  diff,  cold,  clayey  subsoil,  which  of  necessity  retains  the  ex- 
cess of  moisture  and  produces  the  injurious  results.  This  evil  may 
be  oviated  by  thorough  draining  and  preparation  of  the  soil ;  or, 
what  is  better,  by  selecting  some  of  the  millions  of  acres  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  where  the  soil  is  warmer  and  lighter,  and 
richer  in  the  ingredients  most  favorable  to  the  vine,  and  where  the 
subsoil  is  so  porous  as  to  permit  a  free  passage  to  the  excess  of 
moisture. 

The  ??ii7(Zei/;  appears  in  June;  and  all  agree  that  it  is  caused  by 
"foggy,  clamp,  and  hot  weather,  accompanied  by  mists,^'  which  is 
much  more  prevalent  in  the  valleys  of  our  large  rivers  than  on  the 
table-lauds  of  the  south. 

'^'he  characters  of  the  two  regions  under  comparison  show  most 
conclusively  that  the  excess  of  moisture  in  the  valleys  must  be  con- 
siderable and  permanent.  These  valleys  are  covered  with  numerous 
and  extensive  lakes  and  sloughs,  and  forests  of  rank  growth  and 
vast  extent,  besides  the  broad  rivers  which  flow  through  them;  while 
the  table-lands  are  almost  destitute  of  lakes  and  ponds,  and  but  par- 
tially covered  by  a  very  sparse  and  much  less  vigorous  growth  of 
timber.  And,  besides,  they  occupy  an  elevation  of  several  hundred 
feet  above  the  valleys. 

No  fears,  therefore,  need  be  entertained  that  these  obstacles  will 
prevent  the  entire  success  of  vine  culture  in  Missouri,  should  our 
atmosphere  even  continue  as  moist  as  at  present.  But  we  may  ex- 
))ect  much  improvement  in  this  respect,  as  it  is  fully  established  by 
past  experience  that  the  settlement  of  a  country  and  the  opening  of  a 
soil  to  cultivation  lessen  the  amount  of  rain  and  moisture  in  the  at- 
mosphere. 

Notwithstanding  the  many  diiriculties  our  vine-dressers  have  had 
to  contend  with,  and  notwithstanding  some  of  their  vineyards  are  not, 
to  say  the  least,  in  the  most  favorable  localities  in  the  State,  their 
success  has  been  very  flattering. 

The  vineyards  of  Boonville  have  yielded  the  present  season  about 


GRAPE   CULTURE.  71 

COOO  gallons,  worth  $12,000.  Five  acres  gave  a  clear  profit  of 
$2000,  or  $400  per  acre,  Mr.  Haas  made  1550  gallons  from  three 
acres. 

The  vintage  of  Hermann  was  about  100,000  gallons,  from  less 
than  200  acres.  At  $1  per  gallon,  which  is  less  than  the  value,  it 
will  give  a  profit  of  at  least  $400  per  acre,  or  of  $80,000  on  the  200 
acres  in  cultivation.  One  small  vineyard  at  Hamburg,  Mr.  Joseph 
Stuby's,  yielded  over  1000  gallons  per  acre. 

The  entire  cost  of  vineyards,  preparing  the  soil,  setting  and  train- 
ing the  vines  till  they  come  into  bearing,  varies  from  $200  to  $300  per 
acre;  annual  cost  of  cultivation  after,  $50  to  $60  per  acre;  ten  per 
cent,  on  first  cost,  $20  to  $30  per  acre ;  total  expense  for  each  year, 
$70  to  $90  per  acre.  So  that  an  income  of  $100  per  annum  for  each 
acre  is  sufiBcient  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  first  cost  and  the  expense 
of  cultivation. 

Judging  from  the  statistics  before  me,  I  would  suppose  all  our 
vineyards  have  yielded  an  average  of  at  least  250  gallons  per  acre 
since  1849,  which,  at  an  average  price  per  gallon  of  $1  60,  would  give 
an  annual  income  of  $400,  and  a  yearly  profit  of  $300  per  acre.  So 
that  the  vine-dresser,  even  in  the  poorest  seasons,  can  scarcely  fail  of 
a  handsome  profit;  while  in  good  years  his  gains  will  far  surpass 
those  derived  from  any  other  department  of  husbandry.  But  the 
profits  of  our  most  successful  cultivators  have  been  much  greater. 
M.  Poeshel,  of  Hermann,  is  said  to  have  made  over  400  gallons  per 
acre  for  the  last  ten  years,  and  an  annual  profit  of  more  than  $500  for 
each  acre. 

Such  are  the  favorable  results  legitimately  derived  from  the  expe- 
rience of  our  vine-dressers,  in  their  early  efforts  in  a  new  country, 
with  a  soil  and  climate  unknown  to  the  cultivators  of  the  grape. 
All  must  admit  that  they  are  most  satisfactory.  Even  if  our  climate 
does  not  become  more  dry,  if  no  more  improvements  are  made  in  the 
modes  of  culture,  and  if  no  more  favorable  localities  are  obtained, 
grape  culture  must  increase  very  rapidly,  and  become  an  important 
element  in  our  agricultural  and  commercial  interests. 

Climate. — It  will  be  impossible  to  give,  in  the  few  pages  allotted 
to  me  in  this  communication,  the  results  of  our  meteorological  observa- 
tions. It  must  suffice  to  state  in  general  terras,  that  the  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold  are  not  so  great  as  in  some  of  the  best  grape-growing 
regions;  and  that  the  atmosphere  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  is 
sufficiently  dry.    The  results,  in  short,  present  but  one  very  objection- 


72  GHAPE    CULTURE. 

al)U'  feature.  There  are  occasional  chanpces  of  temperature  so  preat 
and  sudden  as  to  prove  somewhat  injurious  to  tlie  p;rapc  at  certain 
stages  of  its  growth.  ]>ut  it  shouhl  be  ol).served  tliat  these  clianges 
are  not  so  marked  in  the  high  table-lands  of  the  south  and  west  as  in 
the  north  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Missouri  anc"  Mississippi,  where 
our  vineyards  arc  located;  and,  even  where  most  objectionable,  they 
are  not  so  great  as  in  India,  and  other  grape-growing  districts  of  the 
Old  World. 

That  portion  of  Soutliern  Missouri,  extending  from  Newton  County 
in  the  southwest  to  St.  Genevieve  in  the  southeast,  usually  repre- 
sented as  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Ozark  Mountains,  is  in  fact  a 
table-land  varying  from  1000  to  1500  feet  above  the  ocean.  In  the 
west  it  is  sufficiently  undulatinp  to  be  well  drained,  while  in  the  east 
it  sometimes  rises  into  ridges  and  knobs  of  moderate  elevation.  From 
this  table-land  the  country  descends  by  moderate  slopes  in  every 
direction.  On  the  northern  slope  are  the  head-waters  of  the  Sac, 
Pomme  de  Terre,  Niangua,  and  Gasconade,  flowing  into  the  Mis- 
souri ;  on  the  east,  the  Maramec  and  the  Big,  flowing  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi ;  on  the  south,  the  waters  of  the  St.  Franyois,  the  Current, 
and  the  White,  with  its  tributaries,  descending  toward  Arkansas; 
and  Spring  River  and  Shoal  Creek  on  the  western  slope. 

The  valleys  of  the  numerous  streams  which  flow  from  this  table- 
land are  at  first  but  little  depressed  below  the  general  level ;  but  the 
farther  they  descend,  the  deeper  and  wider  they  become,  until  they 
expand  into  broad  alluvial  bottoms,  bounded  by  bluffs  more  or  less 
precipitous.  The  fountains  are  numerous,  bold,  and  pure;  the  streams 
clear  and  rapid. 

The  surface  of  these  table-lands  is  undulating,  with  no  mountains 
or  arid  plains  to  disturb  the  equable  and  agreeable  temperature  which 
usually  prevails  at  that  elevation  under  the  3Tth  parallel  of  north 
latitude.  There  are  no  swami)s  or  overflowed  lands  from  which 
vapors  and  noxious  exhalations  can  arise  to  render  the  air  damp  and 
unhealthy.  As  these  facts  plainly  indicate,  the  summers  are  long, 
temperate,  dry,  and  salubrious,*  and  the  winters  short  and  mild.  It 
possesses  the  clear,  brilliant  skies  of  Italy,  and  the  dry,  bracing  air 
of  the  western  prairies. 

Soil. — Nearly  all  the  soils  of  Missouri  possess  all  the  ingredients 
necessary  to  the  complete  development  of  the  vine  ;  but  some  of  them 
are  too  heavy,  wet,  and  cold,  unless  improved  by  artificial  means. 


*  According  to  the  census  report  of  1850,  this  is  one  of   the  most  hi-aliliy 
regions  in  the  country. 


GRAPE    CULTURE. 


73 


This  is  true  to  some  extent  of  those  on  the  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri,  where  nearly  all  the  vineyards  of  our  State  are  located. 
These  soils  are  based  upon  the  bluff  formation,  where  it  contains 
more  clay  and  less  lime  than  in  the  western  counties,  which  possess 
our  best  soils. 

Analysis  of  Soil  from  the  Bluffs  of  Boone  County,  by  Dr.  Litton. 


Water  expelled  by  drying  at  150°  C 

Organic  matter  and  water  not  ex'd  at  150°  C 
Silica,  etc.,  insoluble  in  hydrocliloric  acid 

Soluble  silica 

Alumina  

Peroxide  of  iron 

Oxide  of  manganese 

Lime  

Magnesia 

Potash 

Soda 

Phosphoric  acid 

Sulphuric  acid 

Chlorine 

Total 


No.  12,  A. 


0 

o 

90 

0 
3 
2 

a 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


■4105 
■0057 
•1420 
•1384 
•0G54 
•0553 
trace 
•2086 
•3423 
•33G8 
■1828 
'0560 
•0035 
'0000 


No.  V2,  B. 


0  6558 
2-6049 
90-8063 
0  1475 
2-9346 
2-0590 
a  trace 
0-1242 
0-2088 
0-2121 
0  2925 
0-034(; 
0-0508 
0-0000 


100-1311 


No.l2,C. 


0-8030 
3-8901 
85-0571 
0-2187 
4-7672 
3-8814 
a  trace 
0-4722 
0-6581 
0-3895 
0-1220 
0-0556 
0-0099 
0-0276 


100-3524 


No.  12,  A,  was  collected  from  2  to  6  inches  below  the  surface ; 
No.  12,  B,  from  10  to  12;  and  No.  12,  C,  from  18  to  20  below  the 
surface  on  a  high  ridge. 

This  soil  is  very  similar  to  those  upon  which  the  vineyards  of  Boon- 
ville,  Hermann,  and  Hamburg  are  located;  and  it  produced  an 
abundance  of  large  and  excellent  grapes  on  small  vines  of  the  Vitis 
labrusca.  The  superior  native  grapes  growing  upon  this  soil,  and 
the  succes  of  the  vineyards  above  named,  prove  its  adaptation  to  the 
vine.  Its  greatest  defect  is  a  capacity  to  hold  and  retain  an  excess 
of  water ;  which  must  be  remedied  by  trenching  and  a  proper  admix- 
ture of  vegetable  matter,  sand,  pebbles,  and  broken  limestone.  This 
labor,  however,  may  be  avoided  by  selecting  some  of  the  millions  of 
acres  in  Southern  and  Central  Missouri,  the  soils  of  which  are  already 
prepared,  as  if  by  design,  to  invite  the  vine-dresser  to  possess  and 
cultivate  them.  (See  the  sixth  and  seventh  varieties  of  soil  above 
described.) 


74  r.RAPE    CULTURE. 


Analysis   of  a  Majncsian    Limestone  Soil  from    Ike  Southern  Bluffs  of  Callawat/ 

County,  by  Dr  Litton.     Soil  No.  14. 

Water  expelled  by  heating  to  150°  C MTOO 

Organic  inatler  and  water  not  ilriven  off  at  150°  C 9-():i',»'J 

Silica,  etc..  insolul)le  in  hydrocliloric  acid 54  L'fKlO 

Soluble  silica 01(539 

Alumina 10  8588 

I'cnixiile  of  iron 2  5186 

Manganese a  trace 

Lime  80720 

Magnesia IGfiOO 

I'otassa l-fi378 

Soda 0-344l> 

Taih  inic  acid  10-1111 

Sul  Jill  uric  acid OOtiOo 

Phosphoric  acid 0-0950 

Chlorine 0  0053 

Total s 100  5880 

This  soil  is  all  that  could  be  desired  for  the  culture  of  the  grape ; 
it  contains  an  abundance  of  all  the  mineral  substances  which  enter 
into  the  composition  of  the  vine,  as  shown  above  by  its  analysis. 
While  it  is  warm,  light,  and  dry,  it  contains  larfrc  quantities  of  magnesia 
and  vegetable  matter  or  humus,  giving  it  great  capacity  for  absorbing 
and  retaining  a  sufficient  quantity  of  moisture,  even  in  the  droughts 
of  summer.  This  is  a  fair  representation  of  the  soils  on  the  mag- 
nesian  limestone  ridges  and  slopes  throughout  Central  and  Southern 
Missouri.  These  slopes  and  ridges  occupy  millions  of  acres  now 
deemed  worthless,  which  are  in  fact  by  far  the  most  valuable  lands  in 
the  State  for  the  cultivation  of  the  grape  ;  especially  is  this  true  of 
those  located  upon  the  southern  highlands,  away  from  the  vapors  and 
sudden  changes  of  our  large  rivers  and  their  broad  valleys. 

The  magnesian  limestone  series  occupies  a  large  portion  of 
Southern  Missouri,  and  is  made  up  of  magnesian  limestones,  sand- 
stones, and  porous  chert,  which  are  usually  overlaid  witli  lliiii  l)eds  of 
reddish-lM-own  iiiarly  clays.  The  sand,  lime,  magnesia,  and  alumina, 
derived  from  the  decomposition  of  those  rocks,  together  witli  the 
abundance  of  vegetable  matter  and  the  alkalies  derived  from  the 
(ires  which  annually  overrun  this  country,  combine  to  form  a  soil* 
lifjhl,  dry,  warm,  and  rich  in  potash,  soda,  lime,  magnesia,  and  all 
the  other  mineral  ingredients  needed  to  render  it  fertile,  and  suitable 
in  iin  eminent  degree  for  the  culture  of  the  vine.  In  many  places  this 
soil  is  underlaid  with  a  sufficient  (|uantity  of  pebbles  and  fragments 
of  porous  clicrt  to  eoiistitutc  a  most  thorough  system  of  drainage; 


Sec  preceding  analysis,  No.  14. 


GRAPE    CULTURE.  75 

while  in  others  the  fragments  of  chert  are  disseminated  tlu'ough  the 
soil  in  such  quantities  as  to  injure  it  somewhat  for  ordinary  cultiva- 
tion,* but  giving  precisely  the  preparation  so  highly  recommended 
by  Yirgil  and  later  authors,  and  the  best  cultivators  of  the  grape.  It 
is  true  that  the  native  vines  do  not  grow  so  large  and  sappy  on  this 
as  on  the  deep,  damp  soils  of  the  State ;  but  they  are  nevertheless 
strong  and  healthy,  and  produce  finer  clusters  of  larger  and  better 
grapes.  This  improvement  was  particularly  observed  in  the  musca- 
dine and  the  summer  grapes. 

This  variety  of  soil  also  extends  over  a  large  portion  of  the  coun- 
ties on  both  sides  of  the  Osage,  and  over  the  southern  part  of  Boone, 
Callaway,  Montgomery,  and  Warren,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Mis- 
souri, occupying  in  all  an  area  of  some  15,000,000  acres.  Of  these, 
at  least  5,000,000  acres  might  be  selected  in  the  most  desirable  locali- 
ties and  devoted  to  vineyards,  without  encroaching  upon  the  lands 
most  desirable  for  other  departments  of  agriculture.  And  so  far  as 
we  can  judge  from  the  characteristics  of  soil  and  climate,  and  the 
indications  of  the  native  vines,  these  5,000,000  acres  in  the  highlands 
of  Southern  Missouri  present  rare  inducements  to  the  vine-dresser — 
such  a  combination  of  favorable  circumstances  as  will  not  fail  to 
attract  the  attention  of  those  who  would  engage  in  this  most  pleas- 
ant and  profitable  department  of  husbandry.  And  so  important  will 
be  the  results,  that  every  effort  should  be  put  forth  to  hasten  the  time 
when  these  5,000,000f  acres  shall  be  covered  with  flourishing  vine- 
yards, giving  profitable  employment  to  2,000,000  people,  yielding 
more  than  1,000,000,000  gallons  of  wine,  and  an  annual  profit,  at  the 
lowest  estimate,  of  $500,000,000.  And  what  is  still  more  important, 
the  pure,  nourishing  juice  of  the  grape  would  take  the  place  of  the 
vile,  maddening  compounds  used  under  the  names  of  wine  and  brandy ; 
drunkenness  would  give  place  to  sobriety,  and  our  people,  nourished 
by  the  grape  and  its  pure  wines,  would  become  as  robust  and  hardy 
as  they  are  now  daring  and  indomitable. 

Natural  Terraces. — The  bluffs  of  the  numerous  streams  in  Southern 
Missouri,  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Osage,  usually  slope  back  into 
knobs  and  ridges,  which  are  frequently  surrounded  by  numerous 
natural  terraces  so  regular  and  uniform  that  they  appear  like  the 

*  Those  who  travel  over  the  flint  riilges  of  Southern  Missouri  will  be  struck 
with  the  resemblance  of  the  soil,  filled  with  fragments  of  chert,  to  that  of  the 
famous  jMedoc  vineyards,  described  in  tiie  note  on  page  6'?. 

f  France  iias  about  r,,0()(),000  acres  in  vineyards.  They  yield  about  O2'),n00,000 
gallons  of  wine,  besides  tiie  Ho, 000, 000  gallons  distilled  into  brandy,  and  give 
profitable  employment  to  2,000,000  of  people,  mostly  women  and  children. 


76  GIIATE    Cl'LTUKL'. 

work  of  liiiiiian  liiinds.  Tlicse  terraces  are  produced  by  the  decom- 
position of  the  strata  of  niaf^ncsian  limestones  which  form  the  bluffs. 
Their  hei{:!:ht  varies  from  one  to  six  feet,  and  the  width  of  the  top 
from  two  to  twelve,  accordin^^  to  the  angle  of  the  slope  and  the 
heifrlit  of  the  terrace.  Their  surfaces  are  nearly  level,  and  usually 
covered  with  a  light,  warm,  and  rich  soil,  containing  fragments  of 
chert  and  the  decomposing  limestone,  all  wonderfully  prepared  by 
nature  for  the  planting  of  vineyards.  These  terraces  generally  sur- 
round high,  open  ridges  and  knobs,  exposed  to  the  free  circulation  of 
the  dry  atmosj)here  of  the  region  under  consideration.  We  have 
observed  but  one  objection  to  their  use  for  vineyards.  In  some 
l)laces  the  soil  does  not  appear  suiFicicntly  deep  to  secure  the  vine 
against  the  effects  of  droughts.  But,  as  an  offset  to  the  want  of 
depth,  it  always  contains  large  proportions  of  carbonate  of  magnesia 
and  humus,  which  give  a  great  capacity  for  absorbing  and  retaining 
moisture ;  as  tliese  substances  possess  this  capacity  to  a  greater 
degree  than  any  of  the  other  ingredients  of  our  soils.  And  besides, 
the  thinnest  soils  on  these  terraces  sustain  a  vigorous  growth  of  prai- 
rie grasses,  flowers,  shrubs,  and  vines,  which  produce  the  finest  quality 
of  grapes  in  great  profusion. 

Caves. — There  are  numerous  spacious  caves  in  all  parts  of  this 
interesting  country.  The  temperature  of  those  measured,  ranges 
between  50°  and  60°  Fah.  Many  of  them  would  make  most  excel- 
lent wine  cellars,  as  their  temperature  is  sufficiently  low  and  uniform 
to  prevent  that  acidity  to  which  the  wines  of  all  temperate  latitudes 
are  predisposed.  It  should  also  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  is  the 
richest  mineral  region  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  It  abounds  in  mines 
of  lead,  zinc,  copper,  cobalt,  and  mountains  of  iron,  and  quarries  of 
marble ;  and,  besides,  its  agricultural  resources  are  sufficient  to  sus- 
tain a  population  of  many  millions. 

These  facts  respecting  the  native  vines,  the  climate,  the  experience 
of  our  vinc-g7'oicers,  and  the  so?7,  clearly  prove  the  capacity  of  Mis- 
souri to  become  the  groat  vine-growing  region  of  our  continent.  They 
should  encournge  those  noble  spirits  who  have  so  faithfully  devoted 
their  labor  and  their  money  to  promote  this  important  department  of 
husbandry  in  our  midst;  for  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  the  "poor 
Jiint  ridges"  and  terraced  atopcs  of  Southern  Missouri  will  be  as  valu- 
able for  vineyards  as  some  of  them  are  now  for  their  rich  mineral 
deposits.  The  vine-clad  hills  of  the  beautiful  Niangua  will  vie  in 
wealth  with  the  leaden  veins  of  I'otosi  and  Granby,  and  the  iron 
mountains  of  Madison  and  St.  Fran9ois. 


GRAPE    CULTURE.  i  I 

AN  ESSAY  ON  THE  CULTURE  OF  THE  GRAPE   IN 

MISSOURI. 

By  George  IIusman.v,  Hermann,  Mo. 
THE  VINEYARD. 

Position  and  Soil. — The  selection  of  a  suitable  location  is  very 
important.  The  best  situations  are  generally  our  hill-sides,  with  au 
eastern,  southeastern,  or  southern  exposure.  The  freer  the  location, 
and  the  more  exposed  to  the  draught  of  our  prevalent  winds  in  sum- 
mer, the  better.  The  slopes  adjoining  small  water-courses  should  be 
particularly  avoided,  as  they  are  peculiarly  subject  to  frosts  in  winter 
and  spring,  and  also,  generally,  to  mildew  and  rot. 

The  soil  best  suited  for  the  vine  is  a  dry,  calcareous  loam,  with  a 
porous  subsoil.  Any  soil  retentive  of  moisture  (for  example,  wet, 
stiff  clay,  or  wet,  spongy  land  of  any  kind)  should  be  avoided,  as  the 
grapes  are  much  more  subject  to  mildew  and  rot  on  such  soils,  and 
the  vines  are  apt  to  make  a  rampant,  unhealthy  growth. 

Preparation  of  the  Ground. — The  ground  should  be  trenched, with 
the  spade  to  the  depth  of  two  to  two  and  a  half  feet,  and  the  top 
soil  turned  under.  The  best  time  for  this  is  in  autumn  or  early  win- 
ter, as  the  soil  will  then  be  mellowed  by  the  frosts.  Mr.  Poeshel, 
one  of  our  most  successful  wine-growers,  throws  in  a  layer  of  corn 
stalks,  brush  cut  with  the  leaves  in  summer,  etc.  at  the  bottom  of  the 
trench.  This  serves  as  a  partial  underdrain,  and  also  as  a  manure, 
and  is  an  excellent  plan.  Wet  spots  may  be  drained  by  gutters  filled 
with  loose  stones,  covered  with  flat  ones,  and  then  filled  up  with  earth. 
Surface-draining  may  be  done  by  small  ditches  in  every  sixth  or  eighth 
row,  running  parallel  with  the  hill-side,  and  leading  into  a  main  ditch 
at  the  end  or  middle  of  the  vineyard.  Steep  declivities  must  be  ter- 
raced or  benched  ;  as  this  is,  however,  very  expensive,  they  ought  to 
be  avoided. 

Planting. — Opinions  differ  much  among  wine-growers  as  to  the 
proper  distance  in  planting.  Of  course,  the  kind  to  be  planted,  and 
more  or  less  vigor  of  growth,  must  be  taken  into  consideration.  For 
the  Catawba,  I  would  think  six  by  six,  or  four  by  eiglit  feet,  the  ])roper 
distance,  the  rows  being  eight  feet  apart,  and  the  vines  four  feet  in 
the  rows.  For  Norton's  Virginia,  six  by  seven  feet;  and  for  llerbe- 
mont,  six  by  eight  feet,  the  rows  being  six  feet,  and  the  vines  eight 
feet  apart  in  the  rows,  as  this  is  a  very  rampant  grower.  This  will 
give  free  circulation  of  air  between  the  rows,  one  of  the  great  pre- 
ventives against  mildew  and  rot,  and  also  gives  tlie  roots  ami)le  space 


78  GRAPE    CILTIRE. 

to  spread.  ^VIucli  of  the  quality  of  the  fruit  also  depends  on  this,  as 
a  free  circulatiou  of  sun  uiul  air  will,  of  course,  materially  improve 
the  fruit. 

Much  diversity  of  opiniDU  also  exists  as  to  plantini^  with  cuttings 
or  with  rooted  vines.  jNIy  experience  is  decidedly  in  favor  of  the 
latter,  for  the  following  reasons : — 1st.  A  vine  ought  to  have  its  prin- 
cipal roots  at  least  a  foot  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  but  a  cut- 
ting will  often  strike  nearly  all  its  roots  near  the  surface,  and  will 
then  never  make  a  good,  healthy  vine ;  whereas,  in  planting  rooted 
vines,  the  roots  can  be  placed  where  they  ought  to  be.  2d.  Some 
cuttings  will  always  fail  to  grow,  even  if  two  are  planted  in  the  same 
place ;  the  vineyard  will  need  much  replanting,  and  the  second  plant- 
ing will  not  make  as  good  plants  as  the  first.  Where  no  rooted  vines 
can  be  had,  I  would  advise  planting  cuttings  in  a  nursery  bed,  in  the 
following  manner:  Plant  them  in  moist,  sandy,  well-pulverized  soil, 
in  rows  three  feet  apart,  and  three  inches  apart  in  the  rows,  in  a  slant- 
ing position,  one  foot  deep  with  the  lower  end,  with  the  upper  eye 
just  above  the  ground,  and  keep  them  free  from  weeds  during  the 
summer.  If  the  season  is  favorable,  they  will  make  fine  strong  plants 
for  next  spring's  planting.  The  cuttings  should  be  made  of  sound, 
well-ripened  young  wood,  and  contain  at  least  four  eyes  or  joints ; 
cut  them  off  close  below  the  lower  eye  and  about  an  inch  above  the 
upper;  if  a  heel  of  the  old  wood  is  left  attached,  so  much  the  better. 
They  should  be  cut  in  the  fall,  tied  in  bundles,  and  buried  in  the 
ground  until  wanted  for  planting.  This  refers,  of  course,  only  to 
such  varieties  as  Catawba,  Isabella,  and  other  kinds  which  will  grow 
from  cuttings.  Many  of  our  most  valuable  kinds,  such  as  Norton's 
Virginia,  Delaware,  and  others,  will  not  grow  from  cuttings,  and  must 
be  propagated  by  layering,  grafting,  etc.  As  a  general  rule,  those 
varieties  which  have  very  firm,  hard  wood,  and  but  little  ])ith.  will 
not  propagate  readily  from  cuttings. 

In  planting  the  vineyard,  lay  the  ground  off  with  a  line,  and  put 
down  a  stick  sixteen  to  eighteen  inches  long,  where  each  vine  is  to 
grow.  Dig  a  hole  eighteen  inches  deep  in  a  slanting  direction;  then, 
having  pruned  your  vine  to  two  buds  of  the  young  wood,  lay  it  in, 
and  take  care  to  spread  the  roots  properly;  then  throw  in  a  sliovclf'ul 
of  rich,  well-pulverized  surface-soil  about  the  roots,  and  fill  up.  tak- 
ing care  to  pulverize  all  thoroughly,  and  leave  one  Inid  aliove  the 
ground.  Of  course,  the  planting  should  be  done  when  the  ground  is 
dry  enough  to  be  light  and  mellow. 

Treatment  of  the  Young  Vine. — The  first  summer  after  i)lanting, 
nothing  is  necessary  but  to  keep  the  ground  free  from  weeds,  and  the 


GRAPE    CULTURE.  79 

surface  well  pulverized,  either  with  the  hoe,  cultivator,  or  plow. 
Should  the  vines  grow  very  strong,  they  may  be  tied  to  the  stakes 
used  for  marking  off  the  ground,  and  only  one  shoot  be  allowed  to 
grow.  The  next  winter  stakes  should  be  provided.  Here,  again, 
opinions  differ,  some  preferring  simple  stakes,  others  trellis.  The 
latter  is,  undoubtedly,  the  best,  and  also  the  cheapest,  if  well  made 
in  the  following  manner :  Take  cedar  posts,  where  they  can  be 
had,  if  not,  mulberry,  walnut,  locust,  white  oak,  or  any  other  durable 
timber,  split  up  to  about  three  inches  in  diameter  and  seven  feet  long. 
Point  them  on  one  end,  and  make  holes  with  a  crowbar  two  feet  deep 
in  the  spaces  between  the  vines,  setting  the  stakes  firmly  into  these. 
To  these  stakes  nail  three  laths,  one  about  two  feet  from  the  ground, 
the  others  eighteen  inches  apart.  They  can  be  split  of  black  oak, 
one  inch  broad  by  half  an  inch  thick.  Provided  the  stakes  are  made 
of  durable  timber,  such  a  trellis  will  last  from  ten  to  fifteen  years ;  is 
much  more  convenient  for  tying  the  vines  and  training  the  young 
wood  to  them,  and  will  prove  the  cheapest  in  the  end,  although  it 
costs  more  at  first,  as  it  will  not  need  resetting,  as  the  small  stakes 
do  every  spring. 

The  next  spring  cut  the  young  vipes  back  to  two  eyes,  and  also  cut 
off  all  the  upper  roots  one  or  two  joints  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  Should  the  vines  be  very  strong,  two  shoots  may  be  left  to 
grow.  Keep  them  neatly  tied  to  the  trellis  with  straw  or  bark,  and 
pinch  ofi"  all  suckers  and  laterals  to  one  joint  or  leaf  beyond  the  lead- 
ing shoots.  The  vineyard  must  be  kept  clean  from  weeds,  using  the 
plow  or  cultivator  between  the  rows,  and  for  the  first  hoeing  around 
the  vines  use  the  two-pronged  German  hoe,  and  hoe  deep,  turning  the 
ground  well ;  for  all  subsequent  hoeings  use  a  common  field  or  garden 
hoe,  and  only  scrape  off"  the  weeds  lightly.  In  the  fall  unfasten  the 
vines  as  they  are  not  so  liable  to  injury  by  frost  as  when  kept  tied  to 
the  trellis.  The  second  spring  after  planting,  cut  the  weakest  vines 
back  to  three  buds,  and  those  that  are  strong  enough  may  be  cut,  one 
row  to  two  eyes,  and  the  other  to  eight  or  ten  for  bearing.  How- 
ever, the  wish  to  have  a  crop  should  not  lead,  as  it  too  frequently 
does,  to  taxing  the  vines  beyond  their  strength,  as  it  will  injure  them 
for  a  long  time.  Treat  them  the  same  way  as  the  summer  before, 
with  the  exception  of  the  canes  left  for  bearing,  which  must  be  tied 
to  the  trellis  in  the  spring,  and  all  the  shoots  on  it  showing  fruit 
should  be  pinched  back,  before  they  bloom,  to  just  above  the  last 
bunch  of  grapes ;  and  the  suckers,  which  afterward  ai)pear,  to  one 
joint  or  leaf. 

After  the  third  year  the  vine  may  be  considered  as  established,  and 


80  GRAPE    CULTURE. 

a  full  crop  expected.  It  is  in  pruninp^  now  that  the  nicest  judgment 
as  to  the  capabilities  of  each  vine  for  bearing  is  required,  as  the  success 
of  the  vintner  in  raising  a  good  crop,  and  also  preserving  his  vines  in  a 
liealfhv  cdndition.  depends  ])rincipally  on  this  and  judicious  summer 
pruning.  In  pruning,  the  vintner  should  have  a  twofold  object  in  view. 
First,  to  raise  a  good  crop  of  well-developed  and  well-ripened  fruit ; 
and,  secondly,  to  get  a  supply  of  strong,  well-ripened  young  wood,  to 
give  a  good  crop  next  season.  If  he  prunes  too  long,  he  taxes  the  vine 
beyond  its  strength,  and  he  will  have  an  immense  crop  of  small,  worth- 
less fruit,  which  will  not  ripen  well,  and  will,  consequently,  not  make 
a  good  wine;  the  young  wood  will  be  weak  and  not  ripen  well,  will 
often  be  killed  by  the  frost  the  coming  winter,  and  his  vines  will  lan- 
guish, and  often  die.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  he  prunes  too  short, 
excessive  growth  will  be  the  consequence,  and  mildew  and  rot  wMll 
follow,  as  the  superabundant  growth  will  exclude  all  circulation  of 
air.  There  is  a  certain  medium  point  which  the  observant  vintner 
will  soon  learn  to  find — to  tax  each  vine  to  its  full  capability,  but  not 
beyond  that — when  both  objects  will  be  accomplished,  and  a  vineyard 
under  such  treatment  will  improve  every  year  and  last  a  long  time. 
It  is  an  impossibility,  in  a  treatise  of  this  kind,  to  give  the  length  to 
which  each  vine  ought  to  be  pruned ;  as  this  depends  on  the  condition 
of  the  vine,  the  variety  of  grapes,  (as  some  varieties  require  much 
longer  pruning  than  others,)  soil,  location,  etc.  We  prune  a  Catawba 
vine  generally  to  one  spur  and  one  cane — the  first  to  two  eyes,  the 
latter  to  from  ten  to  twenty,  sometimes  even  to  twenty-five  eyes, 
according  to  the  strength  of  the  vine.  Norton's  Virginia  can,  how- 
ever, be  pruned  much  longer. 

Leave  no  more  young  shoots  to  grow  than  are  necessary  to  pro- 
duce two  good  canes,  which  ought  to  be  grown,  if  possible,  on  the 
si)ur.  All  superfluous  growth  should  be  checked,  as  it  will  materi- 
ally weaken  and  injure  the  grapes.  The  principal  consideration  in 
our  climate  must  be  to  force  the  grapes  as  much  as  possible,  as  the 
mildew  will  seldom  attack  them  when  tiie  berries  are  larger  than  small 
peas.  This  is  accomi)lished  by  pinching  off  the  fruit-bearing  shoots 
as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  visible,  beyond  the  last  bunch  of  grapes,  and 
afterward  pinching  back  all  suckers  to  one  leaf,  until  the  latter  end  of 
July,  when  all  may  be  left  to  grow  unchecked,  to  ])roducc  young 
leaves,  which  will  shade  the  fruit  when  ripening.  The  first  pinching 
in  ought  to  be  done  before  the  blossoms  expand,  and  then  they  should 
not  be  disturbed  until  the  bloom  is  over.  Tie  the  young  canes  away 
from  the  fruit-bearing  canes,  to  give  freer  circulation  of  air,  and  pinch 
off  all  laterals  on  them  to  one  leaf,  for  the  same  purpose. 


GRAPE   CULTURE.  81 

Where  a  vine  has  failed  to  grow,  it  can  be  replaced  by  a  layer 
from  a  neighboring  vine,  made  in  tlie  following  manner :  Dig  a  trench 
from  the  vine  to  the  empty  place,  from  a  foot  to  eighteen  inches  deep, 
and  bend  into  it  one  of  the  canes  of  the  vine,  pruned  to  the  proper 
length.  Let  it  come  one  or  two  eyes  above  the  ground,  at  the  place 
where  the  vine  is  to  be,  and  fill  up  again  with  good  light  soil.  The 
next  spring  it  may  be  cut  about  half  through,  close  to  the  pai'ent 
vine,  and  the  second  spring  it  can  be  cut  off  altogether.  Thus  in- 
serted, it  will  strike  roots  at  every  joint  and  grow  rapidly ;  but  as  it 
takes  much  of  its  nourishment  from  the  parent  vine,  that  must  be 
pruned  much  shorter  the  first  year.  This  is  a  much  better  way  than 
replanting  with  young  vines. 

The  summer  culture  of  the  ground  is  precisely  as  in  the  first  and 
second  years.  It  is  generally  observed,  as  a  rule,  that  during  wet 
seasons,  the  ground  should  be  kept  clean  and  smooth,  stirring  but 
little.  During  dry  seasons,  the  ground  should  be  drawn  up  to  the 
vines  and  well  stirred.  Should  a  vineyard  show  a  decrease  in  vigor, 
it  can  be  manured  by  digging  a  small  trench  just  above  the  vines, 
laying  in  manure,  and  covering  up  again  with  a  plow  or  spade. 
Vegetable  manure,  compost,  etc.,  I  should  consider  most  suitable; 
but  good  decomposed  stable-yard  manure  will  also  do.  Ashes  are, 
no  doubt,  very  beneficial  to  the  vines.  Should  a  vineyard  lay  on  a 
very  steep  declivity,  it  will  be  liable  to  wash.  This  can  be  partially 
guarded  against,  as  remarked  before,  by  surface-drains  every  sixth  or 
eighth  row.  But  if  too  much  ground  is  taken  away,  it  must  be  re- 
plenished with  ground.  This  can  be  carted  to  the  vineyard,  and  then 
wheeled  in  between  the  rows  with  a  wheelbarrow.  This  is  very 
material,  as  the  vines  should  always  be  kept  well  supplied  with 
ground  over  the  roots. 

Pruning  is  best  done  late  in  the  fall,  or  early  winter;  but  it  can 
be  followed  up  all  winter,  until  first  of  March.  Fall  pruning  is  best, 
however,  as  it  will  prevent  all  flow  of  sap,  and  the  cuttings  are  also 
better,  if  cut  in  the  fall,  and  buried,  than  if  wintered  on  the  vines. 
In  pruning,  this  and  all  the  following  seasons,  cut  away  all  the  old 
wood,  such  as  bore  fruit  last  season,  close  to  the  young  canes  left 
unchecked  for  bearing  wood,  and  treat  as  the  season  before,  pruning 
to  one  cane  and  one  spur.  This  is  called  the  renewal  system  of  train- 
ing, and  will  always  keep  the  vine  in  about  the  same  bounds  and  in 
a  thrifty  condition,  and  is  the  best  and  most  convenient  mode  for 
vineyards. 

Training  of  the  Vine  to  Cover  Arbors  and  Houses. — This  is  alto- 
gether diU'erent  from  the  treatment  in   vineyards,  as  fruit  is  but  a 

6 


82  GRAPE    CULTURE. 

secondary  object  in  this,  the  principal  object  being  to  cover  a  large 
space  with  dense  foliage.  However,  a  vine,  if  treated  judiciously, 
will  also  produce  a  large  quantity  of  fruit,  although  not  of  as  good 
a  (|uality  as  in  the  vineyard. 

Our  first  step  must  be,  to  grow  very  strong  plants,  to  cover  a  large 
space.  Prepare  a  border,  by  digging  a  trench  two  feet  deep  and 
four  \'vv{  wide.  Fill  this  with  good  soil,  decomposed  leaves,  burnt 
bones,  etc.  Into  this  plant  strong  plants,  cut  back  as  for  vineyard 
planting.  Leave  one  shoot  to  grow  on  them  during  the  first  summer, 
wliicli  will  get  very  strong.  Cut  this  back,  the  following  spring,  to 
three  buds.  These  will  each  throw  out  a  strong  shoot,  which  siiould 
be  tied  to  the  arbor  they  are  designed  to  cover,  and  left  to  grow  un- 
checked. In  the  spring  following,  cut  each  of  them  back  to  three 
eyes,  as  it  must  be  our  object  first  to  get  a  good  basis  for  our  vines. 
This  will  give  us  nine  canes  the  third  summer,  and  the  vine  being  now 
thoroughly  established  and  strong,  we  can  begin  to  work  in  good 
earnest.  It  will  be  perceived  that  the  vine  has  three  different  sec- 
tions or  principal  branches,  each  with  three  canes.  Cut  one  of  the^e 
back  to  two  eyes,  and  the  other  two  to  canes  of  corresponding  length 
with  the  strength  of  the  vine.  These  are  tied  up,  and  all  the  laterals 
they  throw  out  left  unchecked,  and  distributed  evenly  over  the  trellis. 
In  the  spring  following,  if  the  vine  looks  very  thrifty,  all  of  these 
may  be  cut  back  to  two  eyes  each,  one  being  calculated  to  produce 
fruit,  and  the  other  to  produce  a  young  cane  again.  The  spring  fol- 
lowing, the  strongest  is  cut  to  four  or  five,  and  the  weakest  to  one 
eye,  and  the  spurs  at  the  bottom  are  kept  up  by  the  renewal  mode  of 
training,  to  come  in  as  a  reserve,  should  any  of  the  branches  become 
diseased.  In  this  manner  a  vine  can  be  made,  in  course  of  time,  to 
cover  a  large  space,  and  get  very  old.  The  great  vine  at  Windsor 
Park  was  i)lanted  more  than  fifty  years  ago,  and  in  1850  it  produced 
2000  large  bunches  of  magnificent  grapes,  filled  a  house  138  feet 
h)ng  and  si.xtcon  feet  wide,  and  had  a  stem  two  feet  nine  inches  in 
circumference.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  on  record.  They  need, 
however,  strong  manuring  every  year  to  come  to  full  perfection. 

Diseases,  Insects,  and  Frosts. — The  mildew  is  our  most  formidable 
grape  disease.  It  generally  appears  from  the  fifth  to  the  fifteenth  of 
June,  after  abundant  rains,  and  damp,  warm  weather;  and  I  have 
seen  it  destroy  two-thirds  of  our  Catawba  crop  within  forty-eight 
hours.  I  fully  concur  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  T.  F.  Allen,  of  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  as  expressed  in  the  Patent  Oflice  Keport  for  1854,  to 
wliicli  I  refer  all  wishing  information  on  the  subject,  lie  thinks  it  a 
parasitic  fungus,  and  recommends  suliihur  as  a  remedy.     We  have 


GRAPE   CULTURE.  83 

had  some  seasons  a  very  dry,  pure  atmosphere,  and  have  then  not 
had  a  trace  of  it.  Close  summer  pruning  will  do  mueli  to  prevent  it, 
throwing  as  it  does  all  the  strength  of  the  vines  into  the  grapes,  and 
allowing  freer  circulation  of  air.  It  was  first  perceived  in  1849,  and 
has  since  that  generally  taken  one-half  to  two-thirds  of  our  grapes, 
(that  is,  Catawba,)  except  when  we  have  had  an  unusually  dry  season. 

The  so-called  gray  rot  or  grape  cholera  generally  follows  the  mil- 
dew. Indeed,  I  think  the  mildew  the  principal  cause  of  it,  as  I 
generally  find  it  on  berries  whose  stems  have  been  injured  by  the 
mildew.  The  principal  cause  of  rot  and  mildew,  all  agree,  is  excess 
of  moisture  around  the  roots,  and  damp,  moist  weather.  The  spotted 
or  brown  rot  will  also  take  some  of  the  Catawba  almost  every  year ; 
is,  however,  more  destructive  on  the  Isabella  and  Herbemont.  The 
bitter  rot  or  speck  sometimes  appears  shortly  before  ripening,  but  is 
neither  destructive  nor  common.  Premature  dropping  of  the  leaves 
also  affects  the  grapes  very  much,  as  they  are  then  exposed  to  the 
sun,  which  often  literally  scalds  them.  Early  summer  pruning  has 
proved  a  partial  remedy,  as  the  young  leaves  which  grow  after  the 
first  pruning  generally  remain  fresh  and  healthy  long  after  the  first 
leaves  have  dropped.  Such  vines  are  afi"ected  most  that  have  been 
taxed  beyond  their  strength  in  bearing.  Close  spring  pruning,  allow- 
ing no  more  bearing  wood  than  the  vine  can  support,  generally  pre- 
vents it,  at  least  partially. 

The  insects  most  destructive  are  small  gray  or  green  worms,  which 
feed  on  the  young  leaves  before  blossoming.  These  ought  to  be 
destroyed  at  the  first  summer  pruning.  An  insect,  resembling  the 
curculio,  has  also  been  frequently  found  on  the  berries,  depositing 
ova  and  destroying  them.  A  small  black  beetle  will  often  sting  the 
young  shoots,  causing  them  to  break  off,  and  grasshoppers  will  eat 
the  stems  of  the  berries.  The  skeleton  worm,  a  small  greenish  worm, 
also  often  eats  the  upper  side  of  the  leaves,  and  thus  destroys  them. 
About  the  time  of  ripening,  wasps  will  sometimes  be  annoying,  suck- 
ing the  juice  of  the  berries. 

Frosts  in  winter  have  sometimes  been  very  destructive,  and  it  is 
my  opinion  that  the  Catawba  suffers  from  them  more  or  less  every 
year.  I  would  therefore  recommend  laying  in,  in  the  following  man- 
ner: In  autumn,  prune  your  vines  to  a  proper  length,  then  bend 
them  down  to  the  ground  along  the  trellis,  and  fasten  them  there  by 
throwing  a  spadeful  of  earth  on  them.  Afterward  run  a  plow 
through  the  rows,  and  throw  a  furrow  of  earth  on  the  vines.  In  tln^ 
spring,  take  them  up,  by  running  a  dung-fork  under  them  and  lifting 
them  up.     This  is  a  very  simple  and  expeditious  method,  and  has 


84  GRAPE    CULTURE. 

been  successfully  followed  near  Galena,  Illinois,  by  Mr.  James  Sou- 
lard  and  others.  The  cost  of  the  whole  operation  will  not  be  over 
five  dollars  to  ten  dollars  per  acre,  and  will  be  found  much  safer  than 
trusting  to  chance  to  brinjr  a  mild  winter.  It  is  here  again  that  the 
advantages  of  such  hardy  kinds  as  Norton's  Virginia  and  Concord, 
over  the  Catawba,  will  be  perceived  and  appreciated  by  all  who  try 

them. 

Late  spring  frosts  will  also  sometimes  destroy  the  young  shoots  in 
low  localities.  I  would  recommend  not  to  tie  the  vines  too  early,  as 
they  are  not  so  easily  hurt  l)y  frost  wlicn  kept  in  motion  by  draught 
of  air. 

METHODS   TO   TROPAGATE    NEW   AND    RARE   KINDS. 

I.  By  Grafting. — The  following  mode  of  grafting  has  been  prac- 
ticed very  successfully  here:  From  the  middle  to  the  end  of  March, 
dig  away  the  ground  around  the  vine  you  wish  to  graft,  until  you 
come  to  a  smooth  place  to  insert  your  scion,  then  cut  off  the  vine 
with  a  sharp  knife,  and  insert  one  or  two  scions,  according  to  the 
strength  of  the  vine,  as  in  common  cleft  grafting,  taking  care  to  cut 
the  wedge  very  long  and  thin,  with  shoulders  on  both  sides,  cutting 
your  scion  to  two  or  three  eyes.     Great  care  must  be  taken  to  insert 
the  scion  properly,  as  the  inner  bark  or  liber  of  the  vine  is  very  thin, 
and  the  success  of  the  operation  depends  upon  a  perfect  juncture  of 
it  in  the  stock  and  scion.     If  the  vine  is  strong,  no  further  bandage 
is  necessary,  only  press  a  little  moist  earth  on  the  wound,  and  fill  up 
carefully  with  well-pulverized  earth.     If  only  one  eye  of  the  scion 
remains  above  the  ground,  so  much  the  better.     I  have  had  shoots  of 
scions  thus  inserted,  of  twenty-five  feet  in  length  the  iirst  season, 
bearing  a  few  bunches  of  grapes,  while  the  next  season  they  pro- 
duced a  full  crop.     The  advantages  of  this  method  in  testing  new 
kinds,  over  the  common  way  of  i)lantiiig  young  vines,  will  be  at  once 
perceived,  as  there  is  more  than  a  year  gained  by  it. 

II.  By  Layering. — In  the  spring,  before  the  buds  start,  make  a 
bed  of  fine  mould  under  your  vines,  then  take  canes  of  last  year's 
growth,  prune  off  all  dry  and  imj)erfcct  wood,  and  fasten  them  to  the 
ground  Ity  wooden  hooks.  Let  tlicin  rcmaiii  until  the  buds  have 
sprouted,  say  six  or  eight  inches  long,  then  fill  fine  mould  around  the 
shoots,  say  an  inch  deep,  and  after  two  or  three  weeks  fill  up  another 
inch.  They  will  strike  roots  readily,  and  make  splendid  vines  for 
next  spring's  planting.  A  good  vine,  treated  in  this  manner,  will 
make  from  thirty  to  fifty  i)lants  in  a  season.  The  same  process  is 
often  followed  with  the  young  shoots  during  June  and  July;  but 


GKAPE    CULTURE.  85 

only  the  varieties  with  soft  wood  can  be  propagated  readily  at  that 
time,  wheveas  under  the  former  treatment,  even  the  most  obdurate 
will  take  root.  For  the  latter  purpose,  all  the  suckers  should  be  left 
on  the  vine  you  wish  to  layer,  and  the  ends  of  the  leading  shoots 
pinched  off,  to  force  the  laterals  into  stronger  growth.  The  former 
method,  however,  makes  the  best  plants. 

III.  By  Single  Eyes. — For  this  purpose,  a  hot-bed  must  be  pre- 
pared in  the  following  manner:  Dig  a  pit  two  feet  deep  to  two  and 
a  half,  then  put  in  a  foot  to  eighteen  inches  of  strong  manure ;  on 
this  put  eight  inches  to  a  foot  of  well-pulverized  earth,  then  make  a 
thin  layer  of  short  moss,  in  which  insert  the  buds  in  a  slanting  posi- 
tion. They  are  prepared  in  the  following  manner:  Take  well-ripened 
wood,  and  cut  it  into  single  eyes,  leaving  about  half  an  inch  of  wood 
on  them,  above  and  below  the  bud.  Kinds  that  have  very  hard  wood 
will  root  more  readily  if  cut  a  week  or  two  before,  put  into  a  box 
covered  with  sand  and  left  in  a  moist  cellar  to  sweat.  After  having 
pressed  your  buds  into  the  moss  in  a  slanting  position,  in  rows,  three 
inches  apart  and  half  an  inch  in  the  rows,  cover  up  evenly  with  fine 
sand  and  place  a  common  hot-bed  sash  over  them.  They  must  be 
kept  moist  and  given  air  freely,  or  they  will  damp  off.  An  immense 
number  of  plants  can  thus  be  grown  from  a  few  vines,  and  in  a  small 
space ;  but  they  need  close  attention,  and  will  at  the  best  only  make 
weak  plants  the  first  year, 

VARIETIES    OF    GRAPES. 


X, 


Varieties  tried  here. — Catawba. — As  yet  generally  cultivated, 
and  would  be  an  excellent  grape  were  it  not  so  liable  to  rot.  Bunch 
medium  to  large;  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  round,  dark  red  or  cop- 
per color,  sometimes  almost  black  here,  covered  with  a  fine  lilac 
bloom;  flesh  pulpy,  sweet  and  good.  Makes  a  good  wine,  varying 
from  straw  color  to  pink,  of  a  fine  fruity  aroma,  making  an  excellent 
champagne,  and  a  good  dry  hock.  It  is  an  abundant  bearer  in  dry 
seasons,  and  increases  readily  from  layers  and  cuttings.  Ripens  in 
September. 

Isabella. — Does  not  always  succeed  here ;  sometimes  good,  often 
indifferent.  Bunches  long,  medium,  loose ;  berries  large,  oval,  black  ; 
sweet,  but  musky  and  pulpy;  subject  to  rot.  Not  worthy  of  cultiva- 
tion where  the  following  can  be  had : 

Concord. — Proves  very  successful  here ;  of  much  l)etter  quality 
than  at  the  East,  and  entirely  free  from  mildew  and  rot.  Bunch 
large  and  heavy,  shouldered,  somewhat  compact ;  berries  longer  than 


86  GRAPE    CULTURE. 

Catawba,  rouml,  black,  buttery,  very  sweet  and  rich.  A  fine  table 
grape,  l)ut  has  not  as  yet  been  tested  for  wine  here.  Vine  strong  and 
vigorous,  very  hardy;  will  keep  its  leaves  fresh  and  green  until  frost, 
and  increases  readily  from  layers  and  cuttings.  Ripens  two  weeks 
before  Catawba,  and  is  a  much  better  market  grape.  Should  be  in 
ever}'  collection,  and  will  give  more  clear  jtrofit  as  a  market  grape 
timn  any  other  variety  yet  tried  here. 

Norton's  Virginia — Norton's  Seedling. — This  grape  has  proved 
eminently  successful  here,  and  has  opened  a  new  era  in  American 
grape  culture.  While  the  wine  of  the  Catawba  is  often  compared 
to  good  hock,  in  Norton's  Virginia  we  have  a  wine  of  an  entirely 
(liflferent  character,  which  will  compare  favorably  with  good  Port 
wine  or  Burgundy.  Vine  vigorous  and  hardy,  productive,  starting  a 
week  later  in  the  spring  than  the  Catawba,  yet  ripening  its  fruit  a 
week  sooner,  which  will  make  it  very  valuable  in  low  localities. 
Bunches  medium,  compact;  berries  small,  black,  sweet,  and  rich,  only 
moderately  juicy;  makes  an  excellent  dark-red  wine;  not  subject  to 
mildew  and  rot.     A  most  relialde  grape  in  all  localities. 

IIkrbemont. — Received  from  Cincinnati  under  the  name  of  Lenoir. 
A'ery  successful  here,  but  rather  tender;  requires  covering  in  hard 
winters;  a  very  vigorous  grower,  and  but  very  little  sul)ject  to 
mildew  or  rot.  Bunches  long,  compact,  shouldered ;  berries  below 
medium,  black,  covered  with  a  blue  bloom;  skin  thin,  sweet;  flesh 
without  pulp,  juicy  and  high  flavored,  delicious,  fine  for  the  table, 
and  makes  excellent  wine;  very  productive.  Ripens  with  the 
Catawlja,  but  blooms  a  week  to  ten  days  later. 

Missouri — Missouri  Bird's  Eye. — A  nice  little  grape  for  the 
table,  and  makes  an  excellent  wine.  Bunches  long,  loose,  shouldered ; 
berries  small,  black,  very  sweet ;  ripens  a  week  before  Catawba.  Not 
subject  to  mildew  and  rot;  vine  a  moderate  grower  and  bearer;  wine 
resembling  good  Madeira,  in  color,  flavor,  and  body. 

II.  Varieties  fruited  several  times,  promising  well,  but  not  suf- 
ficiently tested.  —  Puksiikl's  Mammoth.  —  A  seedling  of  the  Mam- 
moth Catawba,  raised  by  Mr.  Michael  Poeshel.  Bunches  large  and 
heavy,  sometimes  shouldered,  very  compact.  Berries  very  large, 
often  an  inch  and  a  (juarter  in  diameter,  round,  color  like  Catawba, 
pulpy  but  juicy,  with  an  agreeable,  sweet,  vinous  taste.  Fruited 
twice,  makes  good  wine,  and  looks  truly  splendid  this  season.  But 
little  subject  to  rot,  ripens  after  Catawba,  and  i)romises  to  be  a 
valuable  acquisition. 

Crvst.vl. — A  seedling  of  the  Catawba,  originated  with  Mr.  Fricke, 
near   Ilermanu.      Bunches   medium,    compact,    shouldered;    berries 


GRAPE   CULTURE.  87 

somewhat  smaller  than  Catawba,  greenish  white  in  the  shade,  amber 
colored  in  the  sun ;  translucent,  covered  with  a  white  bloom  ;  flesh 
somewhat  pulpy,  juicy,  sweet,  and  delicious.  A  moderate  grower, 
promises  to  be  valuable  as  a  table  grape. 

III.  Varieties  not  fruited  here,  but  recommended  by  good 
authorities,  and  which  ought  to  be  tried  in  our  climate. — Dela- 
ware.— All  good  authorities  concur  in  pronouncing  this  the  best 
grape  in  America.  Free  from  blight  and  mildew,  never  prematurely 
losing  its  leaves,  and  seeming  to  luxuriate  in  our  climate.  Bunches 
small,  very  compact,  and  generally  shouldered;  berries  small,  round; 
skin  thin,  of  a  beautiful  light-red  or  flesh  color,  translucent;  without 
hardness  or  acidity  in  its  pulp,  very  sweet,  but  sprightly,  vinous  and 
aromatic.     Ripens  three  weeks  before  Catawba.  (Charles  Downing.) 

Diana. — A  seedling  of  the  Catawba,  which  it  resembles,  but  much 
surpasses  in  quality;  ripens  two  weeks  earlier.  Bunch  medium; 
berries  medium,  reddish  lilac,  covered  with  bloom,  marked  with  star- 
like specks ;  very  juicy,  rich,  and  aromatic,  without  offensive  musk- 
iness,  and  keeps  a  long  time. 

Rebecca. — Bunches  cylindric,  about  four  inches  long,  very  com- 
pact, often  shouldered;  berries  full  medium,  oval;  color  light  green 
in  the  shade,  golden  in  the  sun,  covered  with  bloom,  translucent ; 
flesh  of  some  consistency,  juicy,  sweet,  and  delicious,  with  a  per- 
ceptible native  perfume,  but  not  disagreeable;  ripens  eight  or  ten 
days  before  Isabella,  and  is  not  subject  to  mildew. 

Clara. — A  white  grape  of  the  best  quality;  bunches  long;  ber- 
ries medium,  round,  green,  faintly  tinged  with  salmon  when  exposed 
to  the  sun;  flesh  tender,  juicy;  flavor  rich,  sweet,  and  delicious; 
((uality  best. 

Hartford  Prolific. — Hardy,  vigorous,  and  productive ;  bunch 
large,  compact;  berries  large,  globular,  somewhat  foxy,  black, 
covered  with  a  bloom;  flesh  sweet,  moderately  juicy;  ripens  about 
ten  days  before  Isabella. 

Clinton. — Vigorous,  hardy,  and  productive;  bunch  medium, 
shouldered,  long,  and  narrow,  but  compact ;  berry  round,  below 
medium,  black,  covered  with  a  thin  bloom ;  juicy,  pulpy,  brisk  vinous 
flavor,  eatable  eight  or  ten  days  before  Isabella,  but  continues  aus- 
tere till  after  cold  weather,  when  it  becomes  very  good.  Will  prob- 
ably i)rove  valuable  for  wine. 

Anna. — Bunches  large  and  loose;  berries  large,  globular,  white, 
changing  to  amber,  translucent,  with  a  white  bloom ;  sweet,  rich, 
vinous,  and  high  flavored,  with  a  delightful  aroma;  a  good  grower, 
and  free  from  mildew  and  rot;  ripens  ten  days  before  Catawba. 


88  GRAPE    CULTURE. 

Union  Tillage. — The  fruit  is  as  large  as  the  Black  naniburg, 
wliich  it  resembles;  very  hardy  and  monstrous  grower;  bunches  very 
large,  sweet,  and  rich;  a  fine  table  grape;  ripens  with  the  Isabella. 

Cassady. — liunch  medium,  compact,  shouldered;  berry  round, 
medium,  greenish  white,  with  a  faint  salmon  tint,  thickly  covered 
with  white  bloom;  flesh  juicy,  with  but  little  pulp;  flavor  pleasant; 
very  good. 

Emily. — Nearly  white,  very  rich  and  of  delicious  flavor;  the 
bunches  and  berries  resemble  in  si/.e  the  Catawba;  entirely  free  from 
pulp,  a  first-rate  table  grape,  and  two  weeks  earlier  than  the  Isabella. 

BiuNDLE. — A  black  grape  of  very  rich  flavor,  bunches  resembling 
Black  Haniburg,  but  not  so  compact;  ripens  from  two  to  three 
weeks  earlier  than  Isabella,  and  is  a  first-rate  table  grape.  A  free 
bearer. 

Graham. — Bunch  of  medium  size,  shouldered,  not  compact ;  berry 
half  an  inch  in  diameter,  round,  purple,  thickly  covered  with  bloom, 
not  pulpy,  and  abounds  in  saccharine  juice  of  most  agreeable  flavor; 
quality  best. 

Perkins. — A  fine  grape,  almost  white,  berries  resembling  Isabella 
in  shape  and  size,  sweet,  luscious,  and  vigorous;  ripe  three  weeks 
before  Isabella;  hardy  and  productive. 

Kaabe. — A  purple  grape,  very  sweet,  and  is  highly  esteemed  for 
wine  ;  bears  freely,  and  ripens  three  weeks  before  Isabella.  Bunches 
and  berries  of  medium  size ;  quality  best. 

Devereux. — Bunches  of  medium  size,  compact ;  berries  rather 
small,  purple,  very  juicy,  and  sweet;  good  table  grape  and  makes  a 
good  wine;  not  liable  to  rot.     Latter  part  of  July. 

Garrigues. — A  vigorous  grower,  hardy  and  productive;  very  much 
resembles  Isabella,  and  no  doubt  a  seedling  of  it.  Bunch  large,  loose, 
shouldered;  berries  large,  oval,  dark  jjurple,  covered  with  a  thick 
bloom  ;  juicy,  sweet,  and  rich.     Ripe  ten  days  before  Isabella. 

Marion. — Vines  healthy,  wood  firm,  short  jointed,  good  bearer. 
Bunches  large,  regular,  seldom  shouldered ;  berries  medium,  inclining 
to  oval,  dark  purplish  black,  with  blue  bloom  ;  juice  abundant,  pulp 
thin  ;  promising  to  be  one  of  the  most  valuable. 

To  Kalon. — Perfectly  hardy,  and  ripens  a  little  earlier  than  Isabella ; 
bunches  large,  shouldered  ;  berries  oval,  large,  very  dark  in  color,  very 
sweet,  buttery,  and  luscious ;  an  abundant  bearer. 

The  above  descriptions  are  mostly  copied  from  Downing,  P^lliot, 
and  Dr.  (irant,  and  comprise  the  most  desirable  of  the  new  kinds. 

IV.  Varieties  which  may  prove  valuable,  but  are  not  fully  tested 
at  the  East, — Ca.nadian  Chief,  Canry's  August,  Child's  Superb, 


GRAPE    CULTURE.  89 

Hyde's  Eliza,  Louisa,  Logan,  Massachusetts  "White,  Golden 
Clinton,  Northern  Muscadine,  Garber's  Albiness,  August 
Coral,  Camac,  Louisiana,  North  Carolina  Seedling,  Minor's 
Seedling,  Early  Isabella,  Ozark  Seedling,  Illinois,  Husmann's 
Prolific,  Red  River,  Arkansas,  Texas  Post  Oak.  I  have  them 
all  under  trial,  and  hope  to  fruit  them  next  season. 

V.  Varieties  represented  by  better  sorts. — Bland's  Madeira, 
Mammoth  Catawba,  North  Carolina,  Halifax,  Wine  Home, 
Little  Ozark. 

It  is  truly  gratifying  to  the  lover  of  this  noble  fruit  to  see  the  warm 
interest  in  its  culture  and  improvement  which  manifests  itself  through- 
out the  country.  New  varieties  spring  up  every  day,  and  we  can 
already  count  them  by  the  hundred.  That  among  them  there  are  many 
which,  on  further  trial,  will  prove  worthless,  there  can  be  no  doubt ; 
but  there  have  also  been  found  among  them  some  whose  excellence  is 
already  established  beyond  a  doubt.  Great  changes  are  also  effected 
in  some  varieties  by  change  of  soil,  climate,  etc.,  of  which  we  have  an 
instance  in  the  Concord,  which  is  much  better  here  than  a.  the  East, 
and  for  which  I  confidently  predict  a  great  future.  It  is  a  pleasing 
and  highly  interesting  task  for  the  amateur  to  raise  new  varieties  from 
seed,  by  hybridizing ;  by  taking  the  young  wood  from  seedlings  that 
promise  well  and  look  healthy,  and  grafting  it  on  strong  vines,  fruit 
can  be  had  of  them  the  third  year  after  sowing,  instead  of  waiting 
four  or  five  years.  Let  us,  then,  all  put  our  shoulder  to  the  wheel,  and 
we  will  yet  find  varieties  which  will  combine  all  qualities  we  want.  We 
have  a  wide  field  with  all  natural  advantages  before  us,  and  an  immense 
territory  suitable  to  grape  culture.  Ours  be  the  glorious  task  to  cover 
it  with  smiling  vineyards;  and  we  will  do  more  toward  promoting  the 
cause  of  temperance,  by  giving  to  the  people  a  healthy  and  strength- 
ening drink,  than  all  the  Maine  liquor  laws  will  be  able  to  accomplish. 
If  every  man  in  our  State  cannot  rest  under  his  fig-tree,  he  can  at 
least  rest  in  the  shade  of  his  vines.  There  is  hardly  a  house  so  crowded 
in  but  there  will  be  room  on  its  side  or  over  its  porch  for  the  graceful 
festoons  of  the  vine,  to  refresh  old  and  young  by  its  luscious  fruit. 
Let  us,  then,  plant  and  cherish  it  as  one  of  the  choicest  gifts  of  our 
Heavenly  Father  accessible  to  all  his  children,  be  they  rich  or  poor. 

MAKING    WINE. 

The  Wine-press. — It  is  made  somewhat  like  a  screw  cider-press. 
An  iron  screw,  three  or  four  inches  iu  diameter  is  used,  either  in  a 
strong,  upright  frame,  or  coming  up  through  the  center  of  the  plat- 
form.    A  strong,  tight  box-platform,  six  or  seven  feet  square,  is  made 


90  GRAPE    CULTURE. 

of  stron{:j  plunk,  two  or  three  inches  thick,  and  six  or  eitrht  inches  at 
the  sides,  wedged  l)etween  heavy  timbers.  It  ought  to  slope  about  two 
inches  to  the  front,  which  is  left  open,  and  a  small  spout  or  gutter 
nailed  under  it  to  receive  the  juice  and  lead  it  into  a  tub.  Boards  to 
lay  over  the  mashed  grapes,  and  pieces  of  oak  scantlings  to  lay  across 
to  receive  the  pressure,  complete  the  arrangement.  The  power  is 
apjilied  by  a  strong  lever  attached  to  the  nut  of  the  screw. 

Gathering  and  Pressing  the  Grapes. — The  grapes  should  remain 
on  the  vines  until  very  ripe.  Pick  off  all  decayed,  dry,  or  unripe  ber- 
ries from  the  bunches  in  gathering.  Such  berries  as  are  not  fully  ripe 
may  be  put  into  a  separate  vessel,  to  make  an  inferior  wine.  They  may 
then  be  bruised  in  a  tub  with  a  wooden  pestle,  or  run  through  a  mill 
made  for  that  purpose.  I  have  used  Ilicock's  cider-mill  to  advantage, 
by  taking  off  the  upper  zinc  cylinder.  They  are  then  emptied  into  a 
large  receiving  or  fermenting  tub,  with  a  spile  on  one  side  to  draw  off 
the  must.  This  is  covered  with  a  cloth,  and  the  mashed  grapes  left  to 
undergo  a  slight  fermentation.  I  generally  let  them  ferment  twenty- 
four  hours,  and  then  draw  off  the  must,  and  press.  Some  press  them 
immediately  ;  others  leave  them  to  ferment  three  or  four  days.  When 
pressed  immediately,  they  will  make  a  light-colored,  mild,  agreeable 
wine,  which  will  soon  be  salable.  If  fermented  longer,  they  will  make 
a  wine  of  a  darker  color,  more  aroma  and  more  stringency,  but  which 
will  keep  better  and  improve  with  age.  In  the  whole  process  of  wine 
making  the  utmost  cleanliness  should  be  observed. 

After  fermenting,  the  grapes  are  emptied  into  the  press  and  pressed 
several  times,  until  all  the  juice  is  extracted.  The  must  is  then  filled 
into  clean,  sweet  casks,  in  a  cool  cellar.  Should  the  casks  be  new,  soak 
them  for  eight  or  ten  days  in  clear  water.  They  are  then  scalded 
with  hot  water,  and  when  dry  fumigated  with  sulphur.  Fill  the  cask 
to  within  three  inches  of  the  bung-hole,  and  lay  a  vine-leaf,  with  a 
small  sac  filled  with  sand,  on  the  bung-hole.  They  should  then  remain 
until  fermentation  is  over,  when  they  can  be  filled  with  must,  kept  sep- 
arate for  that  purpose,  and  bunged  tight. 

In  February  or  March  the  wine  will  be  clear.  It  should  then  be 
racked  into  clean  casks  and  bunged  tight.  A  slight  fermentation  will 
ensue  in  May,  after  which  it  should  be  racked  again,  and  may  then  be 
kept  in  casks  or  bottles,  as  most  convenient. 

Another  Method  to  make  a  Superior  Wine. — Leave  the  grapes  on 
the  vines  until  very  ripe,  then  gather  carefully  and  spread  the  grapes 
in  a  dry  loft,  where  there  is  plenty  of  air,  on  layers  of  clean  straw. 
Let  them  remain  for  about  two  weeks,  then  draw  them  through  a  rasp, 
made  for  that  purpose,  to  separate  the  berries  from  the  stem;  or  they 


GRAPE    CULTURE.  91 

may  be  stripped  ofif  by  hand,  raashed,  and  then  pressed.  This  will  make 
a  very  strong,  yet  mild  wine,  which  will  not  have  the  stringency  so 
many  object  to  in  our  native  wines,  as  this  is  mostly  in  the  stems  of 
the  grapes  ;  but  it  is  very  troublesome,  and  will  never  be  extensively 
practiced. 

Keeping  the  Grapes  for  Winter  Use.— In  a  dry  day  gather  the 
grapes,  choosing  the  best  bunches,  and  carefully  cut  out,  with  a  pair  of 
scissors,  all  decayed  or  rotten  berries,  taking  care  not  to  bruise  them, 
and  lay  them  in  a  shallow  basket.  Seal  the  stems  with  sealing-wax, 
to  keep  them  from  shriveling,  and  lay  them  in  a  dry,  airy  garret,  on 
clean,  sweet  straw,  spread  for  that  purpose.  They  must  be  spread 
thin,  so  they  do  not  touch  each  other.  In  this  way  they  will  keep  for 
several  months.  If  you  wish  to  keep  them  still  longer,  pack  them, 
after  a  few  days,  into  shallow  boxes,  between  layers  of  cotton  batting, 
and  place  them  in  a  cool  room.  They  may  be  kept  thus  for  three  or 
four  months. 

Statistics. — The  cost  of  establishing  a  vineyard  naturally  depends 
much  upon  the  quality  of  the  soil,  cost  of  labor,  variety  of  vines,  etc. 
The  following  is  about  the  cost  of  a  Catawba  vineyard  per  acre,  in 
common  soil,  without  stones  ;  distance  six  by  six  or  four  by  eight  feet, 
with  spaces  allowed  for  surface  drains,  paths,  etc. : — 

Cost  of  1100  yearling  plants $25  00 

"  "  trenching.; 75  00 

"  "  planting .' 25  00 

"  "  1100  small  stakes 5  00 

"  "  attention  during  first  summer 25  00 

"  "  1150  cedar  posts,  at  8  cents 1)2  00 

"  "  3300  laths,  nails,  etc 20  00 

"  '•  labor,  second  year 50  00 

"  "  labor,  third  year 83  00 

Total $400  00 

Of  course,  several  of  these  items  can  be  furnished  considerably 
cheaper  where  timber  is  convenient. 

The  following  has  been  the  produce  of  a  vineyard  of  Catawba  now 
under  my  care,  since  1849  : — 

Bearing;  season.  Vines  in  bearing. 

1849,  first 1500 

1850,  second 2000 

1851,  third 2000 

1852,  fourth 1800 

1853,  fifth 1500 

1854,  sixth 2500' 

1855,  seventh 3000 


Galls,  wine  made. 

Price. 

\ield  per  acre. 

750 

$1  25 

$()   00 

150 

1  25 

0  95 

500 

1  25 

3  00 

210 

1  25 

1  20 

580 

1  25 

6  00 

750 

1  75 

6  00 

230 

2  00 

1  50 

92  GRAPE    CULTURE. 

BoarinR  scaoon.           Vines  in  bearing.      Galls,  wine  made.           Price.  Yield  per  acre. 

]8')(;.  eighth 4n(l{)                     l.'iO                 $2  00  $0  75 

1S.'')7,  ninlh 4(i()0                   2(H)((                   1  20  (5  00 

lRo8.  tentli JOOO                     210                   120  0  GO 

18.V.),  eleventh 1 200 probably.  1200  probably.  1  20  4  55 

Which  will  show  the  average  yield  to  have  been  about  3  23 

Deduct  from  this  cost  of  yearly  labor 50 

Interest  on  S-lOO  at  10  per  cent 40 


$0  90  S3  23 

Will  leave  a  clear  profit  of $2  33 

Yield  of  Mr.  M.  Poeshel's  vineyard,  (Catawba): — 

,,         ,^       ,     ^.  Acres  in       Yield  of  vineyard.     Price  of 

\ear  lifter  planting.  ^.i„,.,_  OalUms.  wine  sold. 

1847,  second r,_U  24  $2  00 

1848,  third 5-G  1000  2  00 

1849,  fourth 2  000  150 

1850,  fifth 2  350  1  25 

1851,sixt]i 2.V  450  1  75 

1852,  seventh 2]  500  1  50 

1853,  eighth 2J  350  2  00 

1854,  ninth 3.]  800  2  00 

1855,  tenth 3i  50  1  50 

1850,  eleventh 3.]  1000  2  25 

1857.  twelfth 6  450O  150 

1858,  thirteenth ...6  1100  175 

It  must  be  taken  into  consideration,  however,  tliat  at  the  time  these 
vineyards  were  planted  it  was  an  entirely  new  branch  of  industry  with 
us,  and  of  course  numerous  errors  and  mistakes  in  the  treatment  of  the 
vines  were  made.  We  had  also  the  extremely  cold  winter  of  1855-6, 
which  destroyed  almost  the  whole  crop,  killing  the  young  wood. 

COST    OF    AX   ACRE   OF    NORTON'S    VIRGINIA. 

1000  layers,  at  S25  per  100 .S250  00 

Trenching 75  00 

rianling 25  00 

1000  small  stakes,  18  inches 4  00 

1050  cedar  po.sts,  8  cents 84  00 

3000  laths,  nails,  etc 18  00 

Labor,  second  year 50  00 

Total S50(i  00 

The  third  year  the  vineyard  would  probably  bear  enough  to  pay  cost 
of  attending,  expenses,  etc. 


GRAPE    CULTURE.  93 

Average  yield  per  acre  the  fourth  year,  and  all  following: — 

400  gallons  per  year,  at  $1  50  per  gallon $600  00 

Deduct  from  the  cost  of  yearly  labor $-')0  00 

Interest  from  capital •'iO  60 

$100  60     600  00 

Tbis  will  leave  a  clear  profit  of $499  40 

Yield  of  an  acre  of  Coucord  vines  for  market  purposes  : — 

1000  vines,  at  least  10  lbs.  per  vine  (probably  15  lbs.) lbs.  10,000 

Lowest  market  price,  at  10  cents  per  lb $1000  00 

But  as  the  Concord  is  two  weeks  earlier  than  the  Catawba,  much  of 
the  crop  can  be  sold  at  much  higher  prices,  as  it  has  also  a  much  finer 
bunch  and  berry. 

The  whole  number  of  acres  planted  in  and  around  Hermann  may 
be  estimated  at  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  acres.  But  people  are 
planting  more  every  year,  and  I  boldly  assert  that  in  a  few  years  the 
acres  devoted  to  wine  culture  in  our  State  will  be  counted  by  thou- 
sands instead  of  hundreds.  And  here  let  me  add,  that  it  has  been  a 
great  drawback  to  the  advancement  of  grape  culture  here,  that  our 
people  are  too  much  disposed  to  look  to  Ohio,  and  the  doings  of 
Ohio  wine-growers,  for  examples.  We  have  a  different  climate  here, 
a  different  soil,  and  therefore  our  treatment  must  be  different,  and 
other  varieties  may  be  cultivated  here.  Let  us  eke  out  our  own 
path,  like  energetic,  thinking  men.  Let  us  try  other  varieties — not 
only  those  recommended  by  our  Ohio  brethren  ;  let  us  faithfully  try  all, 
and  keep  only  such  as  are  worthy  of  general  culture.  The  fiat  of  Mr. 
Longworth  against  Norton's  Virginia  has  done  more  to  retard  the 
progress  in  the  culture  of  that  invaluable  grape  than  all  other  ob- 
stacles it  met  with  ;  and  why  ?  Because  we  preferred  seeing  with 
other  eyes  to  using  our  own ;  and  they  were  not  fairly  opened  until 
Ohio  wine-growers  sent  here  to  procure  plants  of  the  very  grape  Mr. 
Longworth  had  condemned. 

But  the  most  serious  obstacles  are  overcome.  We  have  lai)ored 
faithfully  and  hard.  We  have  learned  something,  and  are  learning 
more  everyday.  A  glorious  future  is  before  us  ;  let  as  labor  witii  head, 
heart,  and  hand,  and  we  may  be  sure  of  a  rich  reward.  Let  us  be 
willing  to  listen  to  the  advice  of  others ;  but  let  us  also  always  hold 
this  principle  in  view,  that  experience  is  the  mother  of  wisdom. 


94  GRAPE    CULTURE. 


VINE  CULTDIIE.— BY  WILLIAM  HAAS. 

The  preparation  of  land  for  a  vineyard  by  vine-dressers  is  expensive, 
may  cost  about  one  hundred  dollars  per  acre.  The  land  of  our  vine- 
yard, containing  eighteen  acres,  belonging  to  the  Boonville  Wine  Com- 
pany, is  turned  over  with  plow  and  shovel  to  the  depth  of  thirty 
inches,  the  top  soil  brought  down  and  the  subsoil  up.  Others  prepare 
the  land  with  deep  plowing  only,  producing  equally  as  good  crops  of 
grapes,  it  is  said,  as  more  costly  prepared  vineyards. 

The  distance  of  the  vines  in  the  vineyards  near  Boonville  is  from 
four  to  six  feet  in  the  rows,  and  the  rows  sufSciently  apart  to  cultivate 
with  horse  and  plow  between  them,  say  five  to  six  feet. 

Vineyards  located  on  the  side  of  hills  ought  to  be  protected  by  ter- 
racing the  land  against  the  washing  of  rain. 

Beginners  in  vine-dressing  I  would  advise  to  consult  "The  Culture 
of  the  Grape,  and  Wine  Making.  By  Robert  Buchanan."  This  is  a 
valuable  treatise  on  the  subject,  giving  the  views  of  intelligent  vine- 
dressers on  all  matters  l)elonging  thereto. 

Our  State,  Missouri,  is  very  favorable  for  the  culture  of  the  grape- 
vine. But  we  must  acknowledge  that  in  past  seasons,  between  good 
crops  we  had  some  severe  disappointments,  depending  perhaps  not  so 
much  on  climate  and  soil  as  on  the  kind  of  grape  here  in  culture — the 
Catawba. 

The  Catawba  is  a  very  good  wine  grape,  from  which  excellent  wine 
is  manufactured,  equal  in  quality  and  flavor,  and  comparing  favorably 
with  the  celebrated  Khine  wine.  The  Catawba  vine  is  a  great  bearer, 
but  the  grapes  are  apt  to  rot  every  year ;  in  wet  seasons  more,  in  dry 
seasons  less. 

The  vine-growers  at  Hermann  have  begun  several  years  ago  to  cul- 
tivate the  Virginia  Seedling  grape,  said  to  be  free  from  all  rot,  and  is 
a  good  bearer.  The  wine  mash  from  it  is  of  a  very  dark  color,  and  of 
good  quality,  preferred  I)y  some  persons  to  the  Catawba  wine.  We 
will  not  be  found  behind  our  Hermann  friends  in  experimenting,  and  I 
have  ordered  from  Messrs.  Ilusmann  &  Co.  fifty  dollars'  worth  of  Vir- 
ginia Seedling  roots. 

Having  been,  in  the  fall  of  1858,  in  Ciiicago,  I  noticed  there  with 
delight  and  surprise  the  crojjs  of  a  small  number  of  the  Clinton  grape- 
vine, planted  on  sandy  and  level  ground,  and  trained  to  trellises. 
From  the  produce  of  perhaps  not  one-twentieth  part  of  an  acre  three 
hundred  and  seventy-five  bottles  of  very  good  wine  was  made.  From 
another  single  grape-vine  twenty  gallons  were  made.     The  same  vines 


THE    LEAD    REGION.  95 

have  been  the  next  season,  this  last  summer,  in  a  like  promising  condi- 
tion ;  but  a  severe  frost  in  June  destroyed  the  blossoms. 

The  Clinton  is  a  pure  native  grape-vine,  very  hardy,  and  the  grapes 
not  subject  to  mildew  or  rot.  This  variety  of  the  grape-vine  may  be 
of  immense  value  to  the  vine-growers  of  Missouri.  It  grows,  flourishes, 
and  produces  so  well  on  the  sand  flats  of  Lake  Michigan,  why  may  it 
not  do  so  here  on  our  Missouri  river-bottom  sand  land  ?  Take  the 
highest  and  driest  localities  for  its  cultivation,  and  we  need  not  have 
any  fear  of  success.  Do  not  consider  the  occasional  overflowing  of  the 
river  too  seriously ;  a  crop  may  thereby  in  perhaps  twenty  or  thirty 
years  once  be  destroyed,  but  the  vines  will  not  be  damaged  by  it, 
and  will  come  out  next  season  renovated,  and  stronger  to  bear  than 
before.  I  have  engaged  several  thousand  of  the  Clinton,  intending  to 
plant  them  according  to  the  suggestions  here  made. 


THE  LEAD  REGION  OF  SOUTHWEST  MISSOURI— 

GRANBY. 

History. — The  riches  and  extent  of  the  lead  mines  of  Southwest 

•  Missouri  (principally  situated  in  Newton  and  Jasper  Counties)  render 

this,  as  a  mining  region,  justly  entitled  to  the  reputation  given  it  by 

Professor  Swallow,  State  Geologist,  that  of  being  "  one  of  the  best 

lead  regions  in  the  world." 

These  mines,  as  is  generally  the  ease,  were  originally  discovered  by 
the  aborigines.  The  Osage  Indians  at  sundry  times  brought  a  number 
of  bars  of  lead  to  the  trading  house,  at  the  village  of  Neosho,  which 
had  the  appearance  of  having  been  recently  molded,  which  led  to  the 
inquiry  by  the  whites  as  to  the  discovery  of  the  lead.  The  Indians, 
for  a  proper  consideration,  disclosed  to  the  whites  the  location  of  the 
deposits,  and  the  laud  was  immediately  entered  by  Mr.  Sheppard,  as 
the  agent  of  W.  S.  Moseley,  of  New  Madrid,  who  with  his  uncle, 
George  W.  Moseley,  Esq.,  had  a  trading  house  at  Neosho.  Though 
inexperienced  in  the  business,  they  commenced  mining  on  a  limited 
scale  and  under  many  disadvantages  in  1849,  and  smelted  at  first  in 
what  is  known  as  the  Drummond  Furnace,  upon  which  an  improvement 
had  been  recently  made  by  Hon.  J.  P.  B.  Gratiott,  of  Washington 
County,  Missouri,  which  improvement  consisted  of  placing  the  fire- 
house  at  the  end,  instead  of  at  the  side  of  the  furnace.  Upon  this 
Drummond  furnace  about  six  thousand  pigs  of  lead  were  smelted,  up 


90  THE    LEAD    REGION. 

to  1852,  when  a  Scotch  hcartli  furnace  was  erected  by  S.  Dunklin,  Ksq., 
of  Washington  County,  in  connection  with  the  Messrs.  Moseley. 
About  sixteen  thousand  pigs  of  lead  were  made  at  this  furnace  by  tlie 
different  parties  who  smelted  there  ;  the  ore  being  obtained  principally 
from  the  Moseley  mine,  some  from  Centre  Creek,  and  small  quantities 
from  Granby  and  Spurgeon  Prairie.  John  Fitzgerald  A:  Co.  had  a  l)last 
furnace  on  Turkey  Creek,  and  the  Messrs.  Ilarkelrode  one  on  Centre 
Creek,  in  operation  about  the  same  time.  The  last  named  were  in 
Jasper  County,  and  manufactured  consideral)le  quantities  of  lead. 
Moseley's  furnace  is  ten  miles  southwest  from  Granby. 

The  e.xtensive  diggings  south  from  Granby  were  discovered  in  1854 
by  "William  Foster,  while  digging  a  well  for  Madame  Richardson  ;  pre- 
vious to  this,  however,  Professor  Swallow  had  discovered  lead  in  the 
same  vicinity. 

Owing  to  the  want  of  capital  to  mine  and  smelt,  and  the  very  poor 
facilities  for  transportation,  but  little  systematic  mining  or  smelting  was 
done  until  1856,  when  Messrs.  J.  B.  Dale  &  Co.  and  Booth,  Ryan 
&  Co.  engaged  men  extensively  in  smelting,  and  offered  better  induce- 
ments to  miners.  The  ore  then  ranged  from  $17  50  to  $20  per  one 
thousand  pounds,  and  lead  from  si.x  and  a  quarter  to  si.x  and  a  half 
cents  per  pound.  No  rents  were  required  from  miners,  and  they  had 
the  full  benefit  of  all  the  mineral  furnished  by  them.  This  condition 
of  things  existed  until  June  or  July,  1857,  when  the  mines  covered, 
by  section  six  came  into  the  possession  of  Messrs.  Blow  &  Kenuett,  as 
the  lessees  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  (as  hereinafter  specified,) 
since  which  time  these  mines  have  yielded  both  in  quantity  and  quality 
an  amount  of  mineral  second  to  none  in  the  country,  in  proportion  to 
the  nuuibcr  of  mines  opened  or  miners  employed;  the  business  having 
increased  from  twenty-two  pigs  of  lead  per  day  to  about  three  hundred, 
which  has  for  some  time  past  been  the  daily  average  product. 

The  complete  success  of  the  mines  at  (Jranby  is  attributable  to  the 
very  liberal  course  pursued  by,  and  the  discreet  and  judicious  manage- 
ment of  the  present  proi)rietors,  Messrs.  Blow  tt  Kennett,  who,  by  the 
investment  of  a  large  amount  of  cai)ital  in  the  introduction  of  the  most 
approved  machinery  for  mining  and  smelting,  have  concentrated  almost 
the  entire  operations  of  the  Southwest  to  their  great  center,  on  section 
six,  infused  new  life  and  energy  into  all  the  adjacent  country,  and 
increased  the  population  of  the  town  of  (Jranby  from  a  cluster  of  log 
cabins  to  a  town  of  several  thousand  population,  and  developed  one 
of  the  most  important  mineral  regions  of  this  great  mineral  State. 

By  an  act  of  Congress,  the  Pacific  Railroad  Company  received  in 
1852  a  grant  of  land,  embracing  every  alternate  section  for  twelve 


THE   LEAD    REGION.  07 

miles  wide,  along  the  Southwest  Branch,  amounting  to  nearly 
1,040,000  acres.  The  company  were  entitled  to  dispose  of  any  of 
these  lands  lying  within  twenty  miles  of  the  completed  road.  After 
the  transfer  was  made  and  the  prospective  title  vested  in  the  railroad 
company,  agents  were  at  once  sent  out  to  protect  the  lands.  Granby 
proved  to  be  located  upon  one  section  of  this  land.  The  squatters 
at  this  and  upon  other  portions  of  the  best  mineral  lands,  in  view  of 
the  immense  mineral  wealth  that  only  required  their  labor  and  in- 
dustry to  secure  a  sure  and  remunerative  return,  declared  that  the 
railroad  company  had  no  legal  right  to  the  land,  and  resisted  every 
effort  made  on  the  part  of  the  agents  to  control  it.  The  agents 
demanded  a  rent ;  the  squatters  refused  to  pay  it,  and  after  consider- 
able trouble,  the  railroad  company  abandoned  the  lead  region  until 
1857,  when  a  lease  was  made  to  Messrs.  Blow  &  Kennett  for  ten 
years,  for  a  rent  or  tax  of  two  dollars  per  thousand  pounds  for  all 
mineral  taken  from  the  mines. 

At  this  time  there  were  about  1000  miners  at  work,  all  of  whom 
held  claims  jointly  or  severally,  and  worked  them  as  they  now  do — 
selling  their  mineral  to  the  smelters,  who  had  erected  furnaces  in  the 
vicinity  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  the  ore  to  metal.  Trading  and 
selling  claims  was  here  practiced,  as  is  the  case  in  all  mining  dis- 
tricts; some  claims  being  sold  at  prices  ranging  from  $50  to  $1000 
per  acre,  according  to  the  prospect.  It  is  estimated  that  at  that  time, 
(January,  1857,)  5,000,000  pounds  of  ore  had  been  taken  out  by  the 
squatters,  smelted,  and  found  its  way  to  St.  Louis  and  other  mar- 
kets, yielding  some  3,000,000  pounds  of  manufactured  lead.  Owing 
to  the  scarcity  of  money,  and  from  a  want  of  proper  system  and 
encouragement,  the  mines  had  not  been  worked  as  vigorously  as  they 
were  subsequently.  Those  engaged  in  mining  at  Granby  at  that 
time  were  not  all  of  that  hard-working,  industrious  class  whose  hands 
supply  their  families  with  the  comforts  of  life,  but  principally  held 
their  claims  for  speculation,  and  depended  upon  their  sales  of  claims 
rather  than  upon  their  actual  mining  operations.  As  soon  as  it  was 
known  that  Messrs.  Blow  &  Kennett  had  received  a  lease  of  the  mines, 
rumors  of  every  conceivable  character  prejudicial  to  the  lessees  were 
spread  abroad  by  these  speculators,  informing  the  squatters  that  they 
would  be  driven  from  their  claims  and  lose  the  riglits  which  they 
regarded  as  belonging  to  them,  and  deprived  of  all  profits  arising 
from  the  working  of  their  lots  or  claims.  In  the  midst  of  these  in- 
flammatory rumors.  Blow  <fc  Kennett  ai)pcaro(l,  with  the  evidence  of 
their  title,  and  called  a  meeting  of  tlie  miners,  before  whom  was  sub- 

7 


98  THE    LEAD    REGION. 

niitted  tbeir  evidences  of  severul  right,  witli  the  course  tliey  had  de- 
cided upon  for  the  future  regulation  and  government  of  the  mines. 

The  proposition  of  Messrs.  Blow  &  Kennett  was,  that  the  miners 
should  continue  upon  their  claims,  and  work  them  as  heretofore,  re- 
ceiving a  fair  price  for  their  ore,  which  was  to  be  governed  by  the 
market  value  of  the  metal,  less  two  dollars  per  thousand  pounds, 
which  went  to  the  Pacific  Ilailroad  Company,  that  being  the  amount 
specified  in  the  lease  between  the  parties.  For  the  greater  security 
of  the  miners,  a  basis  of  400  pounds  of  lead  was  olfered  for  every 
1000  pounds  of  ore,  when  the  quotation  price  in  cash  did  not  suit 
them.  Up  to  the  present  time,  (May,  I860,)  lead  has  never  been 
called  for,  the  cash  price  being  satisfactory  to  them.  These  matters 
were  understood  as  arranged,  and  Blow  ct  Kennett  returned  to  St. 
Louis  for  machinery  and  proceeded  at  once  to  erect  their  furnace, 
which  was  put  in  successful  operation  ou  the  18th  of  January,  1858, 
at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  The  furnace  once  in  blast  and  the  rules  en- 
forced produced  dissatisfaction  in  the  minds  of  some  of  the  miners, 
outsiders,  and  speculators.  Factions  of  disaffected  miners  were  con- 
sequently formed,  and  were  led  on  by  disappointed  smelters,  caucass- 
ing  and  calling  meetings  both  private  and  puljlic  in  reference  to  the 
rights  of  Blow  &  Kennett,  the  legality  of  which  they  questioned. 
Speeches  of  the  most  inflammatory  character  were  made  at  those 
meetings  of  the  miners,  and  the  life  of  Peter  E.  Blow,  the  master- 
spirit of  the  mines,  was  frequently  jeopardized  by  some  of  the  most 
reckless  and  daring  miners.  Suits  at  law  were  found  necessary  to 
protect  the  rights  of  the  lessees,  and,  after  a  severely  contested  action 
by  the  claimants  and  defendants,  during  fifteen  months,  it  was  finally 
decided  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Missouri,  in  March,  1859,  that  the 
title  was,  according  to  the  lease  from  the  railroad  company,  vested  in 
Blow  <fe  Kennett,  and  that  they  were  the  sole  owners  of  the  mines 
during  the  time  specified  in  the  lease.  This  decision  settled  the 
legal  difficulties,  and  the  conciliatory  and  generous  course  pursued 
by  Blow  &  Kennett  soon  brought  about  a  mutual  good  feeling 
between  the  i)roprietors  and  miners;  and  now  the  mines  are  in  a 
prosperous  conditicjn,  the  miners  receiving  good  prices  for  their  ore, 
and  the  smoking  furnaces,  under  the  immediate  control  of  Peter  E. 
Blow,  Esq.,  are  turning  out  millions  of  pounds  of  this  valuable 
metal,  which  finds  its  way  to  the  nmrkets,  from  New  Orleans  to  Bos- 
ton, and  lead  bearing  the  brand  of  "Blow  &  Kennett"  is  receiving  a 
world-wide  reputation. 


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THE    LEAD    REGION.  99 

The  Furnace  and  its  Operations. — Tlie  furnace  (of  the  interior 
of  which  we  present  an  accurate  illustration)  is  in  size  136  feet  front 
by  fifty  deep,  with  additional  buildings  for  engine,  sawing  wood  for 
the  furnaces,  water-pumps,  etc.  Six  "eyes"  or  Scotch  hearths  are 
in  blast,  at  each  of  which  two  men  are  employed,  called  front  and 
back  hands.  The  former  receives  two  dollars  for  reducing  3000 
pounds  of  galena  to  metal,  the  latter  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents ;  which 
labor  is  performed  in  about  five  hours.  They  generally  run  only 
the  3000  pounds;  but  frequently  they  exceed  that  amount  from  2000 
to  3000  pounds,  receiving  the  same  compeusation  pro  rata.  The 
mineral  yields,  upon  an  average,  sixty-five  per  cent.  In  addition  to 
the  above  six  eyes,  the  furnace  has  two  "  slag  hearths,"  which,  to- 
gether, represent  eight  furnaces  in  the  engraving.  The  Scotch 
hearth  is  familiar  to  every  one  who  has  ever  visited  the  mining  region, 
hence  a  description  thereof  is  deemed  unnecessary. 

From  personal  observations  we  learned  many  facts  relative  to  the 
manufacture  of  lead  here.  The  furnace  of  Kennett  &  Blow  makes 
twenty-five  pigs  of  lead  (weighing  eighty-one  pounds  each)  to  the 
hearth,  and  frequently  they  exceed  that  amount.  Three  of  the 
hearths  about  the  middle  of  October,  1859,  made  fifty-six  pigs  each 
in  seven  hours,  with  the  usual  two  hands  to  the  hearth ;  amounting 
to  the  sum  of  12,608  pounds.  The  men  who  made  this  extraordi- 
nary run  were  Buis,  Hancock,  and  Perringer,  each  making  fifty-six 
pigs  of  lead,  weighing  eighty-one  pounds  to  the  pig;  in  all  168  pigs, 
from  17,400  pounds  of  mineral. 

Taking  the  Mineral  from  the  Earth.  —  Galena  or  lead  ore,  at 
Granby,  is  found  at  a  depth  of  from  forty  to  sixty  feet,  according  to 
the  undulations  of  the  surface.  There  are  three  strata,  varying  from 
eight  to  ten  feet  apart,  which  brings  the  lower  lead  or  stratum  about 
sixty  feet  below  the  surface.  The  "cap  rock"  is  of  a  flinty  formation, 
usually  about  eighteen  inches  thick,  and  is  generally  found  above  each 
stratum.  Miniature  railroads  are  in  operation  through  the  principal 
openings,  by  means  of  which  the  ore  is  conveyed  to  the  main  shafts, 
where  it  is  raised  by  windlasses  worked  by  hand  or  horse-power. 

After  the  mineral  is  raised  to  the  surface  it  is  picked  over  by  hand, 
and  all  foreign  matter  separated  therefrom  by  the  use  of  picks.  This 
operation  is  known  by  miners  as  "pick-a-weeing  the  mineral."  It  i.s 
then  taken  to  the  furnace,  washed,  and  smelted.  Four  hands  are 
employed  in  breaking  and  washing,  turning  off  about  20,000  pouiuls 
of  mineral  per  day,  which  is  then  wciglicd  out  in  quantities  to  suit 
the  convenience  of  the  smelter  —  no  fire  or  smelter,  however,  taking 
less  than  3000  pounds.     The  ore  thus  ready  for  the  smelter,  he  pro- 


100  THE    LEAD    REGION. 

ceeds  to  render  it  to  metal,  and  usually  finislies  his  day's  work  before 
noDH,  unless  by  overwork  extra  pigs  arc  made. 

Tlie  yield  of  galena  here  is  sixty-five  per  cent.,  depending,  how- 
ever, upon  the  (juality  of  the  ore,  and  its  freedom  from  foreign  mat- 
ter. Scientific  analysis  has  proven  that  there  is  eighty-two  per  cent, 
in  the  pure  galena,  but  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  produce  this  quan- 
tity by  the  Scotch  hearth. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  amount  of  mineral  taken  from 
the  principal  mines,  during  the  dates  given,  and  received  at  Blow  & 
Kcnnett's  Furnace : — 

Hopkins  &   Jlersey,  from  April,  1858,  to  Nov.  1,  1859 910,000  lbs. 

Culpepper  &  Kersey,  from     "         '•  "  "     2,200,000    " 

Frazer  &  Ilersey,  from  February,    "  "  "     830,000    " 

Braun,  Donning  &  Co.,  from  Jan.  1859,  to       "  "     623,000    " 

Isaac  Evans  &  Co.,  from  April,       "  "  "     448,000    " 

Trent  &  Sons,  from  May,  "  "  "     177,000    " 

5,104,000  " 
Hopkins,  Hersey  &  Co.,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  valuable 
information,  etc.,  have  an  extensive  and  profitable  mine,  which,  during 
the  eighteen  months  previous  to  the  1st  November,  1859,  produced 
1,200,000  pounds  of  mineral  Joseph  Hopkins,  Esq.,  the  senior 
partner,  came  from  the  lead  region  of  Washington  County,  where 
several  years'  experience  as  a  practical  miner  well  qualified  him  for 
the  extensive  operations  he  has  so  successfully  conducted  at  Granby. 
There  are  other  mines  equally  rich ;  and  Culpepper  &  Ilersey  have 
taken  out  more  galena  than  any  other  on  the  diggings.  Frazer'S 
mine  has  produced  over  1,250,000  pounds  of  mineral.  It  was  opened 
in  the  winter  of  1859,  but  is  now  abandoned,  having  been  exhausted. 
In  the  spring  of  1858  the  largest  piece  of  mineral  ever  taken  out  at 
Granby,  was  raised  here.  It  weighed  1700  pounds,  and  is  now  at 
the  office  of  Blow  &  Kennett,  St.  Louis.  There  are  between  forty 
and  fifty  mines  now  being  worked,  which  employ  an  average  of  500 
miners. 

The  total  amount  of  mineral  received  at  the  furnace,  during  the 
year  1858,  was  2,806,881  pounds;  and  from  January  1  to  November 
1,  1859,  4,753,652  pounds. 

The  total  amount  of  lead  manufactured  in  1858  was  26,225  pigs, 
of  eighty-one  pounds  each.  Lead  made  in  1859,  up  to  November 
1st,  35,741  pigs. 


GRANITES    AND    KAOLINS.  101 


THE  GRANITE  AND  KAOLINS  OF VSOl/TlIEAST 

MISSOURI. 

[The  following  article  on  this  important  subject  was  written  expressly  for 
this  work  by  F.  Woolford,  Esq.,  Paton  P.O.,  Bollinger  County.] 

Kaolin  that  is  sufficiently  pure,  and  free  from  all  foreign  matter,  and 
well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  true  porcelain  or  hard  china-ware, 
is  but  very  seldom  found  anywhere  in  this  country;  hence  any  State 
possessing  it  may  look  upon  it  as  a  rare  and  valuable  mineral. 

Kaolin,  however,  of  the  best  quality  is  found  in  township  33,  range 
8  east,  upon  section  36,  six  miles  southwest  from  Paton  P.O.,  and  eight 
miles  from  the  village  of  Bristol.  This  kaolin,  upon  thorough  and 
practical  investigation,  has  proved  to  be  a  very  extensive  deposit,  and 
of  a  number  one  qxialily.  It  is  found  among  the  primitive  rock,  four- 
teen feet  below  the  surface;  it  is  six  feet  thick  or  more,  of  a  good 
quality,  very  white  and  friable,  meager  to  touch,  well  decomposed  ;  it 
occurs  below  the  gneiss  ;  this,  as  well  as  the  diorite  below  it,  is  inter- 
cepted and  intersected  by  veins  of  feldspar,  occurring  sometimes  in 
massive  deposits  and  at  other  times  in  veins ;  the  decomposing  action 
of  the  weather  has  gradually  converted  the  gneiss  into  a  red,  and  the 
diorite  into  a  blackish-gray  mass,  very  much  resembling  kaolin,  but 
which  could  not  be  used  on  account  of  the  color.  The  feldspar  is,  how- 
ever, thoroughly  decomposed,  and  contains  but  little  quartz,  consisting 
chiefly  of  kaolin,  somewhat  plastic ;  and  is  well  adapted  to  the  manu- 
facture of  true  porcelain  and  the  finest  and  most  substantial  articles  of 
iron  stone-ware,  with  a  proper  proportion  of  quartz,  sand,  and  feld- 
spar; also,  by  varying  the  mixture,  the  finest  quality  of  ironstone 
china  and  other  earthenwares  can  be  produced. 

The  next  clay  of  importance  is  called  "sandy  stiff"  or  ball  clay,  by 
which  latter  name  it  is  known  by  practical  potters.  This  is  nearly 
allied  to  the  china  clay,  and  possesses  many  of  the  same  properties. 
It  is  unaltered  in  the  porcelain  kiln,  becomes  very  white,  and  will  admit 
from  twenty-five  to  thirty  per  cent,  of  flint  or  silex.  Thi.^  clay  is  very 
plastic,  and  is  the  best  of  the  kind  I  have  discovered  in  Mi.^souri.  Its 
locality  is  in  township  34,  range  8  east,  in  the  southwest  corner  of 
Perry  County,  and  about  twelve  miles  from  Bristol.  I  believe  it  will 
be  found  in  quantities  sufficient  for  all  practical  purposes. 

The  next  clay  of  importance  is  the  ";«;:)e  r/ay,"  found  in  section  13, 
township  33,  range  9  east.     This  contains  from  two  to  two  and  a  half 


102  GRANITES    AND    KAOLINS. 

per  cent,  of  iron,  and  a  small  proitortion  of  lime,  but  is  more  plastic 
than  any  of  the  vlajs,  is  a  very  good  white,  and  admits  fifty  per  cent, 
uf  Hint  or.  bMex,  {i<,  ye.ry  desirable  quantity,)  and  can  be  advantage- 
ously coinbincd  with  the  other  clays  for  the  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of 
<K)aimon  eartlvenwar^s.    - 

A  fine,  uhite  quartz  sand,  of  good  quality,  and  closely  resembling 
the  St.  Genevieve  sand,  is  found  upon  the  last-named  locality.  This 
sand  is  well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  glass,  and  for  glazing  for 
pottery. 

A  very  extensive  bed  of  fire  clay  (twenty-five  feet  thick)  is  found  at 
this  same  locality,  well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  the  best  quality 
uf  fire  brick,  pottery,  glass  pots,  etc.  From  this  clay  I  am  making 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  thousand  gallons  of  hard-glazed  stoneware 
per  year,  and  various  other  articles.  This  deposit  seems  to  be  inex- 
haustible. The  mountain  is  based  upon  it  for  more  than  a  mile,  and 
is  capped  with  white  sandstone. 

Near  this  same  locality  is  another  bed  of  kaolin,  which  is  not  suflQ- 
ciently  pure  for  manufacturing  hard  ironstone  china,  but  would  make 
very  good  common  queensware. 

I  have  also  discovered,  in  township  33,  range  9  cast,  (one  and  a  half 
miles  from  Paton,)  another  bed  of  very  fine  kaolin,  well  adapted  to  the 
manufacture  of  true  porcelain  and  ironstone  china;  and  combined  with 
the  pipe  or  ball  clays,  would  produce  every  variety  of  earthenware. 

In  the  same  vicinity  is  found  a  stratified  chert  of  suitable  quality  for 
the  erection  of  mills  for  grinding  silex  for  pottery  or  glazes. 

In  the  fire  clay  above  spoken  of  are  found  considerable  quantities  of 
cobalt  of  the  purest  quality,  also  tin  and  nickel.  These  minerals  are 
found  mixed  with  the  fire  clay  upon  the  side  of  a  hill  two  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  in  height,  having  been  separated  from  the  rock  above,  and  in 
its  descent  mixed  with  the  clay. 

This  rock  has  the  appearance  of  sienite,  accompanied  by  fcldspathic 
sand,  and  some  portions  of  it  resemble  red  granite. 

All  the  clays  and  other  minerals  above  spoken  of  are  found  in  close 
proximity  to  each  other,  and  are  easy  of  access.  My  opinion  is,  that 
if  practical  potters  and  capitalists  could  be  convinced  that  all  the  wares 
named  can  be  readily  produced  here,  with  wood  as  fuel,  this  would  very 
soon  become  the  (jreul  Stad'urdshire  of  America,  and  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  dollars  that  are  now  sent  to  foreign  countries  annually 
fur  china,  glass,  and  queensware,  could  be  invested  in  the  manufacture 
of  better  ware  at  lower  prices  in  Missouri. 

"We  have  here  an  abundance  of  wood  for  fuel,  and  beautiful,  rapid 
streams,  aQbrding  ample  water  power.    The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  the 


*  »  *  *  1   -» 


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H'jiii; 


THE    GRAND    RIVER   COUNTRY.  103 

growth  of  grains,  grasses,  and  fruits,  the  climate  pleasant  and  healthy, 
and  the  scenery  very  romantic  and  beautiful.  I  know  of  no  better 
investment  of  capital,  either  for  the  advantage  and  profit  of  those  en- 
gaging in  the  manufacture  of  porcelain,  china,  and  earthenware,  or  for 
the  good  of  the  State  at  large,  than  the  establishment  here  of  exten- 
sive potteries.  My  prediction  is,  that  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when 
these  rare  minerals  will  be  better  known  and  more  fully  appreciated, 
and  I  know  of  no  more  successful  way  to  introduce  them,  than  by  a 
full  description  of  them  in  your  valuable  State  work. 


THE   GRAND   RIVER   COUNTRY. 

TiiE  fertile  valley  drained  by  the  Grand  River  comprises  some  of 
the  richest  counties  in  the  State,  and  an  area  in  extent  (partly  in 
Iowa  and  partly  in  Missouri)  of  nearly  12,000  square  miles — larger 
than  the  kingdom  of  Belgium ;  as  large  as  Holland  ;  and  enough 
territory  to  make  the  States  of  Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  and  Con- 
necticut. Its  area  in  Missouri  is  about  1000  square  miles  or  more, 
the  balance,  about  5000,  lying  in  Southern  Iowa.  All  the  waters  of 
this  vast  territory — an  inchoate  empire  —  find  their  outlet  into  the 
Missouri  River  at  Brunswick,  in  Chariton  County. 

The  general  features  of  the  country  are  about  the  same  throughout 
the  thirteen  counties  drained  by  its  waters,  to  wit :  Chariton,  Carroll, 
Linn,  Sullivan,  Livingston,  Caldwell;  in  part,  Daviess,  De  Kalb, 
Gentry,  Harrison,  Mercer,  Putnam,  and  part  of  Nodaway.  Of  that 
portion  of  the  valley  lying  in  Iowa  it  is  not  in  our  province  here  to 
speak,  except,  by  the  way,  that  the  lands  are  not  inferior  to  those  in 
Missouri,  and  that  judicious  enterprise,  aided  by  perhaps  a  too  specu- 
lative spirit,  had  enhanced  their  market  value,  i)revious  to  tlie  jianic 
of  1857,  to  even  a  higher  rate  than  was  attained  in  ^Missouri.  But 
it  is  worth  while  here  to  say,  that  Missouri  lands  in  this  part  of  tlic 
State  have  sustained  themselves  in  price,  while  Iowa  lands  of  corre- 
sponding fertility  and  location  have  receded,  in  some  cases,  ruinously. 

It  is  strange  that,  with  the  well-known  fertility  of  tliis  country, 
and  its  acknowledged  adaptability  to  the  production  of  all  the  great 
staples  of  both  the  Nortli  and  tlie  Soutli,  its  resources  in  coal  and 
water-power,  it  should  be  so  long  neglected  by  the  emigrant  seeking 
a  Western  home.     Wo  have  seen  cotton  growing  in  Sullivan  County 


104  THE    GRAND    RIVER    COUNTRY. 

alongside  of  tobacco  ;  and  in  tlie  same  latitude  hemp  can  be  culti- 
vated with  an  abundant  yield.  The  cotton  in  (|ucstion  was  i)lanted 
by  a  Georgian  or  North  Carolinian,  who  would  not  give  uj)  (dd 
habits,  and  must  pitch  a  small  cotton  crop  at  a  venture. 

But  the  Kentucky  and  Virginia  emigrant,  the  Tenuessean  and  the 
Carolinian  passed  over  these  beautiful  lands,  (now  become  blooming 
fields,  then  prairies  covered  with  rank,  tall  grass  high  enough  to  hide 
a  man  and  horse,)  to  find  the  more  densely-timbered  country  on  the 
Platte,  even  before  the  Platte  country  was  properly  a  part  of  Mis- 
souri. They  j)referred  lands  that  they  must  open  for  culture  by  the 
old  familiar  process  of  clearing  and  gru])bing,  to  those  already  cleared 
and  grubbed  to  their  hands  by  a  bountiful  Providence.  Then,  how- 
ever, the  Grand  River  country  was  under  the  ban  of  unhealthiness. 
That  great  scourge  of  the  "Western  squatter  was  supposed  to  be  snuffed 
in  every  breeze  that  bowed  the  tall  grass  in  summer,  or  swept  the 
sheet  of  flame  in  its  terrific  splendor  across  the  almost  unbounded 
meadow  of  Nature's  sowing.  Even  the  gentle  dews  of  heaven  were 
laden  with  ague.  All  countries  of  great  fertility  of  soil,  where  the 
vegetable  products  are  unconsumed  by  stock  and  allowed  to  rot  where 
they  grow,  are  liable  to  miasmatic  diseases.  The  very  fertility  of  the 
valley  even  retarded  its  settlement.  Few  were  willing  to  endure  that 
ordeal  which  no  one  but  the  pioneer  squatter  can  fully  appreciate. 
The  chills  and  fever  —  which,  by-the-way,  overcame  Julius  Ca;sar 
when  he  was  conquering  Gaul — were  as  certain  to  come  as  his  sod- 
corn ;  and  Sappington's  pills,  Peruvian  bark,  and  quinine  were  as 
much  daily  necessities  as  his  bread  and  meat,  or  whisky  bitters. 
Well  do  those  early  settlers,  who  are  now  living  in  comfortable  coun- 
try mansions,  witli  their  broad  acres  lying  around  them,  and  their 
lowing  herds  and  sleek  mules  browsing  on  blue-grass  and  clover, 
remember  their  numberless  combats  against  this  insidious  disease. 
Well  can  they  recount  the  diagnoses  of  blue  nails,  pains  in  the  lim))s, 
lassitude  without  labor — degenerating  with  many  into  confirmed  lazi- 
ness—  the  cold  sensations,  the  shakes,  and,  finally,  the  fever,  which 
left  them  in  a  state  of  debility  such  as  it  is  hard  to  conceive  without 
an  experience — a  feeling  of  most  depressing  weakness  —  in  which  a 
man  would  feel  a  complete  unfitness  for  all  sublunary  offices;  like  a 
wasp  with  a  body  of  two  hemisj)heres  linked  together  by  a  narrow 
isthmus,  his  attenuated  back  bone. 

But  pardon  this  digression  1  The  country  was  at  first  unluallhy, 
more  so  tliaii  the  IMutte  country,  because  of  its  more  rank  j)rairie 
vegetation.    But  there  were  other  causes  which  produced  an  unhealthi- 


THE    GRAND    RIVER    COUNTRY.  105 

ness.  There  svotc  many  swamps  and  lakes  scattered  through  the  val- 
ley, which  produced  malaria.  It  is  well,  here,  to  say  something  in 
reference  to  those  lakes.  The  drainage  of  so  large  an  extent  of 
country  rendered  the  low  lands  on  the  river  and  tributaries  liable  to 
overflow — and  indeed  the  broad  bottom  lands  which  lined  one  side  of 
every  stream  were  often  submerged.  The  breadth  and  extent  of  these 
bottoms,  as  they  are  now  rearing  themselves  out  of  the  reach  of  over- 
flows and  being  brought  into  cultivation,  to  some  are  even  yet  sur- 
prising; but  the  time  has  been  when  they  were  hardly  more  than 
adequate  to  their  office  of  draining  the  vast  territory  watered  by 
Grand  River. 

The  waters  subsiding  from  the  low  lands,  after  an  overflow,  left 
usually  a  broad  sheet  of  water  on  whatever  depression  there  might 
have  been  in  the  bottom.  To  these  shallow  lakes  the  buffalo  would 
repair  in  the  summer,  in  vast  herds,  until  they  wore  them  broader  and 
deeper,  so  that  they  became  permanent.  But  as  civilization  advanced, 
that  untiring  adventurer,  called,  I  believe,  in  France,  the  Christopher 
Columbus  of  the  truffle,  the  swine,  was  the  necessary  accompaniment 
of  civilized  man,  as  settlements  approached  this  yet  wild  territory. 
The  introduction  of  swine  into  this  valley  was  of  importance.  They 
in  their  turn  hunting  their  daily  food,  found  to  them  a  delicious  escu- 
lent in  the  yonkapin,  called  nuckshaiv  by  the  Indians,  and  in  seasons 
of  drought,  such  as  have  been  known  in  this  valley  from  1854  to  185T, 
done  much  to  undo  the  work  of  the  wild  buffalo.  Indeed,  the  hogs 
have  been  the  silent  engineers  who  have  reclaimed  many  of  our  bot- 
tom lands  during  the  last  thirty  years,  and  have  achieved  what  thou- 
sands, even  millions  of  dollars,  by  human  hands  could  not  have  accom- 
plished in  this  valley.  Even  before  there  was  a  permanent  white 
settler  in  the  valley  of  Grand  River,  they  were  driven  into  the  bot- 
toms from  the  settlements  in  Howard  County  to  fatten  on  the  mast, 
and  then  in  the  dry  seasons  commenced  rooting  in  the  ponds  after  the 
yonkapin,  by  which  they  broke  the  crust  of  the  lake  and  suflercd  the 
accumulated  waters  to  drain  through  the  porous  alluvium  or  quick- 
sands. 

The  Grand  River  country  previous  to  about  1817  was  inhabited 
by  Indians.  The  lowas  occupied  the  territory  of  what  are  now 
Grundy,  Mercer,  and  Harrison  Counties;  their  lands  and  hunting- 
grounds  extended  even  down  into  the  Counties  of  Livingston  and 
Caldwell.  Traces  of  these  aboriginal  inhabilants  are  yet  abundantly 
visible.  In  Grundy  County  there  is  to  bo  fuund  the  remains  of  un 
Iowa  village  of  considerable  dimensions.  In  the  northern  part  of 
Livingston,  the  old   inhabitants  yet   remember  their  wigwams  and 


106  THE    GRAND    RIVER    COUNTRY. 

huts  as  tlicy  stood  in  1833.     Familiar  stories  arc  yet  told  in  those 
counties  of  adventures  and  incidents  in  which  they  were  parties. 

In  North  (Jrand  River,  James  Weldon  was  an  early  settler; 
from  him  the  Weldun,  a  branch  of  Grand  Kiver,  which  has  its  junc- 
tii)n  with  the  Thompson,  about  three  miles  above  Trenton  in  Grundy 
County,  takes  its  name.  He  was  familiarly  known  to  the  Indians  as 
Jim,  and  his  house  was  a  sort  of  an  exchange  where  a  considerable 
trade  was  carried  on  between  the  Indians  and  whites.  Dr.  Thomp- 
son, a  Virginia  gentleman,  was  among  the  first  settlers  on  the  western 
fork  of  North  Grand  River,  from  which  the  stream  takes  its  name. 
lie  was  familiarly  known  among  the  lowas  and  Delawares  as  Doc, 
so  that  Jim  and  Doc.  were  among  the  Indians  regarded  as  the  big 
chiefs  of  the  white  settlers.  In  Sullivan  County,  John  Baldridge  was 
among  the  early  settlers,  and  others  we  have  not  space  here  to  men- 
tion. Honorable  Jno.  C.  Griffin,  who  is  now  Circuit  Attorney  for 
the  11th  Judicial  District,  reached  Mercer  County  in  1835,  of  which 
county  and  Grundy,  his  present  residence,  he  was  the  first  representa- 
tive in  the  State  Legislature. 

Farther  down  the  river  settlements  were  made  much  earlier.  John 
Graves,  Esq.,  still  living,  a  family  of  Kirks,  and  others,  were  in 
Livingston  at  an  early  day,  Elisha  Henry  Ford  was  in  that  county, 
but  perhaps  not  as  a  resident,  as  early  as  1825.  His  singular  ad- 
venture of  catching  a  panther  asleep,  and  springing  a  young  sapling 
over  his  back  till  he  could  tie  his  four  legs  together  over  it  and  bear 
him  home,  is  rather  too  romantic  to  be  seriously  related  here,  but  is 
W(jrth  mentioning  as  a  traditionary  incident. 

The  tribe  of  Indians  from  which  our  State  and  our  magnificent 
river  took  its  name,  the  Missouri,  were  inhabitants  of  the  lower  part 
of  the  valley,  and  dwelt  in  tlie  valley  of  Grand  and  Chariton  Rivers. 
It  was  in  what  is  now  Chariton  County  that  their  last  battle  was 
fought  with  the  whites,  probably  as  early  as  1810.  The  vestiges  of 
this  battle-field  are  yet,  it  is  said,  visible.  They  were  there  exterm- 
inated. 

Tlie  Counties  of  Carroll,  Caldwell,  De  Kalb,  and  Daviess  were 
settled  principally  with  what  emigration  fell  back  iVom  the  Platte 
country.  From  the  time  of  the  ac(iuisition  of  the  territory  from 
France,  civilization  seems  to  have  radiated  from  two  or  three  common 
centers,  i.e.  in  North  Missouri  settlers  radiated  at  first  from  St. 
Charles;  next,  Loutre  Island  furnished  the  nucleus;  and  finally  Coop- 
er's Fort  and  Boonslick  were  the  radius  from  which  adventurous 
civilization  shone  upon  the  eastern  part  of  the  Grand  River  valley ; 
while  from  the  Platte  settlements  it  radiated  on  tlie  western  branch 


THE    GRAND    RIVER    COUNTRY.  107 

of  this  valley.  The  Counties  of  ITavrison,  Gentry,  and  Xodaway  are 
more  recently  settled  than  any  on  Grand  River,  and  were  all  settled 
since  1840.  Putnam  perhaps  should  be  excepted,  which  has  been 
erected  in  its  present  form,  at  least  into  a  county,  since  1850. 

In  1838  the  Mormons  made  their  stronghold  at  Far  West,  in  Da- 
viess County,  after  having  been  dislodged  from  De  Witt,  in  Carroll 
County.  The  celebrated  Mormon  war  of  that  year  and  its  incidents 
are  yet  remembered  by  the  early  settlers,  and  among  the  earliest  of 
whom  is  Mr.  Perriston,  Sen.,  who  resides  yet  on  the  farm  he  settled, 
on  the  west  fork  of  Grand  River,  as  early  as  1831. 

Enough  of  this  brief  glance  at  the  early  history  of  the  Grand 
River  valley.  The  physical  conformation  of  the  country  is  homo- 
geneous throughout  its  whole  extent.  It  is  a  succession  of  flat 
meadows  fringed  with  rich  timber  along  the  margin  of  tlie  long, 
winding  streams,  these  meadows  themselves  fringing  the  elevated 
table-land  or  ridges  of  rich,  well-watered  and  well-drained  prai- 
ries. The  table-lands  themselves  conform  to  the  sinuosities  of  the 
streams,  which,  by-the-way,  are  of  great  length  usually,  as  most  of 
the  tributaries  of  the  rivers,  like  their  parent  stream,  have  their 
sources  on  the  southern  inclination  of  the  summit  which  divides  the 
waters  of  the  Missouri  and  Des  Moines  Rivers,  at  perhaps  an  eleva- 
tion of  about  twelve  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Missouri 
River,  at  Brunswick.  We  must  not  omit  here  to  mention  that  many 
of  these  ridges  turn  northwardly  on  a  direct  line  into  the  heart  of 
Iowa,  and  that  they  furnish  as  eligible  location  for  cheaply  con- 
structed railways,  with  all  the  materials  at  hand,  (except  the  iron,)  as 
any  country  in  America. 

There  is  an  abundance  of  cheap  water-power  afforded  by  Grand 
River  and  its  tributaries,  both  in  Iowa  and  Missouri.  Cain's  Mill  in 
Harrison  ;  Shaffer's  in  Mercer;  and  Kelsey's,  Cooley's,  and  others  in 
the  same  county ;  Graham's  and  McDonald's  in  Grundy;  Scott's  in 
Daviess;  Waldrip's,  Hoy  and  Chadwick's  at  Utica;  and,  finally,  the 
Bedford  Rapids,  in  Livingston  County,  are  a  few  which  have  sprung 
up  in  the  past  few  years,  and  for  manufacturing  furnish  every  advan- 
tage. These  were  in  an  unsettled,  almost  unknown  wilderness  at  the 
time  Wetmore  wrote  his  Gazetteer.  The  Rapids  at  Bedford,  where 
the  volume  of  water  is  such  as  to  offer  no  very  serious  impediment  to 
navigation,  which  has  for  the  past  three  years  been  successfully  accom- 
plished, will,  at  some  future  time,  with  properly  apjilied  energy  and 
capital,  furnish  the  seat  for  large  numufacturing  establishments  unex- 
celled in  any  of  the  States. 


108  THE    GKAND    RIVER    COUNTRY. 

Undcrlyinpf  all  this  vast  territory  are  valualOe  beds  of  bituminous 
coal,  in  veins  of  from  six  inohos  to  three  feet.  These  veins  crop  out  at 
Bedford  and  above.  The  lower  and  more  valuable  veins  are  beneath 
a  good  roof  of  shale  and  slate.  Vast  ledges  and  cliffs  of  both  lime 
and  sandstone  are  found  in  almost  every  neighborhood,  though  not 
so  widely  disseminated  as  to  make  them  conveniently  accessible  to 
every  settler. 

In  this  article  we  have  not  spoken  particularly  of  the  coal  forma- 
tions in  Chariton  County,  because  we  reserve  that  subject  for  our 
article  on  that  county  alone,  which  will  be  found  in  it.'^  proper  place 
in  this  volume. 

Very  few  of  those  counties  above  enumerated,  except  Chariton  and 
Carroll,  have  had  a  corporate  existence  longer  than  twenty  years. 
Chariton,  which  was  organized  in  1831,  just  after  Missouri  entered 
the  Union,  extended  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Iowa  line  ;  Car- 
roll, which  was  organized  a  year  or  two  later,  had  formerly  been  a 
part  of  Kay,  which  then  comprised  all  the  territory  west  of  Chariton 
County  to  Platte,  and  from  the  Missouri  River  to  Iowa.  The  aggre- 
gate taxable  property  now  in  the  thirteen  counties  is  not  less  than 
twenty-five  millions.  They  contain  about  twenty  thousand  voters, 
and  perhaps  a  population,  slave  and  white,  of  over  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  souls.  In  area  the  Grand  River  country  is  about  one- 
fifth  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  the  entire  valley  in  Iowa  and  Mis- 
souri is  about  one-hundredth  part  of  the  territory  acquired  from 
France. 

The  timber  most  abundant  in  this  valley  are  the  various  kinds  of 
oak,  of  which  there  are  one  or  two  varieties  not  known  in  most  of 
the  Southern  States.  Some  four  or  five  varieties  of  hickory,  pecan, 
in  the  southern  part  of  it ;  cottonwood,  linn,  in  some  locations;  sugar- 
tree  and  maple,  ash,  honey  locust,  water  birch,  and  walnut  of  great 
size,  of  which  the  lumber  is  principally  made  for  building.  The  oak 
timber  has  proved  of  great  value,  as  from  it  arc  now  being  built  at 
the  Brunswick  ship-yards  hulls  for  steamboats  which  have  l)egun  to 
acquire  a  high  reputation.  The  forks  and  knots  of  the  walnut  have 
aflorded  for  several  years  quite  a  trade  for  some  enterprising  men,  who 
hew  them  in  blocks  of  convenient  size  and  sliij)  them  to  Cincinnati; 
and  some  of  them  are  returned,  no  doubt,  to  the  country  where  they 
grew,  in  the  shape  of  furniture.  The  Grand  River  country  produces 
all  the  timber  of  the  Southern  States  except  pine,  cedar,  poplar,  and 
larch,  '^riie  poplar  does  not  grow  in  such  high  latitudes,  and  the 
larch  is  not  known  west  of  Illinois. 


GEOLOGY.  109 


GEOLOGY. 

MINERAL   AND   AGRICULTURAL  RESOURCES  OF  MISSOURL 

BY  G.  C.  SWALLOW,  STATE   GEOLOGIST. 

In  presenting  a  systematic  view  of  the  Mineral  and  Agricultural 
resources  of  our  State,  it  will  be  necessary  to  give  a  brief  exhibit  of 
the  Geology  as  developed  by  the  researches  of  the  Geological 
Survey. 

Stratified  Rocks. 

So  far  as  observed,  the  stratified  rocks  of  Missouri  belong  to  the 
following  systems: — 

System      I. — Quaternary. 
System    II.— Tertiary. 
System  III. — Cretaceous. 
System  IV. — Carboniferous. 
System     V. — Devonian. 
System  VI. — Silurian. 

SYSTEM    I. — QUATERNARY. 

Previous  to  the  commencement  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Mis- 
souri but  little  effort  had  been  made  to  trace  out  and  classify  the 
various  deposits  of  the  Quaternary  System.  This  fact  and  the  vast 
importance  of  these  formations,  both  in  our  scientific  and  in  our 
economical  geology,  have  led  us  to  undertake  a  careful  investigation 
of  this  system  as  developed  in  our  State.  The  results  of  our  early 
investigations  were  given  in  the  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  ]\Iis- 
souri  Survey  in  1854.  This  paper  will  include  the  facts  there 
recorded,  and  those  observed  in  our  subsequent  examinations,  tluit 
it  may  present  a  full  view  of  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge 
upon  this  subject. 

When  it  is  remembered  that  these  formations  contain  the  entire 
geological  record  of  all  the  cycles  from  the  end  of  the  Tertiary  period 
to  the  present  time,  and  that  their  economical  value  is  greater  than 
that  of  all  the  other  formations  combined,  I  shall  need  no  apology  for 
entering  somewhat  into  details  in  recording  the  phenomena  they  pre- 
sent. 

The  Quaternary  System  comprises  the  drift  and  all  the  doposit-s 
above  it — all  the  strata  included  in  the  alluvion  and  diluvion  of 
former  authors.     There  are,  within  this  period,  four  distinct  and  well- 


110  OEOLOGY. 

marked  Formations  in  tliis  State,  whidi  we  have  thus  nameil  in  the 
order  of  their  stratigraphical  position.* 

F.  a. — Alluvium.  F.  c. — Bluff. 

F.  b. — Bottom  4'rairie.  F.  d. — Drill. 

All  of  the  latest  deposits,  all  that  have  been  formed  since  the 
present  order  of  things  commenced  upon  our  Continent,  are  included 
in — 

F.  a. — Alluvium. 

All  the  deposits  observed  in  the  State,  belonging  to  this  formation, 
arc : — 

1st.   Soil-^.  4lh.  Vegetable  Mould  or  Ilumus. 

2d.  Pebbles  and  Sand.  bih.  Bog  Iron  Ore. 

3d.   Claijs.  Gth.    Calcareous  Tufa. 

1th.   Stalactites  and  Stalagmites. 

1st.  Soils  are  a  well-known  mixture  of  various  comminuted  mineral 
substances,  combined  and  mingled  with  decayed  vegetable  and  animal 
remains,  all  comprising  those  ingredients  peculiarly  adapted  to  the 
nourishment  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  They  are  formed  by  the 
action  of  water,  particularly  in  the  form  of  rain  and  dews,  cold,  heat 
and  other  atmospheric  influences,  together  with  the  co-operation  of 
the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms. 

The  process  by  which  soils  are  formed  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  wonderful  in  nature.  By  a  careful  examination  of  what  is 
transpiring  in  this  great  laboratory  of  nature,  we  may  easily  detect 
that  process.  If  a  rock,  fresh  from  the  quarry,  be  exposed,  its  sur- 
face will  soon  present  a  dull,  earthy  appearance,  which  is  caused  by 
a  disintegration  of  its  surface  by  atmospheric  influences.  Fine  par- 
ticles have  been  sejjarated  from  the  mass,  and  this  meager  coating  of 
decomposing  mineral  matter  will  soon  become  the  resting-place  of 
numerous  microscopic  germs,  whieli  will  be  developed  into  a  minute 
growth  of  lichens.  These  in  turn  will  decay  and  add  their  remains 
to  the  pulverized  particles,  and  prepare  them  to  sustain  a  more 
vigorous  growth  of  herbs,  and  to  become  the  abode  of  the  small 
insects  and  worms,  which  will  l)urrow  in  their  recesses,  feed  upon 
the  increasing  vegetation,  and  swell  the  mass  both  by  their  mechan- 
ical agency  and  by  adding  their  exuvia;  to  the  accumulating  soil. 
Larger  plants  and  animals  will  accelerate  the  process  by  their  more 
powerful  agencies  and  l)y  the  greater  amount  contributed  by  their 

*  See   the   general  section  of  the  rocki  of  Missouri  in  the   Second  Annual 
Report. 


GEOLOGY.  Ill 

decaying  remains.      Thus  by  almost  imperceptible  increments  our 
rich  deep  soils  have  been  accumulated. 

But  the  soils  of  Missouri  are  made  up  by  the  mingling  of  organic 
matter  with  the  comminuted  marls,  clays,  and  sands  of  the  quater- 
nary deposits  which  cover  all  parts  of  the  State,  with  a  vast  abund- 
ance of  the  very  best  materials  for  their  rapid  formation.  Hence  the 
soils  of  the  State  are  very  deep  and  wonderfully  productive,  save  in 
those  limited  localities  where  the  materials  of  the  quaternary  strata 
are  unusually  coarse  or  entirely  wanting.  But  I  shall  speak  more 
particularly  of  the  soils,  while  treating  of  the  rocks  from  which  they 
were  formed. 

2d.  Pebbles  and  Sand. — Many  of  our  streams  abound  in  water- 
worn  pebbles,  which  constitute  their  beds,  and  form  bars  along  their 
margins  and  across  their  channels.  These  pebbles  were  derived  from 
the  drift  and  the  harder  portions  of  the  adjacent  rocks.  They  vary 
in  size  according  to  the  transporting  power  of  the  streams  in  which 
they  are  found. 

The  economical  value  of  these  pebbles  for  roads  and  streets,  and 
the  ojDstruction  they  often  present  to  navigation,  as  in  the  Osage, 
give  them  unusual  importance  in  our  Geology.  The  Osage,  Gasco- 
nade, Niangua,  Marais  des  Cygnes,  Sac  and  Spring  Rivers  of  the 
South,  and  the  Salt,  South,  North,  Fabius,  and  Chariton  of  the 
North,  all  furnish  good  and  abundant  examples  of  these  deposits, 
which  have  been  formed  by  the  action  of  those  streams. 

Sand  is  the  most  abundant  material  in  the  alluvial  bottoms  of 
the  great  rivers  in  the  State.  Vast  quantities  of  it  are  constantly 
borne  along  by  the  irresistible  current  of  the  Missouri.  Its  whirl- 
ing, rolling,  turbulent  waters  form  of  it  extensive  bars  in  incredil)ly 
short  periods,  which  they  again  wear  away  often  still  more  rapidly 
than  they  were  formed. 

These  sand-bars,  so  common  in  this  stream,  frequently  extend  along 
its  bed  several  miles,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  one  to  five  or  six 
furlongs,  and  limited  in  thickness  only  by  the  deptli  of  tlie  water.  A 
slight  fall  in  the  river  leaves  these  vast  sand-beds  dry,  when  their 
surfaces  are  soon  covered  by  a  growth  of  weeds,  interspersed  with 
young  willows  and  cottonwood.*  The  fickle  stream,  however,  sel- 
dom leaves  these  sand-beds  to  a  long  repose,  but  returns  to  its  old 
channel  by  a  rapid  removal  of  their  loose  materials. 


*  The  sand  of  the  Missouri,  usually  grayish  brown  and  fine  grained,  con- 
tains a  considerable  quantity  of  lime  and  clay  and  vegetable  matter,  which 
render  it  very  productive. 


112  GEOLOGY. 

A  disaster  to  the  ill-fated  steamer  Timonr,  No.  2,  presents  a  good 
illustration  of  the  rapidity  with  which  the  Missouri  forms  and  destroys 
these  extensive  deposits  of  sand.  In  the  fall  of  1853  this  steamer 
ran  upon  a  sand-l)ar,  and  was  soon  left  high  and  dry  some  seventy- 
live  or  one  hundred  yards  from  the  water,  with  a  fair  prospect  of 
leaving  her  timbers  to  decay  in  the  young  forest  of  willows  and  Cot- 
tonwood which  would  soon  spring  up  around  licr.  ]>ut  the  current 
changed  and  cut  its  way  through  the  sandy  stratum  upon  which  the 
boat  rested,  and  floated  her  away  uninjured  to  the  great  City  of  the 
"West.     And  all  this  transpired  in  a  few  weeks. 

As  these  sand-bars  are  cut  away,  their  perpendicular  faces  present 
beautiful  illustrations  of  their  stratification,  which  is  usually  very 
irregular  and  complicated,  as  might  be  expected  from  the  changeable 
character  of  the  current. 

But  water  is  not  the  only  agent  engaged  in  producing  the  irre- 
gular stratification  of  the  sand-bars  of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi 
Rivers.  AVhen  these  sand-beds  become  dry  by  exiiosure,  the  winds 
easily  transport  and  rearrange  their  light  and  fine  materials.  Such 
quantities  are  moved  by  high  winds,  that  the  entire  channels  (^  the 
rivers  are  obscured  by  the  dense  clouds  of  moving  sand.  The  strati- 
fication <jf  the  sand-beds  thus  formed  is  very  interesting  and  com- 
plicated, and  aids  us  in  exi)laining  some  examples  of  stratification 
observed  in  the  older  rocks. 

At  high  stages  of  water,  both  the  Missouri  and  ^Mississippi  over- 
flow their  low  bottoms,  and  leave  deposits  of  a  grayish-browu  or  a 
grayish-yellow  sand  similar  to  that  in  the  sand-bars  mentioned  above. 
The  thickness  of  these  beds  depends  upon  the  height  and  continuance 
of  the  overflowing  waters,  varying  from  a  mere  perceptible  stratum 
to  several  feet. 

That  frniii  tlic  flood  of  1844  is  very  conspicuous  throughout  the 
length  of  the  Missouri  bottom.  It  is  sometimes  six  or  eight  feet 
thick,  particularly  in  low  bottoms,  so  heavily  tiiidjcred  as  to  obstruct 
the  current. 

At  the  lower  end  of  Waconda  Prairie  this  deposit  is  very  evenly 
distributed  over  its  surface;  but  it  increases  in  thickness  as  the 
prairie  descends  to  the  low  timbered  bottom,  lower  down  the  stream, 
where  it  is  six  or  seven  feet,  and  its  surface  becomes  very  irregular, 
like  the  surface  of  a  lake  when  disturbed  by  a  high  wind  or  a  chopped 
sea. 

The  lower  e.\trenii(y  of  Waconda  Prairie  and  the  cottonwood 
bottom  below  finely  illustrates  these  phenomena.  The  small  timber 
is  a  young  growth  of  cuttoinvood,  which  has  sprung  up  since  1844, 


GEOLOGY.  113 

and  the  larger  trees  just  below  is  the  older  growth,  which  obstructed 
the  waters  flowing  through  the  bottom,  and  thus  caused  the  more 
abundant  and  irregular  deposit  there  observed.  Similar  plicnomena 
are  exhibited  in  the  bottoms  opposite  St.  Charles  and  Jefferson  City, 
and  in  many  other  places  on  the  Missouri,  and  at  several  localities  in 
New  Madrid  and  Pemiscot  Counties  on  the  Mississippi. 

These  sands  were  doubtless  derived  from  those  extensive  sandstone 
formations  on  the  Platte*  and  other  tributaries  of  the  Missouri.  It 
is  nearly  all  silex,  but  contains  enough  calcareous  and  argillaceous 
matter  to  render  it  fertile,  as  is  abundantly  proved  by  the  growth  of 
weeds  and  willows,  cottonwood  and  sycamores,  which  immediately 
spring  up  on  these  sand-bars  whenever  they  are  exposed  above  the 
water.  There  are  many  points  on  the  Missouri,  as  in  the  bottom 
opposite  St.  Charles,  where  a  thrifty  growth  of  young  timber  may  be 
seen  on  the  sand  deposits  of  1844. 

3d.  Clays.  —  These  are  dark,  bluish-gray,  argillaceous  strata,  ren- 
dered more  or  less  impure  by  fine  silicious,  calcareous,  and  decom- 
posed organic  matter.  When  the  floods  of  the  Mississippi  and  the 
Missouri  subside,  the  lagoons,  sloughs,  and  lakes  are  left  full  of  tur- 
bid water.  The  coarser  materials  soon  settle  into  a  stratum  of  sand, 
but  the  finer  particles  more  gradually  subside  and  form  the  silico-cal- 
careous  clays  of  their  alluvial  bottoms.  Thus,  after  each  flood  new 
strata  of  sand  and  clay  are  deposited  until  the  lakes  and  sloughs  are 
silted  up. 

The  thickness  of  each  stratum  of  sand  depends  upon  the  height 
and  continuation  of  the  floods,  but  that  of  the  clay-beds  is  governed 
more  by  the  time  between  the  overflows,  and  is  very  variable,  ranging 
from  the  tenth  of  an  inch  to  ten  feet. 

The  argillaceous  materials  which  formed  them  were  doubtless 
derived  from  the  cretaceous  and  tertiary  clays  of  the  Upper  Missouri 
and  its  tributaries,  whence,  as  from  the  Mauvaisea  Terrc?,  such  vast 
quantities  of  a  similar  material  have  been  removed  by  denudation. 

4th.  Vegetable  Mould  or  Humus  is  a  dark-brown  or  black  deposit 
of  decayed  vegetable  matter,  containing  variable,  though  small,  quan- 
tities of  fine  silicious  and  argillaceous  particles.  When  wet  it  is  very 
soft  and  plastic,  and  quite  black;  but  when  dry,  it  separates  into 
angular  cuboidal  fragments,  which  readily  crumble  into  a  dark-brown, 
very  light,  impalpable  powder.    In  these  beds  of  almost  homogeneous 


*  The  Platte  is  a  rapid  stream,  and  brings  down  larpc  quantities  of  sand, 
though  its  -waters  are  not  so  '.urbid  as  thosr  of  the  Missouri,  either  above  or 
below  their  junction. 

8 


114  GEOLOGY. 

humus,  leaves  and  stems  of  trees  are  sometimes  found  in  a  tolerable 
state  of  i)reservation. 

Tlie  process  l)y  which  tlicsc.  strata  of  liumus  are  deposited  is  very 
obvious.  When  the  lakes  and  sloughs  of  these  bottoms  are  so  far 
filled  up  as  to  sustain  vegetable  life,  the  decay  of  the  annual  growth, 
and  of  the  foreign  matter  which  falls  or  floats  into  these  waters,  forms 
a  stratum  of  humus  at  the  bottom,  over  the  beds  of  clay  and  sand 
previously  deposited  by  the  floods  and  still  waters.  Another  over- 
flow gives  another  succession  of  sand  and  clay,  and  the  succeeding 
annual  crop  of  vegetable  matter  anotlier  stratum  of  humus. 

These  changes  have  often  continued  until  several  series  of  these 
deposits  were  formed.  But  when  the  bottoms  of  those  bodies  of 
water  had  been  thus  raised  so  high  above  the  river  that  the  floods 
less  frequently  flowed  into  them,  the  deposits  of  sand  diminished,  and 
the  long,  quiet  intervals  favored  the  deposition  of  clay  and  humus. 
In  time,  these  shallow  waters  became  mere  marshes  where  a  rank 
vegetation  rapidly  formed  thick  beds  of  vegetable  mould  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  magnilicent  forests  which  now  occupy  the  sites  of  those 
former  lakes  and  sloughs. 

Such  is  the  process  by  which  the  succession  of  sands,  clays,  and 
humus  in  those  alluvial  bottoms  has  been  deposited;  whence  it  is 
easy  to  see  why  the  sands  are  most  abundant  at  the  bottom,  when  the 
waters  from  the  river  floods  would  more  frequently  overflow  them; 
the  clays  in  the  middle,  when  the  waters  would  be  rarely  disturbed  ])y 
overflows;  and  the  humus  or  vegetable  mould  at  the  top,  when  a  rank 
vegetation  prevailed  and  inundations  were  rare. 

Sections  3  and  4  of  our  2d  Annual  Report  are  good  illustrations 
of  the  manner  in  which  these  strata  of  sand,  clay,  and  vegetable 
mould  succeed  each  other  in  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  our  two  great 
rivers. 

Such  is  the  structure  of  the  vast  alluvial  plains  bordering  the  Mis- 
souri and  ;Mississii)pi  Rivers.  The  bottom  of  tlie  former  stream, 
extending  from  the  Iowa  line  to  its  mouth,  is  about  700  miles  long 
and  five  broad,  presenting  an  area  of  8500  square  miles.  More  than 
one-half  of  this,  say  2000  square  miles,  may  be  set  down  as  alluvium, 
while  the  river,  bottom  prairies,  and  lakes  occupy  the  remainder.  On 
the  Missouri  side  of  the  Mississippi  bottom  there  are  about  4300 
square  miles  of  alluvial  bottom  of  a  similar  character.  Thus  the  nllu- 
vial  bottoms  of  our  two  great  rivers  alone  give  more  than  4,000,000 
acres  of  land  based  ujion  tliese  alluvial  strata  of  sands,  clays,  marls, 
and  humus.  And,  besides,  the  quantity  is  constantly  increasing  by 
the  silting  up  of  the  sloughs  and  lakes  as  above  described. 


GEOLOGY.  115 

The  soil  formed  upon  these  alluvial  beds  is  deep,  light,  and  rich 
almost  beyond  comparison,  as  is  abundantly  proved  by  the  immense 
burden  of  timber  growing  upon  it,  and  by  the  unparalleled  crops  of 
hemp,  tobacco,  and  corn  harvested  from  its  cultivated  fields. 

5th.  Bog-Iron  Ore  is  deposited  from  several  chalybeate  springs. 
Large  quantities  of  the  hydrated  oxide  have  accumulated  near  a  fine 
spring  some  two  miles  west  of  Osceola,  and  a  small  amount  from 
another  near  Sharpsburg,  in  Marion  County.  But  the  most  import- 
ant deposits  of  bog-iron  are  situated  in  the  cypress  swam])s  and 
other  low,  wet  portions  of  Southeastern  Missouri.  Extensive  beds 
were  traced  out  in  Lake  St.  John,  extending  from  the  "  Stake  Glades" 
in  Scott  County  to  the  "Iron  Ore  Ford"  in  New  Madrid.  Several 
large  beds  were  observed  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Dunklin  County, 
and  two  in  the  western  part  of  Mississippi.  These  beds  vary  in 
thickness  from  one  or  two  inches  to  two  feet;  while  some  of  them  are 
several  miles  in  length.  The  quality  of  the  ore  is  good,  and  the 
quantity  very  great,  almost  fabulous. 

6th.  Calcareous  Tufa  has  been  found  in  several  places  in  the  State. 
In  a  ravine  south  of  Parkville  is  a  mass,  in  which  many  specimens  of 
moss  are  well  preserved,  and  another  similar  deposit  was  observed 
under  the  bluffs  near  Bryce's  Spring,  on  the  Niangua, 

Tth.  Stalactites  and  Stalagmites  are  abundant  in  some  parts  of 
the  State.  Many  beautiful  specimens  were  observed  in  the  extensive 
caves  of  Boone,  Camden,  and  Greene  Counties. 

Such  are  the  alluvial  deposits,  so  far  as  observed,  in  Missouri. 
Future  investigations  may  bring  to  light  others  belonging  to  this 
formation. 

Eange  and  Tliickness. — Our  alluvium  is,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
diffused  throughout  the  entire  State,  as  it  comprises  all  the  soils  and 
other  deposits  now  forming.  It  is,  however,  much  more  abundant  in 
the  valleys  of  our  great  streams.  The  thickness  is  often  tliirty  or 
forty  feet,  though  generally  much  less. 

F.  b. — Bottom  Prairie. 

This  important  formation  in  many  respects  resembles  that  of  the 
alluvial  bottoms  above  described,  with  which  it  has  usually  been  con- 
founded by  geologists,  though  agriculturists  have  made  a  distinc- 
tion. 

There  are,  however,  important  differences  : — 

1st.  The  stratification  in  the  prairie  is  much  more  uniform,  and 
more  regularly  extended  over  wide  areas. 


IIG  GEOLOGY. 

2d.  In  llie  prairie  formation  tlie  strata  are  not  so  distinct,  nor  are 
they  so  purely  silicious  or  argillaceous. 

3d.  It  was  evidently  formed  by  agencies  operating  over  the  entire 
bottoms,  whose  action  was  more  uniform  and  quiet,  and  continued 
uninterrupted  through  longer  periods  than  those  now  forming  the 
alluvial  deposits  in  the  same  bottoms. 

4th.  Where  these  two  formations  meet  one  can  usually  trace  out 
the  line  of  demarkation.  Either  the  strata  of  the  prairie  pass  under 
those  of  the  alluvium  or  are  cut  oflf  and  replaced  by  them.  Instances 
of  both  of  these  changes  may  be  observed  at  the  lower  end  of  Wa- 
conda  Prairie,  and  other  places  on  the  ISIissouri. 

5th.  The  alluvial  bottom  is  continually  increased  at  the  expense  of 
the  prairie,  through  the  action  of  the  rivers.  The  current  is  con- 
stantly cutting  away  the  prairie,  forming  new  channels  and  filling  up 
the  old  ones  with  drift  and  silt.  This  explains  the  fact  that  the 
strata  of  the  prairie  are  frequently  cut  off,  and  others  quite  different 
set  in,  as  we  pass  from  it  to  the  timbered  bottoms.  At  high  stages 
of  water  the  lower  portions  of  the  prairie  are  overflowed,  and  deposits 
of  sand  are  left  on  its  surface  which  are  soon  covered  with  willows, 
sycamores,  or  cottonwood,  as  on  the  lower  end  of  Waconda  Prairie, 
where  a  young  growth  of  cottonwood  has  sprung  up  on  the  deposits 
from  the  flood  of  1844. 

6th.  No  causes  now  in  operation  could,  at  the  present  level  of  the 
country,  produce  a  formation  of  such  extent  and  uniform  structure  as 
the  bottom  prairies.* 

Such  are  some  of  the  facts  which  have  convinced  me  that  this  is 
an  older  formation,  and  one  entirely  distinct  from  the  alluvial  bot- 
toms. Several  facts  show  it  to  be  distinct  from  and  newer  than  the 
Bluff  or  Loess.  Its  composition,  structure,  and  position  are  entirely 
dilferont,  and  in  many  places  the  former  rests  non-conformably  upon 
the  latter,  as  at  St.  Joseph,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Nemaha. 

This  formation,  like  the  last,  is  made  up  of  sands,  clays,  and  vege- 
table mould  variously  interstratificd. 

The  Sand  in  the  upper  part  is  fine  and  yellowish  brown,  like  that  of 
the  Missouri  sand-bars,  but  the  lower  beds  are  more  purely  silicious. 

The  Clays  are  usually  dark,  bluish  brown,  and  marly,  with  more  or 
less  sand  and  humus  intermingled. 


*  Some  of  Ihe  bottom  prairies  of  the  Missouri  are  at  least  thirty  miles  long, 
and  from  ten  to  twenty  broad,  as  Ihe  IIuppan-Kuly  of  Nicollett,  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Sioux  River,  and  the  Waconda,  in  Carroll  County.  And  these  are  proba- 
bly only  friignient.s  of  one  which  was  once  continuous  from  the  former  to  the 
mouth  of  tlie  Missouri. 


GEOLOGY.  117 

The  Hiimiis  or  Vegetable  Mould  lias  a  I)ro\viiisli-black  color;  when 
wet,  it  is  somewhat  plastic  and  slightly  tenacious;  when  dry,  brittle, 
breaks  into  angular  fragments,  and  can  be  easily  reduced  to  an  impal- 
pable powder.  These  beds  of  humus  were  evidently  formed  by  the 
growth  and  decay  of  plants  in  the  localities  where  they  are  found. 

Range  and  Thickness. — This  formation  is  confined  to  the  bottoms 
of  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  Rivers,  and  is  more  abundant  and 
better  characterized  on  the  former.  The  bottom  prairie  is  about  half 
as  extensive  as  the  alluvial  bottoms  above  described,  is  made  up  of  the 
same  materials,  and  sustains  a  soil  of  equal  fertility.  This  estimate 
will  give  us  about  two  million  acres  of  these  vastly  rich  savannas,  all 
prepared  by  Nature  for  the  plow.  Their  agricultural  capacities  are 
scarcely  inferior  to  any  in  the  world,  as  is  abundantly  demonstrated  by 
the  mineral  contents  of  the  strata  and  the  products  of  the  numerous 
flourishing  farms  located  upon  them. 

The  Organic  Remains  of  the  bottom  prairie  are  numerous  and  well 
preserved.  All  the  shells  of  the  bluif,  save  the  Helicini  occulta,  have 
been  found  in  it ;  but  no  remains  of  the  elephant  or  mastodon  have  yet 
been  detected.  "We  have  collected  many  species  of  trees,  shrubs,  and 
vines  from  these  beds. 

The  character  and  position  of  the  strata  forming  the  bottom  prairie 
show  most  conclusively  that  the  level  of  the  country,  when  they  were 
deposited,  was  somewhat  different  from  its  present  condition,  that 
bodies  of  almost  still  water  covered  the  present  valleys  of  our  great 
rivers,  and  that  the  formation  was  coextensive  with  these  river  bottoms. 
Subsequently  such  a  change  of  level  occurred  as  gave  the  present  rapid 
current  to  the  waters  passing  through  these  valleys.  The  rapid  waters 
cut  channels  in  their  soft  beds,  and  left  broad,  level  areas  dry  and  sub- 
ject to  vegetable  life.  These  "bottom  prairies"  extended  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Sioux  to  the  Mississippi,  and  probably  from  the  St. 
Peter's  to  the  Arkansas.  Since  that  period  the  rivers  have  been  ever 
busy,  wearing  away  the  bottom  prairie  and  depositing  the  alluvial 
bottom  above  described,  until  we  have  but  few  remnants,  such  as  the 
Waconda  and  IIuppan-Kuty,  of  the  vast  bottom  prairie,  which  occu- 
pied these  great  valleys.  Like  the  Indians  of  the  "Western  prairies, 
they  are  fast  "  passing  away." 

These  beautiful  savannas  are  universally  called  "Bottom  Prairie;" 
and  I  have  proposed  that  as  the  geological  name  of  the  interesting 
formation  on  which  they  rest. 

The  scenery  of  the  alluvial  bottom  and  the  bottom  prairie  is  well 
represented  in  section  2  and  plate  12  of  the  Second  Geological 
Report. 


118  GEOLOGY. 


F.  c— Bluff. 


This  formation  rests  upon  the  drift,  as  is  obvious  wherever  the  two 
formations  are  well  developed.  In  man}'  places,  as  at  St.  Joseph  and 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Xemaha,  it  is  seen  dipping  beneath  the  beds 
of  the  bottom  prairie.  While  the  bluff  formation  rests  upon  the 
highest  ridges  and  river  bluffs,  and  descends  along  their  slopes  to  the 
lowest  valleys,  the  bottom  prairie  is  confined  to  the  river  bottoms,  and 
was  deposited  in  horizontal  beds  between  the  bluffs.  Thus,  while  the 
bottom  ])rairie  occupies  a  higher  geological  horizon,  the  bluff  is  usually 
several  hundred  feet  above  it  in  the  topographical. 

This  formation,  when  well  developed,  usually  presents  a  fine,  pulver- 
ulent, obsoletely  stratified  mass  of  light,  grayish-buff,  silicious,  and 
slightly-indurated  marl.  Its  color  is  usually  variegated  with  deeper 
brown  stains  of  oxide  of  iron.  The  bluff  above  St.  Joseph  exhibits 
an  exposure  of  it  one  hundred  and  forty  feet  thick,  presenting  its  usual 
characteristic  features. 

"When  but  sparingly  developed  it  generally  becomes  more  argilla- 
ceous, and  assumes  a  deeper  brown  or  red  color;  as  on  the  railroad 
south  of  Palmyra,  where  it  is  a  dark,  brick  red,  tinged  with  purple. 
In  some  places  the  ferruginous  and  calcareous  matter  increases,  and 
we  find  concretions  of  marl  and  ironstone,  either  disseminated  through 
the  mass  or  arranged  in  horizontal  belts.  At  other  places  it  has  more 
arenaceous  matter,  and  is  much  more  decidedly  stratified,  as  at  a  point 
one  mile  above  Wellington,  and  in  the  bluff  at  St.  Joseph. 

These  are  the  only  places  seen  where  the  stratification  assumed  the 
irregular  appearance  so  often  presented  by  sand-bars.  It  is  barely  pos- 
sible that  this  stratified  sand  is  a  portion  of  Altered  Drift ;  but  the 
beds  between  it  and  the  drift,  having  the  usual  appearance  of  the  bluff, 
militates  against  such  a  supposition. 

The  bluff  formation  is  often  penetrated  by  numerous  tubes  or  cylin- 
ders about  the  size  or  thickness  of  pipe-stems,  some  larger  and  others 
smaller.  They  are  composed  of  clay,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  oxide  of 
iron,  being  argillo-calcareous  oxide  of  iron,  or  calcareous  clay  iron- 
stone. But  it  is  not  so  easy  to  say  how  they  were  formed.  Several 
facts  may  aid  us  in  determining  this  matter.  These  tubes  penetrate 
the  formation  in  all  directions,  and  are  most  abundant  near  the  surface, 
though  some  extend  to  the  depth  of  twenty  feet.  The  space  for  some 
half  inch  around  each  tube,  more  or  less,  according  to  its  size,  is  of  a 
much  lighter  color;  as  if  the  coloring  matter  (oxide  of  iron)  had  been 
extracted. 

The  same  appearances  were  observed  around  the  green  and  dry  roots 


GEOLOGY.  119 

of  the  white  oak,  (quercus  alba,)  which  had  penetrated  the  same  form- 
ation. Qualitative  analyses  proved  these  same  roots  to  contain  a  large 
portion  of  oxide  of  iron.  And  besides,  oak-wood  always  contains  a 
large  portion  of  that  metal  and  manganese.  An  analyses  of  its  ashes, 
by  Saussnre,  gave  two  and  a  quarter  per  cent,  of  the  oxides  of  those 
metals;  while  the  analysis  of  "oak-wood  mould,"  or  the  decayed  wood, 
by  the  same  chemist,  gave  fourteen  per  cent,  of  the  same  oxides. 

It  is  thus  made  manifest  that  oak-wood  contains  iron,  which  must 
have  been  absorbed  through  the  roots  from  the  earth.  This  fact  readily 
explains  the  loss  of  the  iron  from  the  marl  around  the  roots  and  around 
the  tubes,  provided  they  were  once  oak-roots.  But  the  question  natur- 
ally arises,  how  these  roots  became  tubular  ?  But  they  were  seen  in  the 
various  stages  of  decay,  and  the  woody  fibers  of  some  had  disappeared 
and  left  the  bark,  in  the  form  of  a  tube,  still  retaining  its  organic  struc- 
ture, though  strongly  impregnated  with  the  oxide  of  iron  and  alumi- 
num and  carbonate  of  lime. 

It  may  also  be  objected  that  the  roots  of  the  oak  do  not  penetrate  to 
such  depths ;  but,  in  the  language  of  a  poet  and  a  botanist : — 

"^Esculus  in  primis ;  quae  quantum  vertici  ad  auras, 
JEtheras,  tantum  radice  in  Tartara  tendit." 

These  facts  have  led  to  the  conclusion  that  these  tubes  of  calcareous 
clay  and  ironstone  are  the  decayed  roots  of  oaks  and  other  plants.  In 
some  localities  small  holes,  also,  without  any  tubes  of  different  material, 
penetrate  this  formation  in  great  numbers,  and  are  probably  caused  by 
similar  agencies. 

These  phenomena  have  been  thus  minutely  investigated,  not  merely 
as  interesting  scientific  facts,  but  also  as  one  of  the  most  useful  agri- 
cultural features  of  this  pre-eminently  valuable  formation  ;  for  upon  it, 
and  sustained  by  its  absolutely  inexhaustible  fertilizing  resources,  rest 
the  very  best  farms  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  valleys.  These 
tnbes  and  holes  also  constitute  the  most  thorough  system  of  drainage 
imaginable. 

Range  and  Thickness. — So  far  as  my  own  observations  extend,  this 
formation  caps  all  the  bluffs  of  the  Missouri,  from  Council  Bluffs  to  its 
mouth,  and  those  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines 
to  that  of  the  Ohio,  and  forms  the  upper  stratum  beneath  the  soil  of 
all  the  high  lands,  both  timber  and  prairie,  of  all  the  counties  north  of 
the  Osage  and  Missouri,  and  also  St.  Louis,  and  the  other  Mississippi 
counties  on  the  south. 

According  to  Mr.  Meek,  its  western  or  northwestern  limit  is  prol)- 
ably  a  few  miles  below  Fort  Bierre;  Lyell  traces  a  srailar  formation  up 


120  GEOLOGY. 

I 

the  Ohio  aiitl  farther  down  tlie  Mississippi ;  Dr.  Owen  mentions  its 
existence  ou  the  Wabash  River;  Dr.  G.  G.  Shuinard  saw  a  similar 
deposit  on  Red  River;  Miijor  Ilawn  traces  this  formation  far  up  the 
trllmtaries  of  the  PUitte  and  Arkansas  in  Western  Kansas,  toward  the 
golden  sands  of  the  Eastern  Cordilleras. 

The  identity  of  the  deposits  at  Council  Bluffs,  at  St.  Joseph,  at  Lex- 
ington, at  Boonville,  at  Hannibal,  at  St.  Louis,  and  at  Cape  Girardeau 
is  placed  beyond  all  doubt  by  the  following  facts : — 

1st.  They  occupy  the  same  geological  position. 

2d.  They  have  the  same  topographical  position  on  the  tops  of  the 
bluffs. 

3d.  They  present  the  same  litliological  and  chemical  characters. 

4th.  Nearly  all  the  fossils  are  found  at  all  those  places,  save  perhaps 
the  last. 

5th.  These  localities  are  connected  by  an  unbroken  continuity  of  the 
same  deposit. 

Its  greatest  development  in  this  State  is  in  the  counties  on  the  Mis- 
souri, from  the  Iowa  line  to  Boonville;  but  thence  to  St.  Louis  it  is 
not  so  thick.  In  some  places  it  is  two  hundred  feet  thick.  At  St. 
Joseph  it  is  one  hundred  and  forty  ;  at  Boonville  one  hundred  ;  and 
at  St.  Louis,  in  St.  George's  Quarry,  and  the  Big  Mound,  it  is  about 
fifty  feet;  while  its  greatest  thickness  observed  in  Marion  County  was 
only  thirty. 

Organic  Remains. — The  fossils  of  the  Bluff  are  very  numerous 
and  interesting.  We  have  collected  from  it,  of  the  Mammalia,  two 
teeth  of  the  Maaiodon  giganteus,  Elephas  primigenius ;  the  bones  of 
a  Bison;  the  jaw-bone  of  the  Castor  fiber  Americana  ;  the  molar  of  a 
Ruminant;  and  the  incisor  of  a  Rodent.  Of  the  MoUusca,  seventeen 
species  of  the  genus  Helix,  eight  Limnea,  eight  Physa,  three  Pupa, 
four  Planorhis,  six  Succinea,  and  one  each  of  the  genera  Valvata, 
Amnicola,  Uelicina,  and  Gyclas,  besides  some  others  not  determined. 
These  lacudrinc,  Jlaviaiile,  aniph/bious,  and  land  species  indicate 
a  deposit  formed  in  a  fresh-water  lake,  surrounded  by  land  and  fed 
by  rivers.  These  facts  carry  back  the  mind  to  a  time  when  a  large 
portion  of  this  great  valley  was  covered  by  a  vast  lake,  into  which, 
from  the  surrounding  land,  flowed  various  rivers  and  smaller  streams. 
We  see  the  waters  peopled  with  numerous  mollusks;  the  industrious 
beaver  building  his  habitation  ;  the  nimble  squirrel,  the  fleet  deer,  the 
sedate  elephant,  and  huge  mastodon,  lords  of  the  soil.  There  must 
have  been  land  t(j  sustain  the  elephant,  and  mastodon,  and  helices; 
fresh  water  and  land  for  the  beaver ;  and  fresh  water  for  the  Cyclas 
and  Limueas. 


GEOLOGY.  121 

Some  have  supposed  this  formation  was  deposited  by  the  rivers 
wlien  the  waters  were  at  a  higher  stage.  If  it  was  deposited  by  the 
rivers,  tlieir  waters  were  liigh  enough  to  cover  nearly  all  of  this  State 
and  a  large  part  of  the  adjoining  States  and  Territories,  and  quiet 
enough  to  be  the  abode  of  Linuieas  and  to  be  called  a  lake. 

I  have  proposed  the  title  Bluff  Formation  for  this  deposit,  as  it 
forms  a  large  portion  of,  and  gives  the  peculiar  characters  to  the 
bluffs  so  conspicuous  and  unique  in  the  scenery  about  Council  Bluff's 
and  other  portions  of  the  Missouri  valley,  and  as  it  forms  the  tops 
of  the  bluffs  wherever  it  is  developed. 

Loess,  the  name  of  a  similar  formation  on  the  Rhine,  has  been 
given  to  this  by  some  geologists.  But  this  would  imply  that  these 
two  formations  are  identical,  when  they  may  or  may  not  be,  so  far  as 
any  proof  has  been  given.  It  is  true  they  are  both  fresh-water 
deposits,  both  have  recent  shells  of  the  same  genera,  and  in  litholog- 
ical  and  chemical  characters  they  are  somewhat  similar.  But  there 
are  other  deposits,  whose  Fauna  and  lithological  and  chemical  prop- 
erties are  quite  similar  to  the  Bluff",  and  some  of  them  more  so,  and 
yet  they  are  more  recent. 

There  is  just  as  much  evidence  of  the  identity  of  the  Loess  and 
the  Bottom  Prairie,  as  there  is  of  the  Loess  and  the  Bluff;  and  still 
we  know  the  Bluff"  was  formed  long  before  the  Bottom  Prairie,  and 
under  a  very  different  condition  of  this  part  of  the  continent.  It 
may  also  be  stated  that  there  is  just  as  much  evidence  of  the  identity 
of  the  Bluff"  and  the  Bottom  Prairie,  as  of  the  Bluff  and  Loess;  and 
yet  the  Bluff  and  Bottom  Prairie  are  not  identical.  The  fossils  of 
all  three  formations  only  prove  they  belong  to  the  Quaternary  Sys- 
tem, or  were  formed  since  some  of  the  present  Fauna  came  into 
being. 

There  is,  indeed,  but  little  probability  that  two  such  vast  fresh- 
water lakes  existed  at  the  same  time  on  the  two  continents,  with  the 
ocean  rolling  between. 

But  it  would  seem  impossibe  to  identify  formations  so  recent  on 
separate  continents,  whose  recent  Faunas  are  so  widely  different;  as 
the  deposits  on  these  continents,  though  contemporaneous,  would  of 
necessity  present  Faunas  very  distinct.  Hence  if  we  make  fossils 
our  only  guide  in  identifying  them,  it  will  be  impossible  to  distin- 
guish deposits  formed  since  the  present  genera  of  animals  and  plants 
came  into  existence;  and  we  should  be  compelled  to  omit  all  distinc- 
tions between  formations  of  the  recent  period  and  to  make  all  of  our 
recent  deposits  identical  with  each  other,  and  with  all  belonging  to 
the  same  system  in  Europe  and  Asia;  and  this  would  deprive  us  of 


122  GEOLOGY. 

distinctions  recognized  in  Scientific,  and  almost  indispensable  in 
Economical  Geolog;y. 

I  have  been  thus  minute  in  my  examinations  of  the  Bluff,  the  Bot- 
tom Prairie,  and  the  alluvial  formations,  both  on  account  of  their 
vast  importance  to  our  agricultural  interests  and  the  comparatively 
little  attention  geologists  have  given  to  them.  It  is  to  this  forma- 
tion that  the  central  Mississippi  and  Southern  Missouri  valleys  owe 
their  pre-eminence  in  agriculture.  The  most  desirable  lands  of  Iowa, 
Missouri,  Western  Illinois,  Kansas,  and  Nebraska,  all  rest  upon  the 
fine  silicious  marls  of  the  bluff"  formation.  Where  it  is  best  developed 
in  Western  Missouri,  the  soil  is  inferior  to  none  in  the  country. 

The  scenery  presented  by  the  bluff  formation  is  at  once  unique 

and  beautiful,  and  gives  character  to  nearly  all  the  best  landscapes 

on  the  Lower  Missouri.     Plates  I.  and  IF.  of  the  Missouri  Reports 

give  characteristic  views  of  the  scenery  where  this  formation  is  well 

developed. 

F.  d.— Drift. 

This  formation  lies  directly  beneath  the  bluff,  and  rests  upon  the 
various  members  of  the  paleozoic  series  as  they  successively  come 
to  the  surface  of  that  system. 

In  this  formation  there  appear  to  be  three  distinct  deposits : — 

1st.  What  might  be  called  an  Altered  Drift  frequently  appears  la 
the  banks  of  the  Missouri  River,  as  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas,  and 
in  the  Bottom  Prairie  below  Brunswick,  and  at  Waconda  Prairie, 
Section  2,  No.  4.  These  strata  of  sand  and  pebbles  appear  to  be 
the  finer  materials  of  the  drift,  removed  and  rearranged  by  aqueous 
agencies  subsequent  to  the  drift  period  and  prior  to  the  formation  of 
the  bluff.  The  pebbles  are  from  all  the  varieties  of  rocks  found  in 
the  true  drift,  but  are  comparatively  small. 

2d,  The  Boulder  Formation,  as  it  was  left  disturbed  by  those 
powerful  and  widely-extended  agencies  which  formed  that  deposit  of 
the  iiorth(!rn  hemisphere.  It  is  a  heterogeneous  stratum  of  sand, 
gravel,  and  boulders,  all  water-worn  fragments  of  the  older  rocks. 
The  larger  part  are  from  the  igneous  and  melamori)hic  rocks,  in 
place  at  the  north,  and  the  remainder  from  the  paleozoic  strata 
upon  which  they  rest.  The  metamorphic  and  igneous  rocks  must 
have  come  from  the  northern  localities  of  those  strata,  the  nearest  of 
which,  according  to  Dr.  Owen's  Report,  is  on  the  St.  Peter's  River, 
about  300  miles  north  of  St.  Joseph.  But  the  paleozoic  fragments 
are  usually  from  localities  near  where  they  rest,  as  shown  by  the  fos- 
sils they  contain,  and  are  as  convplcUdy  rounded  as  those  from  the 
more  distant  points. 


GEOLOGY.  123 

The  largest  boulders  observed  in  Missouri  are  five  or  six  feet  in 
diameter.     They  are  usually  granite  and  luetamorpliic  sandstone. 

3d.  Boulder  Clay. — In  Northern  Missouri,  the  Ijoulder  formation 
just  described  often  rests  upon  a  bed  of  bluish  or  brown  sandy  clay, 
through  which  pebbles  of  various  sizes  are  disseminated  in  greater 
or  less  abundance.  In  some  localities  this  deposit  becomes  a  pure 
white  pipe  clay. 

Range  and  Thickness. — The  Altered  Drift  has  been  observed 
more  frequently  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State,  and  is  often 
twenty-five  or  thirty  feet  thicli.  The  Boulder  Formation  abounds  in 
all  parts  of  the  State  north  of  the  Missouri,  and  exists  in  small 
quantities  as  far  south  as  the  Osage  and  Maramec.  Its  thickness  is 
very  variable,  from  one  to  forty-five  feet.  Its  development  is  greater, 
the  boulders  larger,  and  those  of  a  foreign  origin  more  numerous 
toward  the  north.  Its  thickness  varies  from  one  to  fifty  feet.  The 
Boulder  Clay  is  also  most  abundant  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State,  and  is,  in  some  places,  more  than  100  feet  thick. 

Organic  Remains. — I  have  seen  no  fossils  in  this  deposit,  save  a 
few  logs  in  the  altered  drift  of  the  Missouri.  Some  of  these  are 
still  sound,  and  burn  quite  well  when  dry,  as  we  proved  when  build- 
ing our  camp  fires  with  them  on  several  occasions. 

There  are  other  deposits,  particularly  in  the  middle  and  southern 
parts  of  the  State,  which  are  not  genuine  drift,  and  yet  they  bear  a 
greater  resemblance  to  that  than  any  other  formation,  and  occupy 
precisely  the  same  stratigraphical  position. 

Beneath  the  alluvium  of  the  bottoms  we  often  find  deposits  of 
pebbles  similar  to  the  genuine  or  altered  drift  of  the  Missouri;  but 
all  the  materials  came  from  the  neighboring  rocks,  somewhat  worn, 
and  indiscriminately  commingled  with  sands  and  clays. 

Whether  these  deposits  were  formed  by  the  same  agencies  which 
produced  the  drift,  or  by  a  part  of  them  only,  or  by  other  causes, 
has  scarcely  been  determined. 

SYSTEM  n. — TERTIARY. 

There  is  a  formation  made  up  of  clays,  sands,  and  iron  ores,  more 
or  less  indurated,  extending  along  the  bluffs  and  skirting  the  bottom, 
from  Commerce,  in  Scott  County,  westward  to  Stoddard,  and  thence 
south  to  the  Chalk  BlulTs,  in  Arkansas. 

The  following  section,  obtained  in  tlie  ncigliborhood  of  Commerce, 
will  give  a  good  idea  of  the  cliaracter  of  those  beds.  The  strata  are 
numbered  in  their  natural  order,  from  the  top  down. 


124  GEOLOGY. 

No.  1.   0  foi't. — Pebl)les,  sand,  and  clay  iiitorniin^''lod. 

"No.  2.   2  feet. — Sand  and  iron  ore — brown  hematite. 

No.  3.    10  foet. — Hrown  and  buff  sand  iiiterstratified. 

No.  4.  12  feet. — Buff  and  white  sand  interstratified,  containing 
rounded  masses  of  sandstone,  of  the  same  character  and  color  as  the 
sand  forming  the  strata. 

No.  5.  5  feet. — Clay  and  gravel  of  a  bright  chrome  yellow. 

No.  6.   1  foot. — Clay  and  hematite  ore — nearly  all  iron. 

No.  Y.  47  feet. — Blue  shale,  which  separates  on  exposure  into  rhom- 
boidal  masses. 

No.  8.  2  feet. — Carbonate  of  iron  in  septaria  and  nodular  masses,  or 
in  regular  strata,  which  break  into  rhomboidal  masses. 

No.  9.   6  feet.— Blue  shale,  like  No.  1. 

No.  10.   1  foot. — Iron  ore,  like  No.  8. 

No.  11.   11  feet.— Blue  shale,  like  No.  1. 

No.  12.   1^  feet. — Carbonate  of  iron,  like  No.  8. 

No.  13.  31  feet. — Blue  shale,  like  No.  7,  with  some  thin  bands  and 
nodules  of  iron  ore. 

No.  14.  7  feet. — Sandy  clay,  with  thin  strata  and  nodular  masses  of 
hematite  ore. 

No.  15.  18  feet. — White  sand  interstratified  with  thin  brown  strata, 
containing  some  rounded  masses  of  sandstone. 

No.  16.  5  feet. — Sand  of  a  light  peach-blossom  color  interstratified 
witli  brown  beds. 

No.  17.  12  feet. — White  sandstone  in  thick  beds.  The  upper  part 
is  hard  and  vitreous,  but  the  lower  is  soft  and  friable.  This  rock  very 
ranch  resembles  the  saccharoidal  sandstone  of  the  calciferous  series, 
and  appears  to  have  been  much  worn  by  running  water. 

No.  18.  j'j  foot. — Very  hard,  compact  oxide  of  iron.  It  is  strong 
and  rings  like  pot-metal. 

No.  19.  20  feet. — Salmon-colored,  white,  purple,  and  yellow  sands 
interstratified  with  clays  of  the  same  colors. 

No.  20.   1  foot. — Sjiathic  iron  ore. 

No.  21.   13  feet.— Blue  potter's  clay. 

214  feet.— Total  thickness. 

I  have  observed  no  fossils  in  these  beds,  except  the  impression  of  a 
leaf  on  the  sandstone  of  No.  17.  In  the  absence  of  any  positive  proof 
of  the  age  of  this  interesting  strata,  I  have  marked  them  tertiary,  in 
deference  to  their  close  resemblance  to  the  tertiary  rocks  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi valley,  until  future  discoveries  shall  show  their  true  position. 

The  Iron  Ore  of  these  beds  is  very  abundant  and  exceedingly  valu- 
able.    The  spathic  ore  has  been  found  in  no  other  locality  in  South- 


GEOLOGY.  .      125 

eastern  Missouri,  so  that  the  large  quantity  and  excellent  quality  of 
these  beds  will  render  them  very  valuable  for  the  various  purposes  to 
which  this  ore  is  peculiarly  adapted. 

The  White  Sand  of  these  beds  will  be  very  valuable  for  glass  making, 
and  for  the  composition  of  mortars  and  cements. 

The  Clays  are  well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and 
stoneware. 

SYSTEM   III. — CRETACEOUS. 

Beneath  the  tertiary  beds  above  described,  in  the  bluffs  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi above  Commerce,  the  following  strata  were  observed  : — 

No.  1.  13  feet. — Soft  argillaceous  sandstone  variegated  with  gray, 
brown,  and  white. 

No.  2.  20  feet. — Soft,  bluish-brown,  sandy  slate,  containing  large 
quantities  of  iron  pyrites. 

No.  3.  25  feet. — Whitish-brown,  impure  sandstone,  banded  with 
purple  and  pink. 

No.  4.  45  feet— Slate,  like  No.  2. 

No.  5.  45  feet. — Fine  white  silicious  clay  interstratified  with  white 
flint  more  or  less  spotted,  and  banded  with  pink  and  purple. 

No.  6.   10  feet. — Purple,  red,  and  blue  clays. 

158  feet. — The  entire  thickness. 

These  beds  are  very  much  disturbed,  fractured,  upheaved,  and  tilted, 
so  as  to  form  various  faults  and  axes,  anticlinal  and  synclinal,  while 
the  strata  above  described  as  tertiary  are  in  their  natural  position,  and 
rest  non-conforraably  upon  these  beds.  These  facts  show  the  occur- 
rence of  great  disturbances  subsequent  to  the  deposition  of  these  beds 
and  anterior  to  the  formation  of  the  strata  above. 

We  have  no  clew  to  the  age  of  these  rocks,  save  that  they  are  older 
than  the  tertiary  (?)  beds  above  and  newer  than  the  Trenton  limestone 
below.  They  somewhat  resemble  some  cretaceous  beds  found  in  sev- 
eral places  on  this  part  of  the  continent;  and  these  facts  have  led  me 
to  the  inquiry  whether  they  are  cretaceous.  Our  future  investigations 
may  show  their  true  position. 

We  have  observed  no  fossils  in  these  rocks. 

SYSTEM  IV. — CARBONIFEROUS. 

This  system  presents  two  important  divisions: — 

Upper  Carboniferous  or  Coal  Measures  ; 

Lower  Carboniferous  or  Mountain  Limestone. 
The  Coal  Measures  are  made  up  of  numerous  strata  of  sandstones, 
limestones,  shales,  clays,  marls,  spathic  iron  ores,  and  coals.    Wc  have 


126  GEOLOGY. 

observed  about  fifteen  hundred  feet  of  these  coal  measures,  containing 
numerous  beds  of  iron  ore,  and  at  least  eight  or  ten  beds  of  good 
workable  coal. 

These  rocks,  with  the  accompanying  beds  of  coal  and  iron,  cover  an 
area  of  more  than  2T,000  square  miles  in  ^Missouri.*  If  a  line  be 
drawn  from  the  northeastern  corner  of  the  State  through  Clark,  Lewis, 
Shelby,  Monroe,  Audrain,  Callaway,  Boone,  Cooper,  Saline,  Henry, 
St.  Clair,  Cedar,  and  Dade  Counties  to  the  middle  of  the  western 
boundary  of  Jasper,  this  irregular  boundary  will  separate  the  great 
body  of  the  coal  measures  on  the  northwest  from  the  older  rocks  on 
the  southeast.  Besides  the  large  body  of  coal  measures  on  the  north- 
west side  of  this  line,  there  are  extensive  beds  in  Cole,  Moniteau,  St. 
Charles,  St.  Louis,  and  Callaway  Counties. 

The  common  bituminous  and  cannel  coal  are  the  only  varieties  of 
this  mineral  observed.  These  exist  in  vast  quantities;  one  might 
almost  say  inexhaustible. 

The  fossils  are  numerous  and  interesting. 

So  far  as  our  observations  extend,  in  Missouri,  the  Fusvlina  cylin- 
drica,  Spirifer  cameratus,  S.  plano-convexus,  S.  hemiplicatns,  S. 
lineatus,  S.  perplexus,  S.  Boonensis,  S.  Kentuckensis,  Spirigera 
3nssoui'ie7isis,  S.  Maconensis,  Productus  splendin>^,  P.  sequieoxtafus, 
P.  Nebrascensis,  P.  Waba>^hensis,  P.  Boonenns,  Chonetes  mcsoloba, 
C.  parva,  G.  Smithi,  Mijalina  subquadrnfa,  Allorisma  reqularis,  A. 
ensiformis,  A.  terminalis,  Leda  arafa,  Pleurotomaria  sphaerulala, 
Campophyllum  torquium,  and  Ghseteies  milleporaceus,  are  confined 
to,  and  very  characteristic  of  the  coal  measures,  f 

The  discovery  of  the  fact  that  these  fossils  are  confined  to  the  coal 
measures  has  enabled  us  to  point  out  the  existence  of  the  coal  meas- 
ures and  the  coal  beds  contained  in  them,  over  an  area  of  many  thou- 

*  The  Mii<souri  coal  basin  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  known  world.  Besides 
the  27,OUO  S(iuare  miles  in  Missouri,  tliere  arc  in  Nebraska  at  least  10,000  square 
miles,  in  Kansas  23,000,  in  Iowa,  according  to  Dr.  Owen,  20,000,  in  Illinois 
20,000  (?)  making  in  all  at  least  100,000  square  miles.  And  we  may  expect  the 
explorations  of  Major  Ilawn  in  Kansas,  and  others  in  Nebraska,  will  add  much 
more. 

f  So  far  as  I  know,  the  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  ^lissouri  Survey  made 
known  the  very  striking  and  important  difference  between  the  fossils  of  the  coal 
measures  and  the  lower  carboniferous  rocks  of  the  Mississippi  valley.  It  was 
also  shown  in  the  same  report  that  some  at  least  of  the  diftcrent  beds  of  lime- 
stone in  the  coal  measures  could  be  distinguished  by  their  fossils.  This  is 
another  application  of  the  use  of  fossils  of  vast  importance  in  tracing  out  the 
position  of  the  various  coal-beds  in  these  rocks. 


GEOLOGY.  127 

sand  miles,  wliere  geologists  had  supposed  no  coal  measures  and  no 
coal  existed. 

Of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  rocks  we  have  observed  the  follow- 
ing formations : — 

Ferruginous  Sandstone — lYS  feet. 

Upper  Archimedes  or  Kaskaskia  Limestone — 250  feet. 

Prairie  du  Rocher  Sandstone — 195  feet. 

Middle  Archimedes  or  St.  Genevieve  Limestone — 50  (?)  feet. 

St.  Louis  Limestone — 225  feet. 

Lower  Archimedes  or  Keokuk  Limestone — 350  feet. 

Encrinital  Limestone — 550  fe^t. 

The  Ferruginous  Sandstone  is  variable  in  its  lithological  char- 
acters. In  some  places  it  is  very  white  and  saccharoidal ;  in  others, 
fine,  impure  particles  are  disseminated  through  the  mass,  and  the 
color  becomes  a  dirty  brown;  and  in  a  few  localities,  as  near  Fulton, 
Callaway  County,  it  is  a  coarse  conglomerate.  But  generally,  where 
well  developed,  it  is  a  coarse-grained,  heavy-bedded,  frialjle  sand- 
stone, colored  with  various  shades  of  brown,  red,  and  purple,  as  it 
appears  in  the  bluffs  near  Salt  Creek,  Sulphur  Springs,  some  two 
miles  west  of  Oceola,  township  38,  range  26,  section  27 ;  or  clouded 
with  yellow  and  red,  as  on  Turkey  Creek,  in  Cedar  County.  The 
upper  part  is  more  regularly  stratified  and  finer  grained,  contains 
more  argillo-calcareous  matter,  and  has  a  lighter  brown,  yollowi.sh 
gray  or  cream  color.  It  is  very  soft  when  quarried,  and  may  then 
be  easily  dressed  for  building  purposes;  but  exposure  renders  it 
much  harder  and  more  durable. 

This  sandstone  contains  large  quantities  of  oxides  of  iron,  brown 
and  red  hematites,  which  in  many  places  form  extensive  beds  of  ex- 
cellent ore.  In  Cooper  County,  in  the  northeast  quarter  of  section 
3,  township  48,  range  19,  this  sandstone,  in  the  bluffs  of  the  Black 
Water,  contains  a  good  bed  of  ore,  three  feet  thick.  The  same  bed 
again  shows  itself  in  several  places  in  section  33,  toAvnship  48,  range 
19,  and  in  various  other  places  in  the  county.  It  was  also  observed 
in  large  masses  on  Grand  River,  in  Henry  County;  in  section  28, 
township  39,  range  24,  in  St.  Clair  County;  and  in  Bates  and 
Hickory ;  and  in  still  greater  abundance  in  the  western  part  of  Greene 
County. 

The  large  quantities  of  iron  in  this  standstone  has  led  me  to  de- 
signate it  the  Ferruginous  Sandstone.  It  is  found  .skirting  the 
eastern  border  of  the  coal  measures,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Des 
Moines  to  McDonald  County. 

The  Upper  Archimedes  or  Kaskaskia  Limestone  is  found  under- 


128  GEOLOGY. 

I}Mng  llic  ferruginous  sandstone  in  St.  Genevieve  County,  and  in 
several  places  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Mississippi.  This  formation 
is  made  up  of  beds  of  blue  limestone  and  blue  shales  variously 
interstratificd. 

At  Chester,  Illinois,  we  find  the  following  section  of  these 
rocks : — 

No.  1.  90  feet. — Blue  and  grayish  limestone  interstratificd  with 
thin  strata  of  blue  shales. 

Xo.  2.  58  feet. — Blue  shales  with  purple  and  gray  beds  inter- 
calated. 

No.  3.  9  feet. — Bluish  gray,  coarse-grained  and  thin-bedded  lime- 
stone, interstratificd  with  blue  shale. 

The  fossils  most  characteristic  of  these  beds  are :  Spirifer  incre- 
bescens,  Alhyris  suhquadrata,  Fenestella  lyra,  Pentremites  sulcatus, 
P.  jnjriformiit,  and  one  species  of  Archimedipora. 

Prairie  du  Rocher  Sandstone. — This  is  usually  a  light-brown, 
thick-bedded,  friable  sandstone,  which  sometimes  contains  numerous 
pebbles  of  quartz  and  jasper. 

It  appears  in  heavy  mural  bluffs  on  the  Mississippi,  in  St.  Gene- 
vieve County,  and  at  Chester  and  Prairie  du  Rocher,  on  the  Illinois 
side.     Its  thickness  varies  from  20  to  100  feet. 

Middle  Archimedes  or  St.  Genevieve  limestone. — In  lithological 
characters,  these  rocks  are  very  much  like  the  Upper  Archimedes 
limestone — bluish-gray  crystalline  limestones  intercalated  with  thin 
strata  of  blue  shale. 

The  fossils  most  abundant  are  Spirifer  spinosa,  S.  Leidyi,  Spiri- 
gera  hirsuta,  Relzia  vera,  Productus  elegans,  and  one  or  more 
species  of  Archimedipora. 

These  rocks  are  exposed  in  the  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi  on  both 
sides  of  the  river  below  St.  Genevieve. 

The  St.  Louis  Limestone  is  made  up  of  hard,  crystalline,  and  com- 
pact gray  and  blue,  somewhat  cherty  limestones,  intcrstratilied  with 
thin  partings  of  blue  shale. 

Its  stratigraphical  position  is  between  the  Middle  and  Lower 
Archimedes  Limestones.  It  is  found  in  Clark,  Lewis,  and  St.  Gene- 
vieve Counties;  but  attains  its  greatest  development  in  St.  Louis, 
from  which  the  name  is  derived. 

The  most  characteristic  fossils  yet  described  are  Palaechinxis  mul- 
lipora,  Lilhoslrolion  mamillare,  L.proliferum,  Echinocrinns  Nerei, 
Poleriocrinus  longidactylua,  Atrypa  lingulala,  Productus  margini- 
cinctus,  Spirifer  Liltoni. 

Lower  Archimedes  or  Keokuk  Limestone. — In  this  formation  are 


GEOLOGY.  129 

included  the  "Arenaceous  6ef?,"  the  "Warsaxc  or  Second  Archimedes 
Limestone,''''  the  "Magnesian  Limestone,"  "Geode  bed,"  and  the 
"Keokuk  or  Lower  Archimedes  Limestone"  of  Professor  Hall's 
section,  and  the  lead-bearing  rocks  of  Southwestern  Missouri,  which, 
though  diiferent  from  any  of  the  above  beds,  are  more  nearly  allied 
to  them  than  to  the  Encrinital  limestone  below.  All  of  the  above 
beds  are  easily  recognized  in  Missouri,  save,  perhaps,  the  Warsaw 
limestone,  Avhich  is  but  imperfectly  represented  in  our  northeastern 
counties,  where  the  "Keokuk  limestone,"  the  "Geode  beds,"  and  the 
Magnesian  limestone"  are  well  developed. 

The  most  characteristic  fossils  described  are  :  Agaricocrinus  tube- 
7^osus,  Actinocrimis  biturbinatus,  Spirifer  pseudo-lineatiis,  S. 
Keokuk,  Orthis  Keokuk,  and  one  or  more  species  of  Archimedi- 
pora. 

This  formation  extends  from  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State  to 
the  southwest,  in  an  irregular  zone  skirting  the  eastern  border  of  the 
Ferruginous  sandstone.  The  extensive  and  rich  lead  deposits  in 
Southwestern  Missouri  are  in  this  formation.  These  mines  occupy 
an  area  of  more  than  100  square  miles  in  the  Counties  of  Jasper 
and  Newton. 

The  Encrinital  Limestone  is  at  once  the  most  extensive  and  best 
characterized  of  the  divisions  of  the  Carboniferous  limestone.  It  is 
made  up  of  brown,  buff,  gray,  and  white,  coarse  crystalline  heavy- 
bedded  limestones.  The  darker-colored  impure  varieties  prevail  near 
the  base,  while  the  lighter  and  more  purely  calcareous  strata  abound  in 
the  upper  part.  It  everywhere  contains  globular,  ovoid,  and  lenticu- 
lar masses  of  chert,  disseminated  or  arranged  in  beds  parallel  to  the 
lines  of  stratification.  These  masses  of  chert  are  more  abundant  in 
the  upper  beds ;  in  fact,  the  upper  beds  are  made  up  almost  exclu- 
sively of  this  mineral. 

The  beds  of  this  formation  are  frequently  intersected  by  joints 
resembling  the  sutures  of  the  cranium.  The  remains  of  corals  and 
mollusks  are  very  abundant;  some  of  the  strata  are  made  up  almost 
entirely  of  their  exuvite,  especially  of  the  joints  and  plates  of  cri- 
noideans.  In  the  southwest,  these  strata  rest  upon  some  seventy  or 
eighty  feet  of  hard,  porous,  and  thick-bedded  silicions  rocks,  which 
are  included  in  this  formation,  as  they  have  more  alTiiiities  with  it 
than  with  the  Chemung  below. 

There  are  nine  divisions  of  this  formation  in  Missouri,  which  are 
quite  well  marked  by  their  fossils  and  lithological  characters.  The 
Encrinital  limestone  extends  from  Marion  County  to  (Jreene,  forming 
an  irregular  zone  on  the  cast  of  the  Archimedes  beds. 

9 


130  GEOLOGY. 

The  most  charactcristfc  fossils  are  Platycrinus  planus,  Aclinocri- 
nus  pyriformis,  A.  Missouriensis,  Orlhis  Sivallovi,  0.  Michelino, 
Producius  Burlingtoncnsis,  Spirifcr  striates,  S.  xAenus,  S.  linea- 
loidcs,  S.  Meeki,  Eaomphalas  latus,  Chonctes  Shumardiana. 

SYSTEM  V. — DEVONIAN. 

The  Devonian  system  in  Missouri  is  made  up  of  the  four  following 
groups: — 

Chemung  Group,  Ouondaga  Limestone, 

liumiltou  (liruup,  Oriskauy  Sandstone. 

Chemung  Group. — This  group  presents  three  formations  very  dis- 
tinct in  litliological  characters  and  fossil  remains.  They  have  received 
the  following  provisional  names  : — 

Choteau  Limestone — 85  feet. 

Vermicular  Sandstone  and  Shales — 75  feet. 

Lithographic  Limestone — 125  feet. 

The  Chouteau  Limestone,  when  fully  developed,  is  made  up  of 
two  very  distinct  divisions. 

1.  At  the  top,  immediately  under  the  Eucrinital  limestone,  we  find 
some  forty  or  fifty  feet  of  brownish-gray,  earthy,  silico-magnesiau 
limestone  in  thick  beds,  which  contain  disseminated  masses  of  white 
or  limpid  calcareous  spar.  This  rock  is  very  uniform  in  character, 
and  contains  but  few  fossils,  lleticulated  corals,  and  fucoidal  mark- 
ings like  the  Cauda-galli,  are  most  abundant. 

lu  the  quarry  it  is  quite  soft,  but  becomes  very  hard  on  exposure, 
and  forms  a  very  firm  and  durable  building  rock.  It  is  also  hydraulic 
and  forms  a  good  cement. 

2.  The  upper  division  passes  down  into  a  fine,  compact,  blue  or 
drab  thin-bedded  limestone,  whose  strata  are  quite  irregular  and 
broken.  Its  fracture  is  conchoidal,  and  its  structure  somewhat 
concretionary. 

Some  of  the  beds  are  filled  with  a  great  profusion  of  most  beauti- 
ful fossils.  In  many  the  organic  substance  has  been  replaced  by 
calcareous  spar.  The  most  characteristic  are  Spirifer  Marionensis, 
S.  peculiaris,  S.  Cooperensis,  S.  Vernonensis,  Productus  Murchi- 
sonianus,  Chonctes  ornata,  Atnjpa  gregaHa,  A.  occidentalis,  A. 
obscuraplicata,  Lejjtaena  dcjircssa,  Avicula  Cooperensis,  Mytilus 
elongalus,  and  several  new  species  of  Trilohites. 

Chouteau  Limestone  has  been  ai)i)lied  to  these  rocks,  as  they  are 
well  developed  at  the  Chouteau  Springs,  in  Cooper,  where  I  first 


GEOLOGY.  131 

found    large   quautitics   of    its   new,    beautiful,    and    characteristic 
fossils. 

In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State,  the  Chouteau  limestone  is 
represented  by  a  few  feet  of  coarse,  earthy,  crystalline,  calcareous 
rock,  like  the  lower  division  of  the  encrinital  limestone,  as  there 
developed.  There  is,  indeed,  in  that  part  of  the  State,  no  change  of 
lithological  characters  as  you  pass  from  the  encrinital  limestone  to 
this  formation,  but  the  change  in  the  organic  remains  is  both  sudden 
and  great. 

The  Vermicular  Sandstone  and  Shales. — The  upper  part  of  this 
formation  is  usually  a  buff,  or  yellowish-brown,  fine-grained,  pulveru- 
lent, argillo-calcareous  sandstone.  It  is  usually  perforated  in  all 
directions  with  pores,  filled  with  the  same  materials  more  highly 
colored  and  less  indurated.  This  portion,  when  exposed  to  atmo- 
spheric agencies,  often  disintegrates,  and  leaves  the  rock  full  of  wind- 
ing passages,  as  if  it  were  worm-eaten.  In  the  southwest  the  harder 
part  is  much  more  silicious  and  indurated.  The  middle  portion  is  a 
bluish-brown  and  gray  silico-calcareous  magnesian  shale.  It  has  a 
conchoidal  fracture,  the  peculiar  markings  of  the  upper  part,  together 
with  those  of  a  curious  undcscribed  Fucoid. 

The  lower  part  is  usually  a  blue,  sometimes  brown,  argillaceous 
shale  or  fire-clay,  in  regular  thin  strata. 

This  formation  contains  but  few  fossils,  and  those  are  in  the  upper 
portions.  Spirifer  Marionensis,  Produdus  Ilurchisonianus,  Cho- 
netes  07-nata,  Avicula  circula,  the  Fucoids  above  named,  and  the 
cauda-rjalli,  are  most  numerous.  These  beds  can  always  be  detected 
by  the  lithological  characters  and  its  peculiar  Fucoids. 

The  Lithographic  Limestone  is  a  pure,  fine,  compact,  even-textured 
silicious  limestone,  breaking  rather  easily,  with  a  conchoidal  fracture, 
into  sharp  angular  fragments.  Its  color  varies  from  a  light  drab  to 
the  lighter  shades  of  buff  and  blue.  It  gives  a  sharp,  ringing  sound 
under  the  hammer,  from  which  it  is  called  "pot  metal"  in  some  parts 
of  the  State.  It  is  regularly  stratified  in  beds  varying  from  two  to 
sixteen  inches  in  thickness,  often  presenting  in  mural  bluffs  all  tlie 
regularity  of  masonry,  as  at  Louisiana,  on  the  Mississii)pi.  The 
beds  are  intersected  by  numerous  fractures,  leaving  surfiices  covered 
with  beautiful  dendritic  markings  of  oxide  of  iron.  The  strata  are 
much  thinner  toward  the  top,  where  they  often  become  silicious,  and 
sometimes  pass  into  an  impure,  thin-bedded  oolitic  limestone,  as  in 
the  bluffs  southeast  of  Elk  Springs,  in  Pike  County. 

It  has  but  few  fossils.  The  most  abundant  are  Orlhi^  ^fissouri- 
ensis,   Spirifer    Marionensis,   Productus    Suhalatus,   P.   miuuius, 


132  CEO  LOGY. 

Prcefus  3[issouriensis,  Filicites  gracilis,  Conularia  triplicaia,  Sjn- 
rigera  Hannibalcnsis. 

The  Clieniuni^  rocks  extend  from  Marion  County  to  Green,  along 
the  eastern  l)or(ler  of  the  car1)oniferous  strata. 

Tlie  Hamilton  Group  is  made  up  of  some  forty  feet  of  blue  shales 
and  loO  feet  of  lilue,  brown,  and  gray  semi-crystalline  limestone,  con- 
taining Dahnania  caUiteles,  Spirifer  eurutines,  S.  mucronatus,  S. 
aspera,  S.  congesta,  Cyrlia  Missouriensis,  Spirigera  Fultoneiisis. 

Onondaga  Limestone. — This  formation  is  usually  a  coarse  gray  or 
bulf,  crystalline,  thick-bedded  and  cherty  limestone,  abounding  in 
Strophodonta  navalis,  S.  Callawayrnsis,  Terebrafula  reticularis, 
Orthis  rexupinata,  Chonetes  nana,  Productus  subaculealui<,  Phacops 
hxifo,  Cyatho-jyhyllum  rugosum,  Emmonsia  hemii^phserica. 

No  formation  in  Missouri  presents  such  variable  and  widely-differ- 
ent lithological  characters  as  the  Onondaga.  It  is  generally  a  coarse, 
gray,  crystalline  limestone ;  often  a  somewhat  compact,  bluish  concre- 
tionary limestone,  with  shale  partings ;  in  many  instances  a  drab,  com- 
pact limestone,  containing  cavities  filled  with  green  matter,  or  calc- 
spar  ;  in  a  few  places  a  white,  saccharoidal  sandstone  ;  in  two  or  three 
localities  a  soft,  brown  sandstone;  and  at  Louisiana,  a  pure  white 
oolite.  "Will  those  who  would  have  us  follow  lithological  characters 
exclusively,  tell  us  how  we  are  to  identify  this  formation,  without  its 
fossils,  at  these  various  localities  ? 

The  Oriskany  Sandstone  of  Missouri  is  a  light  gray  limestone, 
which  contains  the  Spirifer  arenosa,  Leptaena  dcp7'e><m,  and  several 
new  species  of  Spirifer,  Chonetes,  Illaenus,  and  Lichan. 

The  Devonian  rocks  occupy  a  small  area  in  Marion,  Ralls,  Pike, 
Callaway,  Saline,  and  Perry  Counties. 

SYSTEM   VT. — SILURIAN. 

Of  the  Upper  Silurian  series,  we  have  the  following  formations  : — 

Lower  Helderberg — 3.30  feet. 

Niagara  Group — 75  feet. 

Cape  Girardeau  Limestone — 00  feet. 

The  Lower  Helderberg  Group  is  made  up  of  buff,  gray,  and  red- 
dish cherty,  and  argillaceous  limestones,  blue  shales,  and  dark  grap- 
tolite  slates.  Dahnania  Iridentifera,  Cheirurus  Missoxiriensis, 
Encrinurus  pxmctatus  (?),  CaJymene  rugnm,  Orthis  hybrida,  O.ele- 
gantuJa,  and  several  species  of  Plalyostoma  are  the  prevailing  fossils. 

Niagara  Group. — The  upper  part  of  this  formation  consists  of 
red,  yellow,  and  ash-colored  shales  with  compact  limestones  inter- 


GEOLOGY.  133 

stratified.  The  lower  beds  are  purple,  gray,  and  buff  limestones 
variegated  with  bands  and  nodules  of  chert. 

Halysites  caienularia,  Columnaria  inequalis,  Calymene  Blume.n- 
hachii,  and  Garyocrinus  ornotus  are  the  most  characteristic  fossils. 

Cape  Girardeau  Limestone  is  a  compact,  bluish-gray,  brittle,  lime- 
stone, with  a  smooth  fracture,  in  layers  from  two  to  six  inches  in 
thickness,  with  thin  argillaceous  partings.  These  strata  contain  a 
great  many  fossils,  principally  Trilobites  and  Crinoids.  In  a  small 
slab  not  more  than  three  by  three  inches,  I  have  counted  four  genera  of 
Trilobites,  viz.,  Cyphaspis  Girardeauensis,  Acidaspis  Halli,  Pra'- 
tus  depressus,  Amphus  Nov.  sp.  None  of  these  Trilobites  have  been 
before  noticed  in  this  country,  and,  so  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  the  species 
are  distinct  from  European  forms.  According  to  Barrande,  the  first 
three  genera  occur  in  the  greatest  numbers  in  the  Upper  Silurian 
period,  and  are  very  sparingly  represented  in  the  Lower  Silurian 
groups.  The  Crinoids  belong  mostly  to  the  genera  Glyptocrinus, 
Homocrinus,  and  Tentaculites  and  Paltester,  and  the  shells  to  Orthis, 
Lepttena,  and  Turbo — all  being  of  undescribed  species. 

These  strata  occur  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  one  mile  and  a 
half  above  Cape  Girardeau.     Thickness,  forty  to  fifty  feet. 

Lower  Silurian. 

We  have  thus  far  observed  the  formations  belonging  to  this  series : — 

Hudson  River  Group — 220  feet. 

Trenton  Limestone — 360  feet. 

Black  River  and  Bird's-eye  Limestone — 75  feet 

1st  Magnesian  Limestone — 200  feet. 

Saccharoidal  Sandstone — 125  feet. 

2d  Magnesian  Limestone — 230  feet. 

2d  Sandstone — 115  feet. 

3d  Magnesian  Limestone — 350  feet. 

3d  Sandstone — 60  feet. 

4tli  Magnesian  Limestone — 300  feet. 

Hudson  River  Group. — There  are  three  formations,  which  we  have 
referred  to  this  group  : — 

1st.  Immediately  below  the  oolite  of  the  Onondaga  limestone,  in 
the  bluffs  both  above  and  below  Louisiana,  we  find  some  forty  feet  of 
blue,  gray,  and  brown  argillaceous  magnesian  limestone.  The  upper 
part  of  these  shales  is  in  thick  beds,  presenting  a  dull,  coiichoidal  frac- 
ture, and  containing  A^aphus  mcgislos  and  Calymene  senaria.     The 


134  GEOLOGY. 

lower  part  of  this  division  becomes  more  argillaceous,  and  has  several 
thill  beds  of  bluish-gray  crystalliue  limestone,  intercalated,  which  con- 
tain inaiiy  fossils  of  the  following  species:  Leplaena  sericca,  L.  allcr- 
nala,  L  planamboDa,  OrtJiisJugotia,  0.  subquadi'ala,aind  Eh ynchoncUa 
capax. 

There  are,  also,  strata  of  calcareo-arenaceous  slate  in  the  same  posi- 
tion, filled  with  remains,  which  I  am  unable  to  distinguish  from  Pro- 
fessor Hall's  Palxopjhycus  virgalus,  and  another  contorted  species, 
smaller  than  No.  2,  pi.  70  of  Professor  Hall's  Report.  There  are, 
also,  beds  of  slate,  similar  to  those  above  mentioned,  at  the  base  of 
these  shales,  whose  surfaces  are  covered  with  great  numbers  of  the  Lin- 
gula  ancyloidea. 

2d.  On  the  Grassy,  three  and  a  half  miles  northwest  of  Louisiana, 
about  sixty  feet  of  blue  and  purple  shales  are  exposed,  below  the  beds 
above  described.  They  contain  three  species  of  Lingula:  Lingula 
quadrata,  L.  fragilis,  and  still  another  not  named.  The  first  resem- 
bles the  L.  quadrata  of  Hall,  but  is  destitute  of  the  "radiating  striae'' 
of  that  species,  and  is  larger;  it  is  more  like  the  variety  from  the  Tren- 
ton Limestone  than  that  from  the  Hudson  River  Group. 

3d.  Under  the  second  division  are  some  twenty  feet  of  argillo-mag- 
nesian  limestone,  similar  to  that  in  the  first  division,  interstratified  with 
blue  shales.  Orlhis  suhquadrala,  O.jugosa,  Leptsena  alternala,  Rhijn- 
chonella  capax,  and  Asaphus  megislos  are  abundant. 

These  rocks  have  been  seen  only  in  Ralls,  Cape  Girardeau,  and  Pike 
Counties.  On  the  Grassy,  a  thickness  of  120  feet  is  exposed,  and  they 
extend  below  the  surface  to  an  unknown  depth. 

Trenton  Limestone. — The  upi)er  part  of  this  formation  is  made  up 
of  thick  beds  of  hard,  compact,  bluish-gray  and  drab  limestone,  varie- 
gated with  irregular  cavities  filled  with  greenish  materials,  while  the 
beds  below  are  filled  with  irregular  cylindrical  portions,  which  readily 
decompose  on  exposure,  and  leave  the  rock  perforated  with  numerous 
irregular  passages,  that  somewhat  resemble  those  made  in  timber  by 
the  Teredo  navalis. 

The  ai)pearance  of  the  rock  when  thus  decomposed  is  very  singular, 
and  is  a  well-marked  character  of  this  part  of  the  formation. 

The  decomposed,  honey-combed  portions  are  most  admirably  adapted 
to  ornamental  rock-work  in  gardens  and  yards.  These  beds  are  ex- 
posed on  the  plank-road  from  Hannibal  to  New  London,  north  of 
Salt  River,  and  are  seventy-five  feet  thick.  Below  them  are  thick 
strata  of  impure,  coarse,  gray  and  buff  crystalline  magnesian  lime- 
stones, with  many  brown,  earthy  jtortions,  which  rapidly  disintegrate  on 
exposure  to  atmospheric  iuQuences.    This  part  may  be  seen  in  the  bluff 


GEOLOGY.  135 

of  Salt  River,  near  the  plank-road,  one  hnndred  and  fifty  feet  thick. 
The  lower  part  is  made  up  of  hard,  blue  and  bluish-gray,  somi-com- 
pact,  silico-magnesian  limestone,  interstratified  with  light  buff  and 
drab,  soft  and  earthy  magncsian  beds.  Fifty  feet  of  these  strata  crop 
out  at  the  quarries  south  of  the  plank-road  bridge  over  Salt  River, 
and  on  Spencer's  Creek,  in  Ralls  County. 

The  middle  beds  sometimes  pass  into  a  pure  white  crystalline  marble 
of  great  beauty,  as  at  Cape  Girardeau. 

Organic  Remains. — Fossils  are  abundant  in  all  parts  of  the  forma- 
tion. Leptaena  deltoidea,  L.  sericea,  L.  alternata,  OrfJn's  pectinella, 
O^ediuUnaria,  0.  tricenaria,  Rhynchonella  capax,  Miirchisonia 
gracilis,  31.  hellicincta,  Beceptaculites  sulcata,  and  Chaetetes  lycoper- 
don  are  most  common. 

Black  River  and  Bird's-eye  Limestone. — "  They  are  bluish-gray  or 
dove-colored,  compact,  brittle  limestones,  with  a  smooth,  conchoidal 
fracture.  The  beds  vary  in  thickness  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet." 
"  Near  the  base  the  rock  is  frequently  traversed  in  all  directions  by 
vermicular  cavities  and  cells." 

Gonioceras  ancejos,  Ormoceras  tenuifolium,  and  Gythere  suhlevis 
are  the  most  abundant  fossils. 

1st  Magnesian  Limestone. — This  formation  is  developed  in  many 
parts  of  the  State.  It  is  usually  a  gray  or  buff,  crystalline,  cherty, 
silico-magnesian  limestone,  filled  with  small  irregular  masses  of  a  soft, 
white,  or  greenish-yellow  silicious  substance,  which  rapidly  decomposes 
when  exposed,  and  leaves  the  rock  full  of  irregular  cavities,  and  cov- 
ered with  rough  projecting  points.  These  rugged,  weather-worn  strata 
crop  out  in  the  prairies,  and  cap  the  picturesque  bluffs  of  the  Osage  in 
Benton  and  the  neighboring  counties. 

These  beds  often  pass  into  a  homogeneous  buff  or  gray  crystalline 
magnesian  limestone,  which  is  frequently  clouded  with  blue  or  pink, 
and  would  make  a  good  fire-rock  and  building  stone. 

At  other  places  the  strata  become  compact,  hard,  and  clouded,  as 
above,  forming  a  still  more  beautiful  and  durable  marble. 

Some  of  the  upper  beds  are  silicious,  presenting  a  porous,  semi- 
transparent,  vitreous  mass,  in  which  are  disseminated  numerous  small, 
globular,  white,  enamelar,  oolitic  particles.  They  are  sometimes  in 
regular  and  continuous  strata;  at  others  in  irregular  masses,  present- 
ing mammillated,  and  batryoidal  and  drusy  forms  of  this  benntiful 
mineral.  In  some  parts  of  Benton  and  the  neighboring  counties  these 
masses,  left  by  the  denuded  strata,  literally  cover  the  surface  and  ren- 
der the  soil  almost  valueless  for  ordinary  cultivation. 

Other  strata  abound  in  concretions,  or  organic  forms,  which  resemble 


136  GEOLOGY. 

wooden  butlon-moulds,  willi  a  central  aperture  and  one  convex  surface. 
Masses  of  calcareous  spur  are  quite  abundant  in  the  upi)er  beds.  But 
the  lower  part  of  tliis  foriuation  is  made  up  of  thin,  regular  strata,  of 
a  soft,  earthy,  light  drab  or  cream-colored  sillco-argillaceous  mague- 
sian  limestone. 

Above  the  beds  already  described  we  find,  in  several  places  in  the 
State,  a  succession  of  hard,  silicious,  dark  bluish-gray,  semi-crystalline 
limestones,  interstratiDed  with  grayish-drab,  earthy  magnesian  varie- 
ties, all  in  regular  layers  destitute  of  chert.  These  strata  have  been 
joined  to  the  first  magnesian  limestone,  with  the  expectation  that  they 
may  prove  distinct  from  the  calciferous  sandrock  and  the  first  magne- 
sian limestone,  and  be  identified  with  the  chazy  limestone  or  some  otfter 
formation. 

Straparollus  laevata  (?),  a  small  variety  of  Cythere  sublevis,  and  a 
large  Orthoceraa  have  been  observed. 

Saccharoidal  Sandstone. — This  formation  is  usually  a  bed  of  white, 
friable  saudsiune,  sliglitly  tinged  with  red  and  brown,  which  is  made 
up  of  globular  concretions  and  angular  fragments  of  limpid  quartz. 
It  presents  very  imperfect  strata,  but  somewhat  more  distinct  lines  of 
deposition,  variously  inclined  to  the  planes  of  stratification. 

This  interesting  formation  has  a  wide  range  over  the  State.  I  have 
seen  it  in  Ralls,  Boone,  Saline,  Cooper,  Moniteau,  Pettis,  Benton, 
Morgan,  Hickory,  St.  Clair,  Cedar,  Polk,  and  Dallas;  and  Drs.  Shu- 
mard  and  Litton  observed  it  in  Perry,  Franklin,  St.  Genevieve  and 
other  counties. 

Its  thickness  is  very  variable,  from  one  to  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  feet.  At  times  it  thickens  very  rapidly ;  so  much  so,  as  to  increase 
thirty  or  forty  feet  in  a  few  hundred  yards. 

Id  a  bluQ'  about  two  miles  northeast  of  Warsaw  is  a  very  striking 
illustration  of  this  change  of  thickness.  This  sandstone  crops  out 
along  the  blulf,  between  the  1st  and  2d  magnesian  limestone,  and  in 
a  few  yards  decreases  in  thickness  from  twenty  feet  to  one.  Where 
thinnest,  it  is  semi- vitreous,  and  the  line  of  demarkation  between  it  and 
the  limestones  is  very  distinct.  " 

Near  the  same  place  is  a  locality  where  the  sandstone  thickens  so 
ra))idly  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a  dike,  cutting  ofiF  the  strata 
of  limestone  above  and  below  that  formation.  I  have  had  specimens 
broken  from  the  junction  of  this  dike- like  mass  with  the  wall  of  the 
adjacent  limestone,  which  are  half  sandstone  and  half  limestone,  show- 
ing the  two  rocks  firmly  cemented  together. 

Ou  Bear  Creek,  near  Warsaw,  as  shown  in  the  Second  Annual  Re- 
port of  Missouri  Survey,  at  Ilermann,  and  in  many  other  places,  are 


GEOLOGY.  137 

very  striking  instances  of  this  dike-like  development  of  this  rock;  but 
I  must  admit  that  such  a  freak  among  sedimentary  rocks  I  have  never 
observed  in  any  other  formation. 

One  might  give  a  satisfactory  reason  for  its  penetrating  tlie  strata 
above,  but  by  what  process  of  nature  it  was  made  to  cut  ofiF  the  beds 
below  is  not  so  obvious.  There  is,  perhaps,  a  possibility  that  after  the 
deposition  of  the  2d  raagnesian  limestone,  the  waters  which  depos- 
ited the  silicious  matter  of  the  sandstone  first  cut  a  channel  in  the 
upper  strata  of  the  limestone.  But  future  investigations  may  enable 
us  to  solve  the  difficulty  more  satisfactorily. 

A  very  large  Orthocero^s  is  found  in  this  sandstone. 

2d  Magnesian  Limestone.  —  The  lithological  characters  of  this 
formation  are  very  much  like  those  of  the  1st  magnesian  limestone, 
above  described. 

The  following  section  from  the  bluffs  of  the  Osage,  above  Warsaw, 
will  give  an  idea  of  its  general  character : — 

No.  1.   12  feet. — First  magnesian  limestone. 

No.  2.   4  feet. — Saccharoidal  sandstone. 

No.  3.  15  feet. — Soft,  earthy,  fine-grained,  yellowish-white  or  drab 
silico-magnesian  limestone,  with  a  conchoidal,  earthy  fracture  in  beds 
from  half  of  an  inch  to  one  foot  thick,  interstratified  with  thin  layers 
of  bluish  silico-argillaceous  magnesian  limestone.  It  is  called  ''Cotton 
Rock:' 

No.  4.  1  foot. — Coarse-grained,  crystalline,  greenish-brown  lime- 
stone, in  thin  laminae.  The  crystals  are  as  large  as  buck-shot,  and 
give  the  rock  a  brecciated  appearance. 

No.  5.  8  feet. — Limestone,  like  No.  3,  interstratified  with  chert. 

No.  6.  10  feet. — Compact,  buff  silicious  limestone,  filled  with  heavy 
spar  and  iron  pyrites,  some  parts  so  variegated  with  flesh-colored 
spots  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a  breccia — a  beautiful  and  dur- 
able marble. 

No.  7.  3  feet. — Coarse,  gray  and  brown,  and  buff  crystalline  mag- 
nesian limestone,  filled  with  masses  and  veins  of  calcareous  spar. 

No.  8.  1  foot.— Like  No.  3. 

No.  9.   5  feet.— Like  No.  T. 

No.  10.  5  feet. — Hard,  compact,  gray  silicious  limestone,  interstrat- 
ified with  chert  and  "cotton  rock." 

No.  11.  1  foot. — Yellowish-gray  saccharoidal  sandstone. 

No.  12.  4  feet.— Like  No.  10. 

No.  13.   10  feet— Like  No.  3. 

No.  14.  5  feet. — Semi-oolitic,  sub-crystalline,  hard,  gray  silicious 
limestone,  interstratified  with  compact,  flcsh-colorcd  silicious  beds. 


138  GEOLOGY. 

No.  15.  r.  feet. — Soft,  bn(T,  fine-grained  raafrnesian  limestone,  inter- 
stratified  with  clicrt  and  a  compact,  flt'sli-colorcd  silicious  limestone. 

Xo.  IG.  2.')  feet. — Coarse,  gray  and  buff  silico-magnesian  limestone, 
variegated  by  cavities  filled  with  a  white  or  yellowish  pulverulent  sili- 
cious substance,  which  decomposes  on  exposure  and  leaves  the  rock 
porous.     It  is  an  excellent  fire-rock. 

No.  IT.   4  feet.— Like  No.  14. 

No.  18.   10  feet. — Like  No.  15.     Strata  undulating. 

No.  10.   2  feet. — Fine,  compact,  flesh-colored  silicious  limestone. 

No.  20.  S  feet. — Ilard,  gray,  crystalline,  semi-vitreous,  calcareous 
sandstone,  with  chert  interspersed. 

No.  21.  20  feet. — Slope  to  water. 

2d  Sandstone. —  This  is  usually  a  brown,  or  yellowish-brown,  fine- 
grained sandstone,  distinctly  stratified  in  regular  beds,  varying  from 
two  to  eighteen  inches  in  thickness.  The  surfaces  are  often  ripple 
marked  and  micaceous.  It  is  sometimes  quite  friable,  though  generally 
suRiciently  indurated  for  building  purposes.  The  upper  part  is  often 
made  up  of  thin  strata  of  light,  soft  and  porous,  semi-pulverulent  sandy 
chert  or  horn-stone,  whose  cavities  are  usually  lined  with  limpid  crys- 
tals of  quartz.  Fragments  of  these  strata  are  very  abundant  in  the 
soil  and  on  the  ridges  where  this  sandstone  forms  the  surface  rock.  It 
sometimes  becomes  a  pure,  white,  fine-grained,  soft  sandstone,  as  on 
Cedar  Creek,  in  Washington  County,  in  Franklin,  and  other  localities. 

3d  Magnesian  Limestone. — This  limestone  is  exposed  on  the  high 
and  j)icturesqne  bluffs  of  the  Xiangua,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bryce's 
Spring,  where  the  following  strata  were  observed: — 

No.  1.  50  feet. — 2d  sandstone. 

No.  2.  80  feet. — Gray  and  buff  crystalline  silico-magnesian  lime- 
stone, somewhat  clouded  with  flesh-colored  spots  and  bluish  bands.  It 
is  regularly  stratified  in  thick  beds,  some  of  which  have  many  cells 
filled  with  a  white,  pulverulent,  silicious  substance ;  while  others  are 
ferruginous  and  semi-oolitic.     It  contains  very  little  chert. 

No.  3.  50  feet. — Blue  and  white  ferruginous  chert,  interstratified 
with  hard,  compact,  and  flesh-colored  silicious  limestone. 

No.  4.  190  feet. — Like  No.  2,  save  some  beds  are  hard,  compact, 
buff  or  flesh-colored,  and  silicious. 

No.  5  20  feet. — Light  drab,  fine-grained,  crystalline  silico-magne- 
sian limestone,  often  slightly  tinged  with  peach-blossom,  and  beauti- 
fully clouded  with  darker  spots  and  bands  of  the  same  hue  or  flesh- 
color.     It  is  distinctly  stratified  in  beds  of  medium  thickness. 

No.  6.  50  feet.— Like  No.  2. 

No.  7.  30  feet — 3d  sandstone  ;  crops  out  lower  down. 


GEOLOGY.  139 

3d  Sandstone. — This  is  a  white  saccharoidal  sandstone,  made  np  of 
slightl3'-cohei-ing,  transparent,  globular  and  angular  particles  of  silex. 
It  .shows  but  little  appearance  of  stratification,  yet  the  well-marked 
lines  of  deposition,  like  those  of  a  Missouri  sand-bar,  indicate  its  form- 
ation in  moving  water. 

4th  Magnesian  Limestone. — This  presents  more  permanent  and 
uniform  lithological  characters  than  any  of  the  magnesian  limestones. 
It  is  usually  a  grayish-buff,  coarse-grained,  crystalline  magnesian  lime- 
stone, containing  a  few  cavities  filled  with  less  indurated  silicious 
matter.     Its  thick,  uniform  beds  contain  but  little  chert. 

The  best  exposures  of  this  formation  are  on  the  Niangua  and  Osage 
Rivers. 

This  magnesian  limestone  series  is  very  interesting,  both  in  its 
scientific  and  economical  relations.  It  covers  a  large  portion  of 
Southern  and  Southeastern  Missouri,  is  remarkable  for  its  extensive 
caves  and  large  springs,  and  contains  all  the  vast  deposits  of  lead, 
zinc,  copper,  cobalt,  heematite  ores  of  iron,  and  nearly  all  the  marble 
beds  of  the  State.  They  indeed  contain  a  large  part  of  all  our  min- 
eral wealth. 

The  lower  part  of  the  1st  magnesian  limestone,  the  saccharoidal 
sandstone,  the  2d  magnesian  limestone,  the  2d  sandstone,  and  the 
upper  part  of  the  3d  magnesian  limestone  belong  without  doubt  to  the 
age  of  the  calciferous  sand-rock ;  but  the  remainder  of  the  series  may 
prove  to  be  Potsdam  sandstone. 

Igneous  Rocks. — There  are  a  series  of  rounded  knobs  and  hills  in 
St.  Fran9ois,  Iron,  Dent,  and  the  neighboring  counties,  which  are 
principally  made  up  of  granite,  jiorphyrxj  and  greenstone.  These 
igneous  rocks  contain  those  wonderful  beds  of  specular  iron,  of  which 
Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob  are  samples. 

These  mountains  of  iron  and  igneous  rocks  are  older  than  the  oldest 
of  the  stratified  rocks  above  described;  as  the  beds  of  the  latter  rest 
against  the  sides  of  the  former  without  exhibiting  signs  of  any  con- 
siderable disturbance. 


140  MINERAL    RESOURCES. 


THE  MINl^RAL  RESOURCES  OF  MISSOURI. 

COAL. — Mineral  coal  has  done  mucli  to  promote  the  rapid  pro- 
gress of  the  present  century;  commerce  and  manufactures  could  not 
have  reached  their  present  unprecedented  prosperity  without  its  aid. 
And  no  people  can  expect  success  in  those  departments  of  luiman 
industry,  unless  their  territory  furnislics  an  a1)undance  of  this  useful 
mineral.  Previous  to  the  present  State  Survey,  it  was  known  that 
coal  existed  in  many  counties  of  the  State;  but  there  was  no  definite 
knowledge  of  the  continuation  of  workable  beds  over  any  consider- 
able areas.  But  since  the  Geological  Survey  commenced,  the  south- 
eastern outcrop  of  the  Coal  Measures  has  been  traced  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Des  Moines,  through  Clark,  Lewis,  Shelby,  Monroe, 
Audrain,  Boone,  Cooper,  Pettis,  Uenry,  St.  Clair,  Bates,  and  Yer- 
non  into  the  Indian  territory;  and  every  county  on  the  nortliwest  of 
this  line  is  known  to  contain  more  or  less  coal,  giving  us  an  area  of 
over  26,000  square  miles  of  coal  beds  in  that  part  of  the  State.  The 
Geological  Survey  has  proved  the  existence  of  vast  quantities  of  coal 
in  Johnston,  Pettis,  Lafayette,  Cass,  Coo]ier,  Chariton,  Howard, 
Boone,  Saline,  Putnam,  Adair,  Macon,  Carroll,  Callaway,  Audrain ; 
and  it  is  confidently  expected  that  the  counties  to  the  nortlnvcst  will 
prove  to  be  as  rich  when  fully  examined. 

Outside  of  the  coal  field,  as  given  above,  the  regular  coal  rocks 
also  exist  in  Ralls,  Montgomery,  Callaway,  St.  Charles,  and  St. 
Louis;  and  local  deposits  of  caunel  and  bituminous  coal  in  Monic 
teau.  Cole,  Morgan,  Saline,  Cooper,  Callaway,  and  probably  other 
counties. 

Workable  beds  of  good  coal  exist  in  nearly  all  places  where  the 
Coal  Meiisures  are  developed,  as  some  of  the  best  beds  are  near  the 
base  and  must  crop  out  on  the  borders  of  the  coal-field.  This  is 
found  to  be  the  fact  where  examinations  have  been  made.  All  of 
the  little  outliers  along  the  borders  contain  more  or  less  coal,  though 
the  strata  are  not  more  than  ten  or  fifteen  feet  thick. 

But  exclusive  of  these  outliers  and  local  deposits,  we  have  an 
area  of  26,881  square  miles  of  the  regular  Coal  Measures.  If  the 
average  thickness  of  workal)le  coal  be  one  foot  only,  it  will  give 
26,887,000,000*  tons  for  the  whole  area  occupied  by  coal  rocks. 

*  The  luiuiiig  engineers  of  Euglaud  allow  1,000,000  tous  jier  square  uiile  for 
every  foot  of  workable  coal. 


»    »    >    • 


MINEEAL   RESOURCES.  141 

But  in  many  places  the  thickness  of  the  workable  beds  is  over  fifteen 
feet ;  and  the  least  estimate  that  can  be  made  for  the  whole  area  is 
five  feet.  This  will  give  134,435,000,000  tons  of  good  available  coal 
in  our  State.  In  our  efforts  to  estimate  the  economical  value  of  so 
vast  a  deposit  of  this  most  useful  mineral,  we  should  constantly  bear 
in  mind  the  position  of  these  beds,  beneath  the  soil  of  one  of  the 
richest  agricultural  regions  on  the  continent,  within  a  State  whose 
manufacturing  and  commercial  facilities  and  resources  are  scarcely 
inferior  to  any,  and  adjacent  to  the  Missouri  River  and  the  Pacific, 
the  North  Missouri  and  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroads. 
With  all  these  advantages  of  location,  the  certainty  that  these  coal 
beds  can  furnish  100,000,000  tons  per  annum  for  the  next  1300  years, 
and  then  have  enough  left  for  a  few  succeeding  generations,  is  a  fact 
of  no  small  importance  to  the  State. 

The  local  deposits  of  cannel  and  common  bituminous  varieties 
furnish  some  of  the  best  coal  in  the  State,  and,  though  many  of  these 
beds  will  not  yield  sufficient  quantities  for  exportation  or  extensive 
manufacturing  purposes,  they  are  of  great  value  for  supplying  the 
local  demand.  But  some  of  the  beds  of  the  cannel  varieties  could 
furnish  a  very  large  supply  of  an  excellent  article  for  gas,  oil,  and 
those  manufacturing  purposes,  where  a  light  pure  coal,  producing  an 
abundance  of  flame,  is  desirable. 

IRON. — Among  minerals,  iron  stands  pre-eminent  in  its  influence 
upon  the  power  and  prosperity  of  a  nation.  Nations  who  possess  it 
in  large  quantities,  and  by  whom  it  is  extensively  manufactured,  seem 
to  partake  of  its  hardy  nature  and  sterling  qualities.  Missouri  pos- 
sesses an  inexhaustible  supply  of  the  very  best  ores  of  this  metal. 
She  also  has  all  desirable  facilities  for  becoming  the  great  iron  mart 
of  the  Western  continent. 

Specular  Oxide. — This  is,  probably,  the  most  abundant  and  val- 
uable ore  in  the  State.  Iron  Mountain  is  the  largest  mass  observed, 
and  is  made  up  almost  exclusively  of  this  ore  in  its  purest  form ;  as 
it  contains  no  perceptible  quantity  of  other  mineral,  save  some  less 
than  one  per  cent,  of  silica,  which  improves  rather  than  injures  its 
quality. 

But  little  need  be  said  of  this  mountain  of  iron,  as  there  is  no 
room  for  speculation  or  doubt  as  to  the  quantity  or  quality — one  is 
inexhaustible,  and  the  other  cannot  be  improved  for  many  j)urposos. 
The  quantity  above  the  level  of  the  valley  is  easily  estimated.  The 
height  of  the  mountain  is  228  feet,  and  its  base  covers  an  area  of 
500  acres,  which  gives,  according  to  Dr.  Litton,  l,r>55.2S0,000  cubic 
feet,  or  230,187,375  tons  of  ore.     But  this  is  only  a  fraction  of  the 


142  MINERAL    RESOURCES. 

ore  at  this  locality.  The  nature  of  the  ore,  the  plutonic  character  of 
the  associated  rocks,  and  the  position  of  the  ore  beneath  the  level  of 
the  valley,  and  of  the  sedimentary  rocks  skirting  the  base  of  the 
mountain,  all  indicate  its  igneous  origin,  and  that  it  extends  down- 
ward indefinitely,  enlarging  as  it  descends.  But,  on  the  supposition 
that  it  continues  of  the  same  size,  every  foot  of  descent  will  give 
over  3,000,000  tons  of  ore.  Each  one  cair  judge  for  himself  how 
deep  he  will  be  compelled  to  go  to  get  enough. 

Several  veins  of  this  ore,  of  good  quality,  are  found  intersecting 
the  porphyry  at  the  Shut-in,  in  townsliip  33,  range  4,  north  half  sec- 
tion 2.  The  largest  vein  exposed  is  nearly  vertical,  ranging  north  and 
south,  and  is  one  foot  thick.  One  of  the  first  iron  furnaces  in  this 
part  of  the  country  was  erected  at  this  place.  There  are  other  im- 
portant localities  of  this  ore  in  the  neighborhood  of  Pilot  Knob. 
The  Bogy  or  Buford  Ore  Bed,  in  township  33,  range  3  east,  north- 
east quarter  section  24;  the  Big  Bogy  Mountain,  in  township  33, 
range  3  east,  southeast  quarter  section  13  ;  and  the  Russell  Mountain, 
in  township  33,  range  3  cast,  east  half  section  3,  are  the  most  noted. 

Specular  ore  of  the  best  quality  abounds  at  a  number  of  localities 
in  Phelps  County.  The  oldest  known,  and,  perhaps,  most  valuable 
deposit  in  this  county,  is  the  Maramec  Ore  Banks,  situated  about  a 
half  mile  from  the  Maramec,  on  the  west  side.  This  bank  was 
opened  as  early  as  1826,  by  Messrs.  Massey  and  James,  who  com- 
menced the  erection  of  a  furnace,  which  was  completed  in  the  month 
of  January,  1829,  and  has  been  in  operation  at  intervals  up  to  the 
present  time.  The  ore,  w'hich  is  a  rich,  compact  specular  variety,  is 
wrought  by  Messrs.  James,  the  present  proprietors,  with  consider- 
able profit.  It  occurs  in  large  rounded  or  angular  masses,  and  ap- 
pears to  be  almost  inexhaustible. 

Wiien  the  masses  are  broken  they  exhibit  cavities  filled  with  small, 
extremely  beautiful,  fil)rous  crystals  of  iron,  which  are  highly  irides- 
cent, and  sometimes  perfectly  transparent  quartz  crystals.  In  some 
parts  of  the  bank  the  specular  ore  is  imbedded  in  a  soft,  purplish 
hematite,  which  is  (juite  soapy  to  the  touch.  It  forms  an  excellent 
and  valuable  paint,  for  which  purpose  large  quantities,  I  am  told, 
are  sent  annually  to  the  Eastern  cities. 

In  section  32,  township  37,  range  8,  there  is  an  extensive  deposit  of 
specular  ore  very  similar  in  character  to  the  Maramec  bank. 

In  Dent  County,  in  sections  2,  3,  10,  and  11,  of  township  35,  range 
4  west,  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  extensive  deposits  of  the  specu- 
lar oxide  of  iron  in  that  part  of  the  State.  The  ore  is  rich  and  pure, 
and  will  yield  a  very  large  per  cent,  of  the  very  best  iron.    In  appear- 


MINERAL    RESOURCES.  143 

ance  the  ore  is  intermediate  between  that  of  the  Iron  Mountain  and 
that  at  the  Pilot  Knob;  but  in  quality  it  is  not  surpassed  by  either. 

Iron  ore  is  found  at  many  localities  in  Pulaski  County.  A  large 
deposit  of  specular  iron  ore  similar  to  that  used  at  the  Maramec 
Iron  Works  in  Phelps  County,  was  examined  in  section  31,  township 
37,  range  12. 

These  are  but  a  few  of  the  many  localities  of  this  ore  known  to 
exist  in  various  parts  of  the  State. 

The  Specular  and  Magnetic  Oxides. — At  Shepard  Mountain  the 
ore  is  usually  a  mixture  of  these  varieties,  (the  magnetic  being  the 
least  abundant,)  in  a  very  pure  state ;  as  they  yield  less  than  two  per 
cent,  of  silex  and  alumina,  which  are  the  only  substances  perceptible 
in  most  of  the  ore;  and  they  do  not  injure  its  quality.  The  ore  at 
this  mountain  exists  in  vertical  veins,  ranging  in  different  directions 
through  the  porphyry  of  which  the  mountain  is  composed.  They 
vary  in  thickness  from  one  foot  to  fourteen.  Three  of  these  veins 
have  been  partially  explored.  They  will  yield  an  enormous  amount 
of  ore,  as  they,  doubtless,  continue  downward  indefinitely;  for  they 
have  every  appearance  of  an  igneous  origin.  They  exist  in  nearly 
perpendicular  fissures  in  a  plutonic  rock ;  the  walls  of  these  fissures 
appear  to  be  striated  in  places ;  the  purple  porphyry  on  each  side 
has  lost  its  color  and  become  very  soft  and  somewhat  friable,  as  might 
be  expected  from  such  a  rock,  after  exposure  to  heat  and  the  action 
of  atmospheric  influences;  and  besides,  fragments  of  the  porphyry 
were  detected  in  the  ore;  and  they  changed  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  wall  rocks.  Such  facts,  it  seems  to  me,  indicate  an  igneous 
origin,  and  the  indefinite  continuation  of  the  vein  in  a  downward 
direction. 

Silicious  Specular  Oxide. — The  ore  of  the  Pilot  Knob  is  somewhat 
different  from  the  other  iron  ore  of  this  neighborhood,  both  in  appear- 
ance and  composition.  It  is  more  compact  and  breaks  with  a  gray 
steel-like  fracture,  and  contains  ten  or  twenty  per  cent,  of  silica.  The 
silica  should  make  the  ore  no  less  valuable,  as  the  presence  of  that 
mineral  usually  renders  it  more  fusible  and  better  adapted  to  some 
uses.  Pilot  Knob  is  581  feet  high,  (its  base  537  feet  above  St.  Louis,) 
and  it  covers  an  area  of  360  acres.  A  large  portion  of  this  mountain 
is  pure  ore;  but  it  is  not  so  easy  to  estimate  the  quantity,  as  it  is  iu- 
terstratified  with  the  slates,  which,  together  with  the  ore,  form  the 
greater  portion  of  the  mountain.  At  any  rate,  the  (piaiitity  is  enor- 
mous, and  may  be  considered  inexhaustiljle.  The  amount  above  the 
surface  cannot  be  less  than  13,972,773  tons.  But  it  evidently  far 
exceeds  this  estimate ;  for  the  thick  stratum  from  which  the  most  of 


14-4  MINERAL    RESOURCES. 

the  ore  has  been  obtaiiiod  will  give  nearly  10,000,000  tons.  There 
are  several  strata  above,  and,  at  least,  one  below.  "Whether  this  ore 
had  an  ig'noous  ori}2^in,  is  not  so  certain  ;  still  the  metamorphosed 
character  of  the  slates  with  whicli  it  is  interstratified,  the  relative 
jjosition  of  the  plntonie  rocks  below  and  around  it,  and  its  similarity 
to  the  ores  in  Shepard  Mountain,  Iron  Mountain,  and  the  Shut-in, 
all  go  to  show  its  igneous  origin.  If  this  be  true,  the  main  stratum 
is  i)robably  connected  with  the  fissure  through  which  it  was  ejected. 
This  fissure  or  vein  is  to  be  sought  on  the  southwestern  side,  where 
the  dip  of  this  stratum  brings  it  near  the  base  of  the  mountain  or 
within  its  base. 

There  is  no  probability  that  this  vahiable  ore  can  be  exhausted 
within  any  time,  sufficiently  short,  to  affect  the  market  value  of  the 
deposit. 

There  is  ore  enough  of  the  very  best  quality  within  a  few  miles  of 
Pilot  Knob  and  Iron  Mountain,  above  the  surface  of  the  valleys,  to 
furnish  1,000,000  tons  per  annum  of  manufactured  iron  for  the  next 
two  hundred  years. 

All  of  these  ores  are  well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  itig-nietal ; 
and  those  of  Iron  Mountain  and  Shepard  Mountain  are  used  for 
making  blooms  by  the  Catalan  process,  in  the  Bloomeries,  at  Pilot 
Knob  and  at  Valle  Forge.- 

Hematite. — This  ore  is  very  generally  diffused  through  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  State  wherever  the  ferruginous  sandstone,  or  the 
2d  and  3d  magnesian  limestones  are  developed,  as  it  is  most  abund- 
ant in  those  formations.  The  hematite  of  the  ferruginous  sand- 
stone is  not  generally  so  uniform  in  texture  and  so  pure  as  that 
found  in  the  calciferous  sandrock.  There  are  three  important  local- 
ities of  it  in  Cooper  County.  One  is  immediately  on  the  bluffs  of 
the  Black  water,  in  township  48,  range  19  west,  northeast  quarter  sec- 
tion 3.  The  ore  at  this  place  forms  a  stratum  in  the  sandstone  some 
three  feet  thick,  which  promises  an  abundant  yield.  The  same  ore 
again  shows  itself  in  the  same  geological  position,  in  section  33  of 
the  same  township,  where  it  covers  a  large  area,  and  will  furnish 
much  more  ore  than  the  last  locality.  Loose  masses  were  also  seen 
in  township  47,  range  15),  section  35,  which  had  evidently  fallen 
down  IVom  this  sandstone  in  I  lie  hill  al)ove.  The  same  ore  was  also 
observed  on  the  eastern  bluffs  of  the  La  IMine,  above  the  mouth  of 
Clear  Creek.  Large  blocks  of  hematite  were  discovered  resting 
on  the  surface  of  the  encrinital  limestone  on  the  brow  of  a  bluff  in 
township  39,  range  24,  section  28,  in  St.  Clair  County.  The  ore  at 
this  place  has  been  derived  from  the  sandstone  which  had  disiute- 


MINERAL   RESOURCES.  1-J5 

grated  and  left  the  iron.  In  township  38,  range  26,  some  half  mile 
southeast  of  the  Salt  Creek  Sulphur  Springs,  which  are  in  section 
27,  I  saw  a  great  many  large  blocks  of  this  ore  from  the  same  sand- 
stone.    There  are  also  localities  on  Grand  River,  in  Henry  County. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  localities  of  iron  was  observed  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Greene  County.  Large  masses  of  fibrous  brown 
hematite  cover  several  acres  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  section  24, 
township  27,  range  24.  The  bed  is  more  than  eight  feet  thick  in  a 
shaft  sunk  into  it.  In  the  southwest  quarter,  section  19,  township  27, 
range  23,  we  saw  another  large  bed  of  the  same  ore.  The  same  ore 
covers  many  acres  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  same  section.  It 
also  abounds  in  section  7  of  the  same  township,  and  in  sections  14  and 
15,  township  27,  range  24.  There  are  also  large  beds  of  this  ore  to 
the  north  and  northeast  of  these  localities.  Some  important  beds 
of  the  common  brown  hematite  occur  at  Pond  Springs,  and  several 
other  localities  in  Greene  County.  In  section  2,  township  25,  range 
25,  in  Stone  County,  large  quantities  of  the  ore  were  observed.  Beds 
of  less  importance  were  also  seen  in  nearly  all  the  counties  examined 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

The  hematite  of  the  magnesian  limestones  is  of  better  quality 
and  more  extensively  diffused.  The  most  important  localities  in  the 
2d  magnesian  limestone  are  in  Franklin  County,  in  townships  41 
and  42,  range  1  east.  These  beds  will  yield  a  large  amount  of 
excellent  ore.  There  is  also  a  quantity  of  this  ore  a  short  distance 
above  Warsaw  and  several  localities  west  of  Buffalo.  Many  local- 
ities of  it  were  observed  in  the  3d  magnesian  limestone.  But  the 
most  important  is  in  the  ridge,  in  the  forks  of  the  Big  and  Little 
Niangua,  extending  from  the  mouth  of  the  latter  to  section  12,  town- 
ship 38,  range  18.  The  slopes  of  this  ridge  and  the  ravines  skirting 
it  are  covered  with  fragments  of  the  ore  in  such  quantities  as  seem 
to  indicate  a  vast  deposit.  The  hematite  in  township  34,  range  3, 
section  21,  is  probably  in  this  limestone.  The  ore  is  good;  but  I 
cannot  speak  with  certainty  of  the  amount. 

The  4th  magnesian  limestone  also  contains  several  important 
deposits  of  this  ore  in  Camden. 

In  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  27,  township  36,  range  7,  large 
masses  of  specular  and  brown  iron  ore  abound  on  the  surface.  A 
shaft  of  fifteen  feet  has  been  sunk  here,  from  wliich  a  good  deal  of 
argillaceous  red  hematite  has  been  taken. 

In  Perry  County  several  fine  deposits  of  hematite  ore  have  been 
discovered.  The  Birmingham  beds  are,  perhaps,  the  most  import- 
ant.    These  beds  are  located  near  the  mouth  of  Api)le  Creek,  in 

10 


146  MINERAL    RESOURCES. 

what  are  called  Iron  Kidge  and  Iron  Hill.     The  ore  is  abundant  and 
good. 

In  Stoddard  County,  near  Kitchen's  Mill,  I  discovered  large  quan- 
tities of  this  ore.  It  was  used  in  building  the  dam  for  the  mill.  In 
township  27,  range  9,  the  blulls  toward  Duck  Creek  Swamp  contain 
vast  beds  of  good  hematite.  I  followed  the  outcrop  several  miles 
along  the  bluffs.  But  the  most  extensive  of  the  deposits  of  this  ore 
was  discovered  in  the  bluffs  facing  Mingo  Swamp,  in  township  27, 
ranges  8  and  9.  Here  it  appears  as  a  regular  stratum  in  the  mag- 
uesiau  limestones.  It  is  four  or  live  feet  thick,  and  extends  along 
the  bluff  nearly  a  mile. 

In  Scott  County  I  discovered  several  beds  of  this  ore  in  the  ter- 
tiary rocks  in  the  bluffs  facing  the  southern  swamps.  The  beds  are 
extensive;  but  the  quality  is  inferior. 

Bog  Ore  is  very  abundant  in  the  swamps  of  Southeast  Missouri. 
I  examined  vast  beds  of  this  in  Scott  County,  in  section  2,  township 
27,  range  14,  on  the  Slake  Glades,  where  the  ore  is  nearly  one  foot 
thick  over  a  large  area.  From  this  point  the  ore  was  seen  at  short 
intervals  in  St.  John's  Lake  or  swamp  down  to  the  Iron  Ore  Ford, 
where  the  quantity  is  very  great — the  bed  about  one  foot  thick.  This 
ore  also  exists  in  Big  Cypress  west  of  Sandy  Prairie.  It  was  also 
discovered  In  extensive  beds  in  the  swamp  southwest  of  Charleston, 
Mississippi  County.  In  Dunklin  County,  in  Buffalo  and  Honey 
Cypresses,  fine  beds  were  discovered  several  miles  In  length.  The 
quantity  of  this  ore  In  this  part  of  the  State  Is  very  great — more 
than  enough  to  supply  all  future  demands. 

Spathic  Ore  or  Carbonate  of  Iron. — This  ore  is  found  in  greater 
or  less  quantities  in  all  parts  of  the  State  where  the  coal  measures 
exist;  but  the  most  valuable  beds  yet  examined  are  those  in  the 
tertiary  rocks  in  the  bluff  of  the  southern  and  eastern  parts  of  town- 
ship 28,  range  13,  and  townshij)  29,  range  14.  There  are  four 
regular  strata  of  the  ore,  varying  from  one  to  two  feet  in  thickness. 
These  beds  crop  out  of  the  southern  face  of  the  bluffs  at  various 
points  between  Benton  and  Commerce.  The  ore  is  good,  and  may 
be  worked  to  great  advantage. 

LEAD. — Next  to  iron,  lead  is  perhaps  the  most  abundant  of  all  the 
valuable  metals  in  the  State.  Our  lead  mines  have  been  worked  with 
great  success  for  the  last  half  century.  It  is  true  that  the  amount  of 
mining  done  and  the  success  at  various  points  have  been  somewhat 
varial)le,  as  is  always  the  case  in  mining  operations,  when  conducted 
and  carried  on  by  men  who  have  but  little  capital  and  practical 
knowledge  of  the  work ;    as  ours  have  been  in  some  considerable  de- 


MINERAL    RESOURCES.  147 

gree  at  least.  Many  of  our  mines  have  been  neglected  for  various 
reasons.  Some  on  account  of  disputed  titles,  others  from  the  general 
depression  of  the  business  affairs  of  the  West;  but  there  is  no  good 
reason  to  suppose  our  mines  would  be  less  productive  now  than  at  any 
previous  period.  Few  or  none  have  been  exhausted;  and  many  are 
now  worked  with  greater  success  than  at  any  previous  time.  All  the 
facts  encourage  a  more  extended  effort  to  work  out  and  more  fully 
develop  some  of  the  neglected  lead  mines  of  our  State. 

Our  space  will  not  permit  a  detailed  account  of  the  lead  mines  of 
the  State.  There  are  more  than  five  hundred  localities,  old  and  new, 
that  promise  good  returns  to  the  miner;  two  hundred  and  sixteen  have 
been  catalogued  in  my  report  on  the  southwest  branch  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad. 

The  Eastern  Lead  Region  comprises  a  large  portion  of  Franklin, 
Washington,  Jefferson,  Crawford,  Phelps,  Dent,  Madison,  St.  Fran9ois, 
St.  Genevieve,  and  some  parts  of  the  adjoining  counties,  giving  an  area 
of  some  5000  square  miles. 

The  Southwestern  Lead  Region  comprises  a  large  portion  of  New- 
ton and  Jasper,  and  portions  of  the  adjoining  counties,  making  an 
area  of  about  200  square  miles. 

The  Osage  Lead  Region  contains  a  considerable  portion  of  Cole, 
Moniteau,  Morgan,  Benton,  Camden,  and  Miller  Counties,  an  area  of 
about  1000  square  miles. 

The  Southern  Lead  Region  comprises  portions  of  Taney,  Christian, 
and  perhaps  other  counties.  The  extent  is  but  little  known ;  at  least 
100  square  miles  have  been  examined. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  these  areas,  large  as  they  are,  contain 
all  the  lead  lands  of  the  State.  We  have  not  yet  examined  a  single 
county  south  of  the  Osage  and  the  Missouri  without  finding  in  it  more 
or  less  of  this  valuable  mineral.  And,  besides,  nearly  all  the  counties 
in  Southern  Missouri  are  underlaid  by  the  true  lead-bearing  rocks  of 
our  State. 

We  have  then  6300  square  miles  in  which  lead  deposits  in  workable 
quantities  have  been  found  and  successfully  worked ;  and  at  least 
15,000  square  miles  more  of  lead-bearing  rocks,  where  we  may 
reasonably  expect  to  find  valuable  deposits  of  this  mineral.  I  must 
refer  to  the  Geological  Reports  for  the  details  of  our  lead  mines. 

COPPER. — The  copper  mines  of  Shannon,  Madison,  and  Franklin 
Counties  have  been  known  for  a  long  time.  Some  of  the  mines  of 
Shannon  and  Franklin  were  once  worked  with  bright  prospects  of  suc- 
cess.    Some  in  Madison  are  still  yielding  with  good  results. 

Deposits  of  copper  have  been  discovered  in  Dent,  Crawford,  Benton, 


lis  MINERAL   RESOURCES. 

Maries,  Oreene,  Lawrence,  Dade,  Taney,  Dallas,  Phelps,  and  "Wrij^ht 
Counties.  But  the  mines  in  Franklin,  Shannon,  Madison,  Dent,  and 
Washington  give  greater  promise  of  yielding  profitable  results  tlian 
any  others  yet  discovered.  AVhen  capitalists  are  prepared  to  work 
these  mines  in  a  systematic  manner,  they  may  expect  good  returns  for 
the  money  invested. 

ZINC. — Sulphnret  of  zinc  is  very  abundant  in  nearly  all  the  mines 
in  Southwestern  Missouri,  particularly  in  those  mines  in  Newton  and 
Jasper,  in  the  mountain  limestone.  The  carbonate  and  the  silicate 
occur  in  the  same  localities,  though  in  much  smaller  ((uantities.  The 
ores  of  zinc  are  also  found  in  greater  or  less  abundance  in  all  the 
counties  on  the  southwestern  branch;  but  the  distance  from  market, 
and  the  difficulties  in  smelting  the  most  abundant  of  these  ores,  the 
sulphuret,  have  prevented  the  miners  from  appreciating  its  real  value. 

It  often  occurs  in  such  large  masses  as  to  impede  very  materially 
the  progress  of  mining  operations.  For  this  reason,  black-jack  is  no 
favorite  with  the  miners  of  the  Southwest.  Many  thousand  tons  have 
been  cast  aside  with  the  rubbish  as  so  much  worthless  matter;  but  the 
completion  of  the  Southwestern  Branch  will  so  lessen  the  cost  of  trans- 
portation as  to  give  a  market  value  to  this  ore,  and  convert  into 
valuable  merchandise  the  vast  quantities  of  it,  which  could  be  so 
easily  obtained  in  Jasper,  Newton,  and  other  counties  of  the  South- 
west. 

Considerable  quantities  of  the  sulphuret,  carbonate,  and  silicate, 
also  occur  in  the  Eastern  Lead  Begion.  At  Perry's  mine,  at  Mount 
Hope  mine,  in  township  3G,  range  3,  east,  sections  4  and  7,  and  at  a 
locality  near  Potosi,  these  ores  exist  in  some  considerable  quantities; 
but  little  has  been  done  to  test  the  value  of  the  ores  of  zinc  in  these 
and  other  localities  in  the  State. 

COBALT  AND  NICKEL. — Ores  of  these  metals  are  obtained  in 
some  considerable  (luanlities  in  Mine  La  Motte.  Suiall  quantities 
only  have  been  discovered  in  other  localities. 

MANGANESE. — The  peroxide  of  manganese  exists  in  small  quan- 
tities in  the  second  sandstone,  on  the  plank-road,  west  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve, and  at  Buford's  ore  bank. 

SILVER. — Silver  has  not  been  discovered  in  the  State,  save  in 
minute  (piantities  in  the  sulphuret  of  lead. 

GOLD. — Gold  has  been  found  in  very  small  quantities  in  a  few 
places  in  the  State ;  but  I  have  no  evidence  that  any  of  the  localities 
will  i)ay  for  working  them. 

PLATINUM. — Platinum  has  been  reported  in  one  or  two  localities 
in  the  State ;  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  any. 


MINERAL    RESOURCES.  149 

BUILDING  MATERIALS.— The  possession  of  materials  for  the 
construction  of  habitations  is  one  of  the  first  necessities  of  tlie  human 
race ;  and,  as  the  race  advances  in  civilization  and  wealth,  the  demand 
for  the  more  beautiful  and  durable  qualities  constantly  increases,  and 
it  becomes  a  matter  of  no  small  importance  to  determine  whether  we 
are  prepared  to  supply  the  demand  which  our  advancement  will  create 
for  dwellings,  warehouses,  and  public  edifices.  Our  examinations  in 
Missouri  prove  the  existence  of  such  materials  in  nearly  every  forma- 
tion in  the  State, 

Limestones,  suitable  for  building  purposes,  are  abundant  in  the 
Upper  and  Middle  Coal  Series,  in  the  St.  Louis  Limestone,  the  Ar- 
chimedes Limestone,  the  Encrinital  Limestone,  the  Chouteau  Lime- 
stone, the  Onondaga  Limestone,  the  Cape  Girardeau  Limestone,  the 
Trenton  Limestone,  and  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  Magnesian  Lime- 
stones. All  of  these  formations  are,  more  or  less,  employed  in  the 
places  where  they  are  exposed.  Numbers  1  and  6  of  the  Upper 
Coal  Series  furnished  the  rock  used  in  the  Presbyterian  church 
and  the  public-house,  erected  by  Mr.  Park,  at  Parkville,  and  in  the 
public  buildings  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  all  of  which  indicate  their 
durability  and  beauty ;  and  the  ease  with  which  it  is  wrought  into  any 
desirable  form  renders  it  a  very  economical  building  material.  No. 
41,  of  the  Middle  Coal  Series,  is  a  light-gray  semi-crystalline  lime- 
stone, which  is  both  durable  and  beautiful.     It  is  used  at  Lexington. 

The  St.  Louis  limestone  has  many  beds  of  excellent  rock,  which 
are  extensively  quarried  and  employed  for  various  purposes  in  St. 
Louis  County.  The  Archimedes  beds  furnish  a  very  great  number 
of  very  durable  limestone.  It  is  used  for  the  custom-house  in  St. 
Louis.  The  Encrinital  strata  are  more  extensively  employed  for  econo- 
mical purposes  than  any  other  limestone  in  the  State.  The  State 
University  and  the  Court-house,  at  Columbia,  furnish  abundant  proof  of 
its  adaptation  to  building  purposes.  The  upper  beds  of  the  Trenton 
limestone,  and  the  dark  compact  and  the  light  magnesian  strata  in  the 
lower  part,  are  very  desirable  building  stones;  but  the  middle  beds  are 
not  so  durable ;  still  they  are  sometimes  used.  The  court-hou.se,  iu 
St.  Louis,  presents  good  examples  of  the  Trenton  limestone. 

The  strata  of  Cotton-Pock,  so  abundant  in  the  magnesian  lime- 
stones, are  much  used.  The  State-house,  Court-house,  and  many 
other  buildings  at  Jefferson  City,  show  the  adaptation  of  this  lime- 
stone to  such  purposes.  This  is  the  same  as  the  l>ulV  limestone  im- 
ported into  St.  Louis  from  Illinois  for  houses.  This  rock  is  eijually 
good  at  many  localities  in  our  own  State.  These  formations,  also, 
contain  numerous  beds  of  the  silicious  and  the  magnesian  crystalline 


loO  MINERAL   RESOURCES. 

varieties,  which  are  much  stronger  and  more  durable  than  the  Cotton- 
Kook. 

Marbles. — There  are  several  beds  of  excellent  marble  in  the  State. 
The  4th  division  of  the  encrinital  limestone  is  a  white,  coarse- 
grained, crystalline  marble,  of  great  durability.  It  crops  out  in 
several  places  in  ^Marion  County.  One  of  the  best  localities  is  in 
the  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi,  between  McFarliu's  Branch  and  the 
Fabius.  The  lithographic  limestone  would  furnish  a  hard,  line- 
gi-ained,  bluish-drab  marble,  that  would  contrast  finely  with  white 
varieties  in  tesselated  pavements  for  halls  and  courts. 

The  Cooper  marble  of  the  Onondaga  limestone  has  numerous  pel- 
lucid crystals  of  calcareous  spar  disseminated  through  a  drab,  or 
bluisli-drab,  fine,  compact  base.  It  exists  in  great  quantities  on  the 
La  Mine,  in  Cooper,  and  on  See's  Creek,  and  in  other  places  in 
Marion  ;  and  it  is  admirably  adapted  to  many  ornamental  uses. 

McPherson's  marble,  a  bed  of  the  Trenton  limestone,  situated  in  the 
vicinity  of  Rattlesnake  Creek,  is  a  hard,  light-colored,  compact  lime- 
stone, intersected  with  numerous  thin  veins  of  transparent,  calcareous 
spar,  which  give  it  a  beautifully  variegated  surface  when  well  polished. 
It  appears  to  be  strong  and  durable.  McPherson's  marble  block,  ou 
Fourth  Street,  St.  Louis,  is  constructed  of  it. 

Cape  Girardeau  marble  is  also  a  part  of  the  Trenton  limestone 
located  near  Cape  Girardeau.     It  is  nearly  wdiite,  strong,  and  durable. 

There  are  several  beds  of  very  excellent  marble  in  the  magnesian 
limestone  series.  In  sections  34  and  35  of  township  34,  range  3  east, 
are  several  l)eds  of  semi-crystalline,  light-colored  marbles,  beautifully 
clouded  with  buff  and  flesh  color.  They  receive  a  fine  polish,  are 
durable,  and  well  fitted  for  many  varieties  of  ornamental  work  and 
building  purposes.  But  one  of  the  most  desirable  of  Missouri  marbles 
is  in  the  3d  magnesian  limestone,  on  the  Niangua.  It  is  a  fine-grained, 
crystalline,  silico-magnesian  limestone  of  a  light  drab,  slightly  tinged 
with  peach-blossom,  and  beautifully  clouded  with  the  same  hue  or 
flesh  color.  It  is  twenty  feet  thick.  This  marble  is  rarely  surpassed 
in  the  qualities  which  fit  it  for  ornamental  architecture.  The  beautiful 
Ozark  marbles  are  well  known.  Some  of  them  have  been  used  in 
ornamenting  the  Capitol  at  Washington.  The  localities  are  very 
numerous  throughout  the  Ozark  region. 

There  are  also  several  other  beds  in  this  and  the  other  magnesian 
limestones  which  are  excellent  marbles.  Some  are  plain,  while  others 
are  so  clouded  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  breccias. 

Granite. — Granite  Knob  will  furnish  any  amount  of  a  superior 
coarse  granite,  admirably  adapted  to  all  structures  where  durability  and 


MINERAL   RESOURCES.  151 

Strength  are  desirable.  Its  introduction  to  general  use  in  St.  Ijonis 
would  add  much  to  the  architectural  effects  produced  by  her  public 
and  private  edifices. 

Brick. — The  pipe-clay  and  sands  of  the  drift  will  furnish  a  large 
amount  of  the  very  best  materials  suitable  for  manufacturing  the  most 
durable  and  beautiful  brick.  The  argillaceous  portions  of  the  bluff 
make  a  very  good  article.  It  is  generally  diffused,  and  is  almost  uni- 
versally employed  for  that  purpose.  Nearly  every  township  in  the 
State  has  an  abundance  of  these  clays. 

Fire-bricks  are  manufactured  from  the  fire-clays  of  the  lower  coal 
series  in  St.  Louis  County.  These  bricks  have  the  reputation  of  pos- 
sessing fine  refractory  properties.  There  are  many  beds  of  fire-clay  in 
the  coal  measures ;  and  besides,  some  beds  of  the  Hudson  River 
group,  in  Ralls  and  Pike  Counties;  of  the  Hamilton  group,  in  Pike 
and  Marion;  and  of  the  vermicular  sandstone  and  shales  on  North 
River,  seem  to  possess  all  the  qualities  of  the  very  best  fire-clays.  The 
quantity  of  these  clays  is  great,  almost  beyond  computation.  No  pos- 
sible demand  could  exhaust  them. 

Fire-rock  has  often  been  observed.  Some  of  the  more  silicious  beds 
of  the  coal  measures  are  very  refractory,  as  many  have  discovered. 
The  upper  strata  of  the  ferruginous  sandstone,  some  arenaceous  beds 
of  the  encrinital  limestone,  the  upper  part  of  the  Chouteau  limestone, 
and  the  fine-grained,  impure  beds  of  the  magnesian  limestones,  all 
possess  qualities  which  will  enaljle  them  to  withstand  the  action  of 
fire.  But  the  2d  and  3d  sandstones  are  the  most  refractory  rocks 
yet  examined,  and  are  well  adapted  to  use  where  great  strength  and 
firmness  are  not  demanded.  They  are  used  in  the  furnaces  at  Iron 
Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob. 

Paints. — There  are  several  beds  of  purple  shales  in  the  coal  meas- 
ures which  seem  to  possess  the  properties  requisite  for  paints  used  in 
outside  work.  Nos.  10,  31,  and  50  of  this  formation  have  shales 
of  a  bright-purple  color  and  firm  texture.  But  No.  10  possesses  the 
best  qualities.  It  has  a  more  uniform  texture  and  color,  and  is  much 
more  abundant  than  either  of  the  others.  This  bed  is  exposed  in  the 
bluff  opposite  to  Bethlehem;  at  Fort  Kearney,  in  a  l)luff  ten  miles 
below  that  station,  opposite  Sonora ;  at  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Ne- 
maha ;  and  at  Dallas,  Weston,  and  Parkville.  Mr.  Park,  of  the  last 
place,  has  used  it  with  oil,  both  alone  and  mixed  with  white-load,  for 
outside  work;  and  several  years' exposure  have  proved  it  very  durable. 
Its  color  is  more  brilliant  when  prepared  with  oil ;  but  when  mixed 
with  white-lead  it  produces  a  dark,  dull,  peach-blossom  color,  which  is 
very  agreeable  and  appropriate  for  some  purposes.     Its  properties  as 


152  MINERAL    RESOURCES. 

a  fire-proof  paint  were  also  tested  by  Mr.  Park.  An  inch  board  was 
covered  witli  a  thick  coat,  when  coals  were  burned  npon  the  painted 
side  until  the  whole  thickness  of  the  board  was  charred;  but  the  ])aint 
remained  iirni  and  uncracked.  lie  has  also  compared  it  in  use  with 
the  famous  Ohio  paint,  and  thinks  ours  the  best.  At  several  of  the 
above  localities  thousands  of  tons  could  be  thrown  from  the  beds  into 
a  boat  lying  in  the  river  beneath. 

Cements. — All  of  the  limestone  formations  in  the  State,  from  the 
coal  measures  to  the  4th  magnesian,  have  more  or  less  strata  of  very 
nearly  pure  carl)onate  of  lime,  which  will  consequently  make  good 
quick-lime.  13ut  few  if  any  of  the  States  have  such  an  abundance,  and 
so  general  a  distribution  of  this  important  article  of  domestic  use. 

All  the  limestones  whose  physical  characters  indicated  hydraulic 
properties  have  been  collected,  and  some  of  them  subjected  to  analysis. 
So  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  results  obtained,  we  have  many 
beds  of  hydraulic  limestone.  Several  beds  of  the  coal  measures  are 
hydraulic* 

Vermicular  Sandstone  and  Shales. — The  middle  beds  are  hydraulic, 
as  indicated  by  the  analysis. 

Lithographic  Limestone. — The  upper  beds  come  in  this  class. 

Cape  Girardeau  Limestone. — The  analysis  and  description  show 
good  hydraulic  properties. 

Magnesian  Limestones. — Several  beds  in  these  formations  are 
hydraulic. 

Chouteau  Limestone. — The  upper  division  of  this  formation,  as  it 
is  developed  in  Boone,  Cooper,  and  Moniteau  Counties,  gives  the  best 
indications  of  excellent  hydraulic  properties.  The  beds  are  about 
thirty  feet  thick,  and  have  a  uniform  texture  and  composition.  These 
very  much  resemble  the  hydraulic  strata  at  Louisville,  and  can  furnish 
any  dcsiraltle  (piantity. 

Vermicular  Sandstone  and  Shales. — The  middle  beds  of  this  form- 
ation, both  in  .Muri(Mi  and  Cooper,  have  superior  hydraulic  properties. 
This  is  esi)ecially  indicated  by  the  dark-clouded  beds  which  were  passed 
through  in  sinking  the  well  of  Mr.  Winston  Walker,  in  Cooper. 

Hudson  River  Group. — The  upper  and  lower  beds  of  this  formation 
give  good  evidence  of  being  hydraulic. 

From  present  indications,  the  hydraulic  limestones  of  our  State  may 
l)e  expected  to  supply  the  home  demand  and  furnish  large  quantities 
for  exportation. 

ROAD  MATERIALS. — In  a  country  where  the  superiicial  deposits 

*  See  Second  Annual  Report,  page  108. 


MINERAL   RESOURCES.  153 

make  such  bad  roads  it  is  a  matter  of  no  small  importance  to  have  an 
abundance  of  good  materials  for  higb\yays.  The  limestones,  so 
abundant  in  the  country,  are  much  used  for  macadamized  roads.  But 
the  rapid  pulverization  of  limerock,  and  t!ie  consequent  mud  and  dust, 
particularly  in  towns  and  cities,  render  it  very  desirable  to  point  out  a 
more  durable  and  economical  substitute.  The  coarse  gravels  of  the 
boulder  formation  and  of  the  river  beds  furnish  an  abundance  of  the 
best  possible  substitute.  These  deposits  contain  gravels  of  any  degree 
of  fineness,  from  the  sand  suited  to  the  formation  of  footpaths  to  the 
pebbles  best  adapted  for  carriage-ways.  Any  amount,  of  any  given 
coarseness,  may  be  obtained  by  screening,  in  all  parts  of  the  country, 
either  from  the  drift  or  the  river-beds.  These  pebbles  have  the 
advantage  of  limestones  in  several  particulars: — 

1st.  They  are  more  durable,  being  fragments  of  chert  and  the 
harder  igneous  and  crystalline  rocks,  which  have  withstood  the  action 
of  those  unknown  but  all-powerful  causes  which  have  worn  away  and 
ground  to  dust  so  large  a  portion  of  our  superficial  rocks,  and  trans- 
ported to  our  territory  such  quantities  of  the  rocks  in  sUu,  several 
hundred  miles  to  the  north.  Those  from  the  river-beds,  also,  have 
been  exposed  to  aqueous  action  for  unknown  ages. 

2d.  They  are  less  injurious  to  animals  and  carriages,  as  all  the  peb- 
bles are  water-worn  and  rounded. 

3d.  By  their  use  we  should  avoid  the  impalpable  dust  of  the  lime- 
stone, so  injurious  to  health  and  property  in  our  cities.  We  should, 
also,  escape  much  of  the  mud,  which  is  scarcely  less  objectionable. 

Should  St.  Louis  but  pave  a  single  street  with  these  pebbles,  every 
person  living  or  doing  business  upon  it  would  at  once  see  the  differ- 
ence in  comfort  and  health.  The  impalpable  dust  of  the  dry  weather 
and  the  liquid  mud  of  the  wet,  would  no  longer  soil  the  furniture  and 
goods  of  the  houses  and  shops,  and  clog  the  lungs  and  disfigure  the 
garments  of  those  passing  over  it.  Material  could  be  obtained  from 
various  parts  of  the  State.  Good  pebbles  are  abundant  in  the  streams 
of  Marion,  Boone,  Cooper,  and  jNlonitcau.  The  Osage  and  its  tribu- 
taries can  supply  any  needed  quantity,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  Gasconade  and  the  Maramec  have  a  good  supply  of  them  in 
localities  nearer  St.  Louis.  Small  steamers  could  easily  reach  bars 
made  up  of  good  pebbles,  on  the  Osage,  the  La  Mine,  and  other 
streams,  and  ol)tain  a  supply  sufficient  to  meet  all  dcnmnds. 

Lithographic  Limestone.  —  This  is  a  very  fine,  compact,  even- 
textured  rock,  which  resembles  the  best  lithographic  stones  so  closely 
that  hand-specimens  of  them  can  scarcely  be  distinguished. 

Messrs.  Schaerff"  &  Brother,  of  St.   Louis,  have  tested  this  rock, 


151  SPRINGS. 

and  pronounced  some  parts  of  it  good.  Excellent  slabs  large  enough 
for  small  engravings  can  be  obtained  with  ease;  but  the  jointed  struc- 
ture of  the  strata,  and  an  occasional  particle  of  iron  pyrites,  will  make 
it  difficult  to  get  large  slabs  of  suitable  quality. 

SPRINGS. — We  have  a  great  abundance  of  Springs,  both  fresh  and 
mineral.  The  fresh  springs  are  very  numerous  in  all  parts  examined, 
and  some  of  them  are  very  large. 

Brycc's  Sjiring,  on  the  Niangua,  is  the  largest  observed.  The 
quantity  discharged  was  carefully  measured,  and  it  was  ascertained 
that  455,328  cubic  feet  of  water  were  discharged  per  hour,  and 
10,927,872  cubic  feet  per  diem.  The  Guntcr  and  Sweet  Springs  are 
not  quite  so  large;  and,  what  increases  their  value,  the  quantity  and 
temperature  of  the  water  scarcely  changes  during  the  year.  We  have 
several  varieties  of  mineral  springs — chalybeate,  sulphur,  and  brine. 
The  most  important  chalybeate  spring  observed  is  in  or  beneath 
the  ferruginous  sandstone,  west  of  Osceola.  Salt  springs  are  very 
generally  diffused.  The  sulphur  springs  are  also  very  abundant;  and 
a  few  have  acquired  some  considerable  reputation  for  their  sanitary 
qualities.  Those  most  popular  are  the  Chouteau  Springs,  in  Cooper; 
the  Elk  Springs,  in  Pike;  and  the  Monagan  Springs,  in  St.  Clair. 
We  have  seen  sulphur  springs  in  Marion,  Pike,  Howard,  Cooper, 
Saline,  Benton,  St.  Clair,  and  St.  Louis  Counties. 

Petroleum  Springs. — I  am  indebted  to  the  Hon.  Charles  Sims  for 
a  bottle  of  i)etr(jleum,  from  what  is  commonly  called  Tar  Spring, 
situated  about  five  miles  west  of  Cohlwater  Grove,  which  is  near  the 
middle  of  the  western  boundary  of  Cass  County.  The  petroleum 
usually  rises  with  the  water,  and  forms  a  stratum  on  its  surface;  but, 
in  drought,  when  the  spring  does  not  discharge  water,  it  comes  up  in 
a  pure  state  and  fills  the  basin. 


AGRICULTURAL   RESOURCES.  155 


AGRICULTURAL  RESOURCES  OF  MISSOURI 

In  determining  the  value  of  a  country,  whether  it  be  to  secure 
national  greatness  or  individual  wealth  and  happiness,  the  character 
of  the  soil  is  of  the  first  importance,  as  the  largest  portion  of  the 
wealth  of  individuals  and  the  power  of  nations  depend  primarily 
upon  the  products  of  the  earth ;  and,  indeed,  without  a  good  soil,  no 
nation  can  hope  to  enjoy  any  permanent  prosperity  and  greatness. 

It  is  doubtless  true  that  the  soil  of  Missouri  surpasses  that  of  any 
other  equal  portion  of  our  continent  in  fertility  and  variety,  and  in 
adaptation  to  the  varied  wants  of  an  enlightened  people.  "While 
our  soils  and  climate  are  surpassed  by  none  for  the  production  of 
corn,  wheat,  oats,  grasses,  hemp,  and  tobacco,  nearly  all  the  staple 
products  of  Europe  and  Xorth  America  would  do  well  in  some  parts 
of  the  State.  In  the  northern  part,  the  potato,  the  grasses,  and 
cereals  of  the  cooler  northern  States  are  most  luxuriant;  and  in  the 
southern  portion  we  see  the  cane  and  cotton  of  the  Sunny  South ; 
and  in  the  central  highlands,  the  cereals,  grapes,  and  other  fruits  of 
Central  and  Southern  Europe  are  yielding  their  rich  harvests  and 
delicious  fruits  as  kindly  as  upon  their  chosen  hills  in  Xormandy  and 
Italy. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  Soil  in  the  State.  Some  of  them 
deserve  a  more  detailed  description. 

1.  Alluvial  Soil. — This  variety  occupies  the  bottom  lands  of  all 
our  large  streams.  It  is  based  upon  the  beds  of  sand,  clay,  and 
humus  of  the  alluvial  formation,  above  described,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  desirable  and  productive  of  all  in  the  State.  Its  physical 
properties  are  such,  it  is  so  light  and  porous  and  deep,  that  in  wet 
weather  the  superabundance  of  water  readily  passes  off;  while,  in 
drought,  the  roots  sink  deep,  and  the  water  below  easily  ascends  by 
capillary  attraction  and  keeps  the  surface  moist.  These  scientific 
deductions  are  abundantly  sustained  by  the  experience  of  those  who 
have  cultivated  farms  on  it  for  the  past  twenty  or  thirty  years. 
When  the  crops  on  the  neighboring  farms  have  been  parched  by 
drought  or  drowned  by  excessive  rains,  those  of  the  bottom  farms 
have  never  failed  from  these  causes. 

The  great  fertility  of  this  soil  is  very  clearly  shown  by  the  tropical 
luxuriance  of  the  natural  vegetation.  The  timber  is  aljuiulant  and 
as  large  as  any  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  The  most  abundant  trees  are 
Cottonwood;  sycamore;  white  and  sugar  maple;  box-elder;  slippery 


156  AGRICULTURAL    RESOURCES. 

aiul  Amoricaii  elm;  red  birch;  l)lack.  wliite,  ami  blue  ash;  coffee- 
tree;  wild-ciierry;  catalpa;  cyprosa;  sweet  gum;  tupelo;  buckeye; 
honey  locust;  bur,  white,  swamp-white,  rock  chestnut,  yellow,  laurel, 
pin,  red,  and  scarlet  oaks;  shellbark,  thick  shellbark,  and  pignut 
hickories;  hackberry ;  papaw ;  red  bud;  black  and  white  walnuts; 
linden;  wild-plum;  several  willows;  pecan;  mulberry  and  red  birch. 
The  trumpet  and  Virginia  creepers,  the  poison  ivy,  and  several 
species  of  grapes  almost  cover  with  their  graceful  foliage  many  of 
the  largest  trees. 

The  soil  of  the  bottom  prairies  has  nearly  the  same  properties,  and 
may  be  classed  in  the  same  variety. 

The  soil  occupies  an  area  on  the  borders  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
Missouri,  and  our  other  large  rivers  of  about  5,000,000  acres.  The 
farms  opened  are  usually  cultivated  in  corn,  wheat,  hemp,  and 
tobacco.  The  yield,  even  with  our  poor  cultivation,  is  of  corn,  15 
to  20  barrels;  wheat,  20  to  25  bushels;  hemp,  10  to  12  hundred; 
and  tobacco,  1500  to  2000  pounds  per  acre. 

2.  Bluff  or  Hemp  Soil. — The  bluff  formation,  where  well  developed, 
produces  a  light,  deep  ealcareo-silicious  soil,  of  the  very  best  quality. 
The  alumina,  silex,  and  lime  are  mingled  in  such  proportions  with 
the  other  fertilizing  properties  in  this  formation  as  to  adapt  it,  in  an 
admirable  degree,  to  the  formation  of  soils  and  subsoils;  and,  as 
migiit  be  expected,  the  soils  formed  upon  it,  under  favorable  circum- 
stances, are  equal  to  any  in  the  country.  The  territory  occupied  by 
this  soil  is  known  as  HemjJ  Land;  it  is  most  popular  among  Western 
farmers  :  and  yet  its  great  value  is  not  fully  appreciated.  It  is  light 
and  rich,  and  will  improve  rather  than  deteriorate  with  judicious 
culture.  The  marl  beds,  upon  which  it  everywhere  rests,  will  be  the 
inexhaustible  source  of  its'fertility  for  all  future  time. 

This  soil  covers  a  greater  or  less  portion  of  all  the  western  counties 
of  the  State,  from  Cass  to  Atchison,  and  eastward  to  Howard.  It 
is  also  found  in  some  considerable  areas  in  other  portions  of  the 
State;  as  in  Marion  and  St.  Louis  Counties.  It  covers  an  area  of 
some  8,000,000  acres.  Hemp,  corn,  and  tobacco  are  the  staple 
crops.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  high  rolling  prairie  and  timber, 
well  watered  and  well  drained. 

The  timber  most  abuiulant  is  hackberry;  elm;  wild-cherry;  honey 
locust;  common  and  pignut  hickories;  colTee-trce ;  bur,  swamp- 
white  and  chestnut  oaks;  black  and  white  waluut;  mulberry;  papaw; 
linden ;  and  grapes. 

3.  The  bluff  formation,  where  not  fully  developed,  becomes  more 
argillaceous  and  forms  a  soil  somewhat  inferior.     On  account  of  the 


AGRICULTURAL    RESOURCES.  157 

impervious  nature  of  tlic  clayey  subsoil,  it  suffers  more  by  drought 
and  excess  of  rain.  This  is  called  Hickory  Land  in  some  parts  of 
the  State;  in  others,  Mulatto  Soil. 

When  timbered,  the  growth  is  usually  shellbark  and  common 
hickories  ;  white,  black,  and  scarlet  oaks  ;  black  walnut ;  sugar-tree  ; 
white  and  blue  ash ;  papaw ;  red  and  black  haws  ;  red  bud  ;  linden  ; 
and  grapes.  The  country  is  high  and  rolling;  and  is  about  equally 
divided  between  prairie  and  timber. 

The  crops  most  cultivated  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  tobacco,  and 
the  grasses.  Of  the  grasses,  blue-grass,  timothy,  clover,  and  Hunga- 
rian grass  are  most  in  favor. 

This  soil  prevails  in  the  northern,  central,  and  southern  portions  of 
the  State  over  an  area  of  some  10,000,000  acres.  This  is  esteemed 
by  many  the  best  wheat-land  in  the  State. 

4.  Other  portions  of  the  State,  underlaid  by  the  bluff  formation, 
are  occupied  by  a  soil  somewhat  inferior  to  the  last.  These  portions 
are  known  as  White- Oak  Lands;  and  they  usually  abound  on  high 
ridges  and  steep  slopes,  where  the  rains  of  past  centuries  have 
washed  away  the  finer  and  richer  materials  of  the  surface  soil. 

The  timber  on  the  White-Oak  Lands  is  usually  white,  post,  black, 
gray,  and  black-jack  oaks ;  and  black  hickory,  dwarf  sumach,  and 
shellbark  hickory  often  grow  on  the  better  'portions. 

This  soil  was  formerly  more  popular  than  at  present.  It  produces 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  corn,  tobacco,  and  the  grasses.  Analyses  show  the 
subsoil  much  better  than  the  surface ;  and  deep  cultivation  has  much 
improved  the  crops  on  this  variety  of  soil.  It  covers  an  area  of 
some  5,000,000  acres  in  the  State. 

5.  There  is  in  the  southern  counties  a  reddish,  marly  clay,  probably 
of  the  same  age  as  the  bluff,  which  is  the  foundation  of  a  very  pro- 
ductive and  durable  chocolate-colored  soil.  This  soil,  when  not 
affected  by  the  subjacent  rocks,  is  very  good,  and  sustains  a  fine 
growth  of  American,  slippery,  and  Wahoo  elms,  honey  locust ;  blaek 
cherry;  mulberry;  black  gum;  hackberry ;  white,  red,  black,  Inir, 
chestnut,  rock  chestnut,  and  laurel  oaks;  common  and  shellbark 
hickories;  crab-apple;  black  and  red  haws ;  papaw;  white  and  blue 
ashes  ;  black  walnut.  This  variety  of  soil  abounds  in  many  of  the 
southern  counties.  It  is  well  represented  in  the  neighl)orhood  of 
Farmington,  St.  Fran(;ois  County,  in  the  beautiful  valley  of  Arcadia, 
south  of  Pilot  Knob,  in  the  Kickapoo  and  other  rich  prairies  of 
Southwestern  ^Missouri,  and  in  the  rich  valleys  and  slopes  of  the 
whole  Ozark  range  or  highlands  of  Southern  Missouri,  where  it 
probably  covers  1,000,000  acres  in  all. 


158  AGRICULTURAL    RESOURCES. 

This  soil  is  very  proiluctivc  aiul  durable.  It  yields  fine  crops  of 
corn,  wheat,  outs,  tobacco,  and  evcu  lieiup.  Cotton  is  sometimes 
grown  upon  it. 

G.  The  red  marl  or  clay  beds  upon  which  this  soil  rests  are  often 
so  thin  that  the  lime,  magnesia,  sand,  and  flints  of  the  subjacent  mag- 
ncsian  limestones  and  sandstones  mingle  with  and  greatly  modify 
this  fifth  variety  of  soil.  "When  the  flints  are  not  too  abundant,  this 
soil  is  very  productive.  The  ingredients  above  named  render  it  very 
light,  dry,  and  still  tenacious  of  moisture.  It  yields  all  our  staple 
crops  but  hemp,  and  is  the  best  possible  soil  for  fruit  culture.  Apples, 
grapes,  peaches,  pears,  quinces,  plums,  cherries,  blackberries,  straw- 
berries, raspberries,  and  many  other  varieties  of  fruit  are  produced 
with  great  success  on  this  soil. 

This  variety  may  occupy  some  4,000,000  acres,  principally  in  the 
highlands  of  Southern  Missouri. 

7.  But  where  this  soil  is  thin,  and  filled  with  the  chert  and  sand 
of  the  subjacent  limestones  and  sandstones,  it  becomes  very  poor,  and 
sustains  a  scattered  growth  of  black,  white,  post,  and  black-jack  oaks ; 
black  hickory ;  sumachs  and  hazels.  Only  a  stunted  growth  of  post 
oak,  black-jack,  black  hickory,  dwarf  sumachs,  and  American  hazel, 
is  found  on  the  poorest  ridges.  These  cherty  hills  and  ridges  are 
prevalent  in  all  the  southern  counties,  except  those  on  the  western, 
eastern,  and  southeastern  borders  of  the  State. 

This  soil  is  not  used  for  ordinary  cultivation.  It  is  reserved  for 
pasture  and  timber.  The  better  portions  may  be  made  the  most 
profitable  of  all  our  soils  for  the  cultivation  of  the  grape  and  other 
fruits. 

It  covers  an  area  of  some  6,000,000  acres  in  Southern  Missouri. 

8.  In  some  of  the  southern  counties  the  sandstones  of  the  mag- 
nesian  limestone  series  have  rendered  the  soil  very  sandy  and  light, 
and  almost  useless  for  the  ordinary  farming  purposes.  This  soil  pro- 
duces the  yellow  pine,  and  is  known  as  the  Pine  Lands  or  Pineries 
of  Southern  Missouri.  The  area  occupied  is  not  determined — it  may 
be  2,000,000  acres. 

Such  is  a  very  brief  description  of  the  most  important  varieties  of 
soil  in  Missouri.  With  41,000,000  acres  of  such  soils  in  a  climate 
warm  and  salubrious,  we  have  a  foundation  for  wealth  and  prosperity 
such  as  few  States  or  countries  can  boast.  "With  proper  cultivation 
it  will  be  a  source  of  unbounded  wealth  to  this  and  many  future  gen- 
erations. 

A  few  figures  will  give  us  some  idea  of  what  our  State  is  capable 


TIMBER   AND    TREES.  159 

of  producing  from  its  soil  alone.     With  only  one-lialf  of  the  State  in 
cultivation  it  would  easily  yield 

From  8,000,000  acres  of  corn,  at  10  barrels  per  acre 400,000,000  bushels. 

"     3,000,000  acres  of  wheat,  at  10  bushels  per  acre 30,000,000 

"     1,000,000  acres  of  oats,  at  20  bushels  per  acre 20,000,000       " 

"     2,000,000  acres  of  hay,  at  2  tons  per  acre 4,000,000  tons. 

"     1,000,000  acres  of  hemp,  at  8  hundred  per  acre 8,000,000  hundreds. 

"     1,000,000  acres  of  tobacco,  at  10  hundred  per  acre.  10,000,000       " 
"     3,000,000  acres  of  grapes,  at  200  gallons  per  acre. ..000,000,000  gallons. 
"     1,000,000  acres  in  other  fruit  would  yield  enough  to  supply  all  the  demands 

of  a  dense  population. 

Such  are  the  crops  our  rich  domain  might  easily  yield  to  reward 
the  labors  of  the  farmer,  and  feed  the  millions  who  will  ere  long  be 
working  out  and  manufacturing  our  vast  mineral  resources.  And 
yet  these  figures  are  below,  far  below  the  results  obtained  by  our  good 
farmers. 


TIMBER  AND  TREES  OF  MISSOURI. 

The  broad,  rich  bottoms  of  all  the  streams  in  the  State  sustain  a 
very  heavy  growth  of  most  excellent  timber  of  nearly  all  the  most 
useful  varieties — cottonwood;  bur,  red,  laurel,  pine,  and  swamp  white 
oaks ;  black  and  white  walnuts ;  white,  blue,  and  black  ashes ;  white 
red,  and  Wahoo  elms ;  red  birch ;  honey  locust ;  buck-eye ;  box-elder ; 
black  cherry;  hackberry;  pignut,  and  common  and  thick  shellbark 
hickories ;  red  bud ;  sugar  and  white  maples ;  mulberry ;  American 
plum;  hazel;  papaw;  sycamore;  Muscadine,  summer,  and  fox 
grapes ;  and  several  species  of  thorn  and  willow  are  most  abundant. 

In  the  southeastern  counties  we  also  have  an  abundance  of  cypress, 
tupelo,  yellow  gum,  catalpa,  overcup  and  Spanish  oaks,  strawberry- 
tree,  cross  vine,  water  locust,  spice  bush,  and  cane. 

A  large  portion  of  the  upland  of  the  central,  northern,  eastern,  and 
western  parts  of  the  State  has  a  very  heavy  growth  of  white,  black, 
bur,  post,  black-jack,  chestnut,  laurel,  scarlet,  and  swamp  white  oaks ; 
white  and  black  walnuts ;  sugar-tree;  mulberry;  honey  locust;  com- 
mon shellbark,  thick  shellbark,  and  pignut  hickories ;  pecan  ;  linden  ; 
American  and  slippery  elms;  cherry;  coffee-tree;  hackberry;  white 
and  blue  ashes;  red  bud;  dogwood;  papaw;  red  cedar;  haws,  and 
grapes.  In  the  south  we  also  have  the  beech,  tulip-tree,  (erroneously 
called  ^'poplar,''^)  sweet  gum,  holly,  yellow  pine,  and  Wahoo  elm. 


160  TIMBER    AND    TREES. 

But  other  portions  of  tlie  north,  and  a  lartrc  part  of  tlic  sontli,  are 
sparsely  timbered  witli  small  l>laek-jacks,  post  oaks,  and  l)laek  liicko- 
ries,  forniin<r  beautiful  oak-openi)igs.  This  stunted  growth  is  not, 
however,  due  to  the  poverty  of  the  soil,  but  to  the  fires  which  have 
annually  overrun  this  country  since  the  earliest  dates  of  the  Indian 
traditions.  These  fires,  fed  by  the  rank  annual  growth  of  grasses 
and  other  herbaceous  plants,  have  entirely  destroyed  some  of  the 
young  trees,  while  they  have  scorched  and  very  much  retarded  the 
growth  of  those  sufficiently  vigorous  to  withstand  their  ravages. 

Large  areas,  particularly  those  underlaid  by  sandstones,  are  covered 
by  very  extensive  and  valuable  forests  of  the  yellow  pine.  These 
pine  forests  are  very  extensive  in  many  of  the  southern  counties,  and 
annually  yield  a  large  supply  of  most  excellent  lumber. 

The  growth  is  very  large  on  the  rich  soils  of  the  State,  as  the  fol- 
lowing measurements  of  trees  show: — 

In  Howard  County,  a  white  oak  measured  28  feet  in  circumference. 

In  Howard  County,  a  grape  vine  measured  3  feet  in  circumference. 

In  Stoddard  County,  a  beech,  Fagus  ferruginea,  18  feet  in  circum- 
ference, and  100  feet  high. 

In  Dunklin  County,  a  catalpa,  CaiaJpa  hignonioides,  10  feet  in 
circumference,  and  90  feet  high. 

In  Stoddard  County,  a  tupelo,  Nyssa  grandidenfaia,  30  feet  in 
circumference,  and  120  feet  high. 

In  Pemiscot  County,  an  elm,  Ubnus  Americana,  22  feet  in  circum- 
ference, and  100  feet  high. 

In  Pemiscot  County,  a  cypress,  Taxodium  distichum,  29  feet  in 
circumference,  and  125  feet  high. 

In  Cape  Girardeau  County,  a  sweet  gnm,  Liquidambar  styracijlua, 
15  feet  in  circumference,  and  130  feet  high. 

In  Cape  Girardeau  County,  a  white  ash,  Fraxinus  Americana,  18 
feet  in  circumference,  and  110  feet  high. 

In  Mississippi  County,  a  Spanish  oak,  Quercjis  falcata,  28  feet  in 
circumference,  and  110  feet  high. 

In  Mississippi  County,  a  sycamore,  Platanus  occidentalii^,  43  feet 
in  circumference,  and  the  hollow  was  15i  by  13  feet  in  diameter. 

These  facts,  and  the  following  catalogue  of  trees  and  shrubs,  shovv 
the  great  value  and  variety  of  our  vast  forests.  There  is  no  physical 
reason  why  St.  Louis  should  not  export  several  times  as  much  lumber 
as  she  now  imports.  Though  JJangor,  in  Maine,  exports  more  lumber 
than  any  city  on  this  continent,  and,  perhaps,  more  than  any  in  the 
world,  the  forests  whieli  supj)ly  it  are  located  at  a  greater  distance, 
and  on  streams  much  more  impracticable  than  ours  in  Missouri. 


TIMBER    AND    TREES.  161 

It  seems  unnecessary  to  specify  where  good  1  ocalities  exist,  for  there 
is  scarcely  a  stream  in  the  State  which  is  not  bordered  oy  forests  of 
excellent  timber.  The  Missouri,  the  Osage  and  all  its  tributaries, 
Spring  River,  Gasconade,  Grand,  Chariton,  St.  Francois,  "White,  La 
Mine,  South,  North,  Salt,  and  Fabius  Rivers,  are  bordered  with  mag- 
nificent forests  of  the  trees  peculiar  to  the  alluvium  and  upland  slopes. 

All  of  these  streams,  save  the  Missouri,  furnish  water-power  and 
good  mill-sites,  and  even  the  large  springs  of  the  Niangua  afford  the 
best  water-power  and  mill-sites  observed  in  the  State.  But  steam  has 
usually  proved  the  most  economical  power  for  the  manufacture  of 
lumber,  as  the  site  can  be  selected  with  greater  advantage. 


CATALOGUE  OF  TREES  AND  SHRUBS  OBSERVED  IN  MISSOURI. 

Alder. 
Common  Alder,  Alnus  serulata. — Near  streams. 
Winter  Berry,  Prinos  leevigatus. — In  wet,  wooded  bottoms.* 
Black  Alder,  Prinos  verticillatus. — In  wet  woods. 

Apple. 
Crab-apple,  3falus  coronaria. — On  borders  of  prairies, 

Angelica  Tree. 
Angelica  Tree  or  Hercules'  Club,  Aralia  spinosa. — In  dry  soil. 

Ash. 

White  Ash,  Fraxinus  Americana. — In  good  soil. 

Black  Ash,  Fraxinus  sambucifolia. — Not  abundant. 

Blue  Ash,  Fraxinus  quadrangulata. — On  good  soil. 

Prickly  Ash,  Zanthoxylum  Americanum. — In  bottoms  and  moist 
places. 

Basswood. 

American  Linden  or  Lime,  Tilia  Americana. — In  rich  soils,  not 
very  aVjundant. 

Large-leaved  Linden  or  Lime,  Tilia  heterophylla  (?).f — Very 
common  in  rich  soil. 

*  When  no  localities  are  given,  the  species  is  generally  diffused  through  the 
State,  wherever  appropriate  soils  occur. 

f  This  tree  agrees  very  nearly  with  Nuttall's,  but  the  leaves  are  less  tomen- 
tose;  it  also  differs  from  Michaux's  alba,  in  having  the  peduncles  subdivided. 

11 


162  TIMBER   AND   TREES. 

Beech. 
Beech,  Fagus  ferruginea. — Common  in  the  southeast. 

Birch. 
Red  Birch,   River  Birch,  Belula  rubra. — On  the  borders  of 

streams. 

Blackberry. 

Low  Blackberry  or  Dewberry,  Bubus  Canadensis. — In  open 
forests. 

Wedge-leaved  Blackberry,  Bubus  cuneifolius. — On  the  bord- 
ers of  prairies. 

Bladder-nut. 

American  Bladder-nut,  Staphylea  irifolia. — Under  bluffs  and  in 
ravines. 

Buckeye. 

Ohio  Buckeye,   Aesculus    Ohioensis  (?).  —  On   the   borders   of 
streams. 
Large  Buckeye,  Aesculus  lutea. — In  low  rich  soil. 

Blueberry. 

Blueberry,  Vaccinium  vacillans. — Dry  hills  in  Taney. 
Huckleberry,  Vaccinium  (?). — Dry  hills  in  Taney. 

Box-elder. 
Box-elder  or  Ash-leaved  Maple,  Negundo  aceroides. — In  rich 
bottoms. 

Burning  Bush. 

Burning  Bush,  Euonymus  atropurpureus. — Very  beautiful  when 
in  fruit. 

Buttonwood. 

Sycamore,   Platanus  occidentalis. — In   the    bottoms   of  all   our 
streams. 

Button-Bush. 

BuTTON-BusH,  Cephalanlhus  occidentalis. — In  wet  places. 

Catalpa. 
Catalpa,  Catalpa  bignonioides. — In  the  southeast. 

Cedar. 
Red  Ce©ar,  Juniperus  Virginiana. — On  dry  limestone  bluffs. 

Cherry. 
Choke  Cherry,  Cerasus  Virginiana. — In  northern  prairies. 
Black  or  Wild  Cherry,  Gei-asus  seroiina. — On  the  best  soils. 


TIMBER   AND    TREES.  163 

Chestnut. 
Chestnut,  Castanea  vesca. — lu  the  southeast. 

CoiFee-tree. 
Coffee-tree,  Gymnocladua  Canadensis. — In  rich  soil. 

Cottonwood. 

Cottonwood,  Fopulus  Canadensis  (?). — In  bottoms. 

Coral-berry. 

Coral-berry  or  Indian  Currant,  Symphoricarpus  vulgaris. — 
Everywhere. 

Cross-vine. 

Cross- vine,  Bignonia  capreolata. — In  southern  swamps. 

Currant. 
Currant,  Bibes. — Several  species,  but  none  are  abundant. 

Cypress. 
Cypress,  Taxodium  distichum. — In  swamps. 

Dogwood. 

Flowering  Dogwood,  Cornus  fiorida. — On  bluffs  and  ridges. 
Silky  Cornel  or  Dogwood,  Cornus  sericea. — In  wet  places. 
Panicled  Cornel  or  Dogwood,  Cornus  paniculata. — In  thickets. 
Rough-leaved  Dogwood,  Cornus  asperifolia. — Not  common. 

Elder. 
Common  Elder,  Sambucus  Canadensis. — Tery  large  in  rich  bot- 
toms. 

Elm. 

White  or  American  Elm,  Ulmus  Americana. — Abundant  on  the 
best  soils. 

Red  or  Slippery  Elm,  Ulmus  rubra. — On  good  soils. 
Wahoo  Elm,  Ulmus  alata. — In  the  south. 

Grape. 
Summer  Gr^vpe,  Vitis  aestivalis. — Abundant  on  good  soils. 
Frost  Grape,  Vitis  cordifolia. — On  good  soil,  in  bottoms. 
Muscadine  Grape,  Vitis  vulpina. — In  the  south. 
River  Grape,  Vitis  riparia. — In  bottoms. 
Vitis  Indivisa. — Near  Cape  Girardeau. 
Vitis  Bipinnata. — In  Cooper  and  the  northwestern  counties. 


1G4  TIMBER    AND    TREES. 

Green  Brier. 
Green  Brier,  Smih.r  rotundifolia. — Very  common  in  thickets. 
Glaucus  Green  Brier,  Smilax  glauca. — In  thickets  and  beside 
roads. 

Smilax  famnoides. 
Smilax  bona-nox. 
Smilax  haslata. 
Smilax  Pseu  do -China. 

Gooseberry. 

Prickly  Gooseberry,  Eibes  Gynosbali. — In  the  central  counties. 
Wild  Gooseberry,  Bibes  rotundifoUum. — On  borders  of  prairies. 

Gum. 
Black  Gum,  Nyssa  sylvatica. — Xear  Iron  Mountain. 
Sweet  Gum,  Liquidambar  slyracifiua. — In  the  southeast. 

Hackberry. 

American  Xettle-tree  or  Hackberry,  Celtis  occidcntalis. — In 
rich  soil. 

Hackberry,  Celtis  crassifolia. — In  rich  soils  and  low  grounds. 

Hazel. 
American  Hazel,  Corylus  Americana. — In  i-ich  prairies. 
Witch  Hazel,  Ilamamelis  Virginica. — In  Taney. 

Haw. 
Black  Haw,  Viburnum  prunifolium. — In  forests,  on  good  soil. 

Red  Haw.  (See  Thorn.) 
Hickory. 

Common  or  Mockernut  Hickory,   Carya  fomentosa. — On  rich 
soils. 

Pecan,  Carya  pecan. — In  the  Missouri  bottom. 

SiiELLBARK  HiCKORY,  Carya  squamosa. — Abundant  on  dry,  rich 
soil. 

Thick  Siiellbark  Hickory,  Carya  sulcata. — In  rich  bottoms. 

Pignut  Hickory,  Carya  porcina. — Rich  soils  on  high  land. 

Black  or  Bullnut  Hickory,  Carya  microcarpa  (?). — On  poor 
soil. 

Bitternut  Hickory,  Carya  amai-a. — On  Caps'  Creek. 

Holly. 
A.merican  Holly,  Ilex  opaca. — Rare  in  the  south. 


TIMBER   AND    TREES.  165 

Honeysuckle. 

Small-flowered  Honeysuckle,  Lonicera  parviflora. — In  north- 
ern counties. 

Yellow  Honeysuckle,  Lonicera  Jlava. — In  southwest. 

Hornbeam. 
Hop-hornbeam,  Ostrya  Virginica. — Xear  rocky  branches. 
American   Hornbeam  or  Iron- wood,   Carpinus  Americana. — 
Sparsely  diffused. 

Hydrangea. 

Wild  Hydrangea,  Hydrangea  arborescens. — On  roclcy  blufifs. 
Iron-Wood.  (See  Hornbeam.) 

Judas-Tree. 

Red  Bud  or  Judas-Tree,  Cercis  Canadensis. — Abundant  on 
good  soil. 

Locust. 

Water  Locust,  Gleditschia  monosperma. — In  swamps. 
Sweet  or  Honey  Locust,  Gleditschia  triacanthos. — In  the  richest 
soils. 

Common  Locust,  Robinia  pseudo-acacia. — Naturalized. 

Linden.  (See  Basswood.) 

Maple. 
White  Maple,  Acer  eriocarjnim. — In  the  river  bottoms. 
Sugar-Tree,  Acer  nigrum(?). — On  good  soil. 
Red  Maple,  Acer  rubrum. — In  the  swamps.     South. 

Mulberry. 
Red  Mulberry,  Morus  rubra. — On  rich  lands. 

Nettle-Tree.  (See  Hackberry. ) 

Oak. 

First  division — leaves  lobed,  lobes  rounded. 

White  Oak,  Quercus  alba. — Dry  soil ;  excellent  timber. 

Over-cup  White  Oak,  or  Bur  Oak,  Quercus  macrocarpa. — Low, 
rich  soils. 

Post  Oak,  Quercus  obtusiloba. — Dry,  poor  soils ;  timber  most 
durable. 

Over-cup  Oak,  Quc7'cus  lyrata. — In  southeast. 


166  TIMBER    AND    TREES. 

Second  division — leaves  coarsely  toothed. 

Swamp  White  Oak,  ofteu  called  Bur  Oak,  Quercus  hicolor. — On 
low,  damp  soil. 

Chkstnut  White  OAK,Quercus  prinos. — Wet,  rich  soil,  in  shaded 
l)laces. 

liocK  Chestnut  Oak,  Quercus  monticola. — On  rocky  bluffs. 

Chestnut  Oak,  Yellow  Oak,  Quercus  acuminata. — Ou  lime- 
stone bluffs. 

Chinquapin,  or  Dm'arf  Chestnut  Oak,  Quercus  prinoides{'i). — 
In  the  southwest. 

Third  division — leaves  entire. 

Laurel  Oak,  erroneously  called  Pin  Oak,  Quercus  imhricaria. 
Willow  Oak,  Quercus  Phellos. — In  southeast. 

Fourth  division — leaves  lobcd,  lobes  mucronaie. 
Bartram's  Oak,  Quercus  heterophylla. — In  Cooper  and  Pettis. 
Black- Jack  Oak,  Quercus  nigra,  (Lin.) — On  the  poorest  soils. 
Black  Oak,  Quercus  tinctoria. — On  good  and  medium  soil. 
Scarlet  Oak,  Quercus  coccinea. — Ou  good  soil. 
Red  Oak,  Quercus  rubra. — On  damp,  rich  soil. 
Pin  Oak,  Quercus  palustris. — On  low,  wet  soil. 
Gray  Oak,  Quercus  ambigua. — Very  rare. 
Spanish  Oak,  Qucjxus  falcata. — In  southeast. 

Osage  Orange. 
Osage  Orange,  Blavlura  aurantiaca. — In  the  valley  of  Spring 
River. 

Papaw. 

Papaw,  Anona  triloba.. — In  rich  soils. 

Pecan-Nut.  (See  Walnut.) 

Persimmon. 
Persimmon,  Diospyros  Virginiana. — In  good  soil. 

Pine. 
Yellow  Pine,  Pi7ius  wu7is(?). — In  the  south. 

Plum. 

Red  Plum,  Prunus  Americana. — In  rich  bottoms. 
Chicasaw  Plum,  Prunus  Chicasa. — In  southwest. 


TIMBER    AXD    TREES.  167 

Poplar.  (See  Cottonwood.) 
Downy-leaved  Poplar,  Fopulus  heterophylla. — In  southeast. 

Prickly  Ash. 
Prickly  Ash,  Zanthoxylum  Americanum. — In  wet  places. 

Rose. 
Dwarf  "Wild  Rose,  Bosa  lucida. — In  prairies  south. 
Prairie  Rose,  Bosa  setigera. — Yery  showy  on  the   borders  of 
prairies, 

Cherokee  Rose,  Bosa  laevigata. — In  south. 

Raspberry. 

Red  Raspberry,  Buhus  strigosus. — Common  on  the  borders  of 
fields. 

Black  Raspberry,  or  Thimble-berry,  Buhus  occidentalis. — In 
open  forests. 

Ratan. 

Rat  AN  Vine,    or   "Wistaria,    Wistaria  frutescens.  —  Common 
south. 

Sycamore. 

BuTTONWooD  or  American  Plane  Tree,  Platanus  occidentalis. — 

In  bottoms. 

Sumachs. 

Dwarf  Sumach,  Bhus  copallina. — Common  by  the  borders  of 
fields. 

Smooth  Sumach,  Bhus  glabra. — In  open  forests. 
Stag-horn  Sumach,  Bhus  typhina. — Often  in  clusters  in  prairies. 
Poison  Ivy  or  Poison  Oak,  Bhus  toxicodendron. — On  rich  soils. 
Fragrant  Sumach,  Bhus  aromatica. — Abundant  in  forests. 

Spiraea. 
Flowering    Spiraea   or  Nine-bark,    Spiraea  opulifolia. — On 
limestone  bluff's. 

Spiraea  Corymbosa. — On  dry  prairies. 

Sassafras. 
Sassafras,  Laurus  sassafras. — Common  on  medium  soil. 

Service-berry. 
"Wild  SERViCE-BERRy  or  Shad-Bush,  Amelanchicr  Cayiadensis. — 
On  bluffs. 


1G8  TIMBER    AND    TREES. 

Staff-Tree. 

Staif-Tivee,   Cclastrus  scatidens. — On  river   banks  and   broken 

bluffs. 

Thorn. 

CoRKSPUR  TnoRN,  Crataegus  crus-galli. — In  open  forests. 
Black  Thorn,  Crataegus  tomentosa. — In  forests. 
Red   Haw   or  Wuite   Thorn,   Crataegus  coccinea,  (Gray)  — In 
open  forests. 

Dotted  Thorn,  Crataegus  punctata. — On  bluffs  and  ridges. 

Strawberry-Tree. 
Strawberry-Tree,  Euonymus  Americanus. — In  the  southeast. 

Trumpet  Creeper. 
Trumpet  Creeper,  Tecoma  radicans. — Climbing  over  the  bluffs 
and  trees. 

Tulip-Tree,  (erroneously  called  Poplar.) 

Tulip-Tree  Liriodendron  tulipifera. — In  the  southeast. 

Tupelo. 
Large  Tupelo,  Nyssa  unijlora. — In  swamps. 

Virginia  Creeper. 
Virginia  Creeper,  Anipelopsis  quinquefolia. — In  rich  soil. 

Walnut. 
Black  Walnut,  Juglans  nigra. — Common  in  rich  soil. 
White  Walnut  or  Butternut,  Juglans  catliartica. — In  low,  rich 
soil. 

Pecan-nut,  Juglans  olivaeformis. — In  bottoms. 

Willow. 

Salix. — There  are  numerous  s})ecies  of  willow  in  Missouri. 

Winter  Berry. 
Winter   Berry,    Prinos   laevigatus.  —  In    low,  wet   forests    and 

thickets. 

Witch-Hazel. 

Witcii-IIazel,  Ilamamelis  Virginiva. — Taney  County, 


PUBLIC    LANDS.  169 


PUBLIC   LANDS. 

The  following  propositions  are  a  part  of  the  compact  formed  between 
the  United  States  and  the  State  of  Missouri,  adopted  July  19,  1820  : 

1st.  That  section  16  of  every  township  be  granted  for  the  use  of 
the  inhabitants  of  such  township,  for  the  use  of  schools. 

2d.  That  all  salt  springs,  and  six  sections  adjoining  each,  be  granted 
to  the  State. 

3d.  That  five  per  cent,  of  the  net  proceeds  of  lands  lying  within  the 
said  Territory  or  State,  sold  by  Congress  after  January  1st,  1821,  shall 
be  reserved  for  making  public  roads  and  canals. 

4th.  That  four  entire  sections  be  granted  for  the  location  of  the  seat 
of  government. 

5th.  That  thirty-six  sections,  or  one  entire  township,  together  with 
lands  heretofore  reserved  for  that  purpose,  shall  be  reserved  for  the 
use  of  a  seminary  of  learning,  and  vested  in  the  Legislature  of  the 
State. 

In  a  note  to  this  article,  in  the  Revised  Statutes,  the  author  says : 
"The  school  lands  mentioned  in  the  first  proposition  have  been  appro- 
priated to  the  use  of  common  schools.  The  salt  springs  and  lands 
adjoining  have  been  selected  and  disposed  of.  The  lands  for  the  loca- 
tion of  the  seat  of  government  have  been  selected  and  appropriated. 
The  university  lands  have  been  designated,  and  mostly  disposed  of." 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  "Graduation  Act"  of  1854: — 

An  Act  to  Graduate  and  Reduce  the  price  of  the  Public  Lands  to 
Actual  Settlers  and  Cultivators. 

Sec.  1.  Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  that  all  the  public  lands  of  the  United 
States,  which  shall  have  been  in  market  for  ten  years  or  upwards  jirior 
to  the  time  of  application  to  enter  the  same  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  and  still  remaining  unsold,  shall  be  subject  to  sale  at  the  price 
of  one  dollar  per  acre ;  and  all  the  lands  of  the  United  States  that 
shall  have  been  in  market  for  fifteen  years  or  upwards,  as  aforesaid, 
and  still  remaining  unsold,  shall  be  subject  to  sale  at  seventy-five  cents 
per  acre;  and  all  of  the  lands  of  the  United  States  that  shall  have 
been  in  market  for  twenty  years  or  ui)\vards,  as  aforesaid,  and  still 
remaining  unsold,  shall  I)e  subject  to  sale  at  fifty  cents  per  acre;  and 
all  of  the  lands  of  the  United  States  that  shall  have  been  iu  market 


170  PUBLIC    LANDS. 

for  twenty-five  years  find  upwards,  as  aforesaid,  and  still  reniaininc^ 
unsold,  shall  be  subject  to  sale  at  twenty-five  cents  per  acre;  and  all 
lands  of  the  United  States  that  shall  have  been  in  market  for  thirty 
years  or  more,  shall  be  subject  to  sale  at  twelve  and  a  half  cents  per 
acre:  providt-d,  this  section  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  extend  to 
lands  reserved  to  the  United  States  in  acts  granting  lands  to  the  States 
for  railroad  or  other  internal  improvements,  or  to  mineral  lauds  held 
at  over  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  per  acre. 

Sec.  2.  Aiid  be  it  further  enacted,  that  upon  every  reduction  in 
price  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  the  occupant  and  settler  upon 
the  lands  shall  have  the  right  of  pre-emption  at  such  graduated  price, 
upon  the  same  time,  conditions,  restrictions,  and  limitations  upon 
which  the  public  lands  of  the  United  States  are  now  subject  to  the 
right  of  pre-emption,  until  within  thirty  days  preceding  the  next  grad- 
uation or  reduction  that  shall  take  place ;  and  if  not  so  purchased, 
shall  again  be  subject  to  right  of  pre-emption  for  eleven  months,  as 
before,  and  so  on,  from  time  to  time,  as  reductions  take  place :  pro- 
vided, that  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  interfere 
with  any  riglit  which  has  or  may  accrue  by  virtue  of  any  act  granting 
pre-emption  to  actual  settlers  upon  public  lands. 

Sec.  3.  And  he  it  further  enacted,  that  any  person  applying  to 
enter  any  of  the  aforesaid  lands,  shall  be  required  to  make  affidavit 
before  the  register  or  receiver  of  the  proper  land  office,  that  he  or  she 
enters  the  same  for  his  or  her  own  use,  and /or  the  purpose  of  actual 
settlement  and  cultivation,  or  for  the  use  of  an  adjoining  farm  or  plan- 
tation owned  or  occupied  by  him  or  herself,  and  together  with  said 
entry,  he  or  she  has  not  acquired  from  the  United  States,  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  more  than  three  hundred  and  twenty  acres, 
according  to  the  established  surveys;  and  if  any  person  or  persons 
taking  such  oath  or  affidavit  shall  swear  falsely  in  the  premises,  he  or 
she  shall  be  subject  to  all  the  pains  and  penalties  of  perjury. 

Approved,kAugust  4,  1854. 

An  Act  to  extend  Pre-emj^tion  Eights. 

Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  that  the  pre-emption  laws  of  the  United  States, 
as  they  now  exist,  be,  and  they  are  hereby  extended  over  the  alternate 
reserved  sections  of  public  lands  along  the  lines  of  all  the  railroads  of 
the  United  States,  whenever  public  lands  have  been  or  may  be  granted 
by  acts  of  Congress;  and  that  it  shall  be  the  privilege  of  persons 
residing  on  any  of  said  reserved  lands,  to  pay  for  the  same  in  soldiers' 
bounty  land  warrants,  estimated  at  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents 


PUBLIC    LANDS.  171 

per  acre,  or  in  gold  and  silver,  or  both  together,  in  preference  to  any 
other  person,  and  at  any  time  before  the  same  shall  be  offered  for  sale 
at  auction :  provided,  that  no  person  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefit  of 
this  act  who  has  not  settled  and  improved,  or  shall  not  settle  and  im- 
prove, such  lands  prior  to  the  final  allotment  of  the  alternate  sections 
to  such  railroads,  by  the  General  Land  Office ;  and  provided,  fuHher, 
that  the  price  to  be  paid  shall  in  all  cases  be  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
per  acre ;  or  such  other  minimum  price  as  is  now  fixed  by  law,  or  may 
be  fixed  upon  lands  hereafter  granted;  and  no  one  person  shall  have 
the  right  of  pre-emption  to  more  than  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres; 
and  provided,  further,  that  any  settler  who  has  settled  or  may  here- 
after settle  on  lands  heretofore  reserved  on  account  of  claims  under 
French,  Spanish,  or  other  grants,  which  have  been  or  shall  be  here- 
after declared  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  to  be  invalid, 
shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  rights  of  pre-emption  granted  by  this  act 
and  the  act  of  fourth  of  September,  eighteen  hundred  and  forty-one, 
entitled  "an  act  to  appropriate  the  proceeds  of  the  public  lands,  and 
to  grant  pre-emption  rights,"  after  the  lands  shall  have  been  released 
from  reservation,  as  if  no  reservation  existed. 
Approved  March  3,  1853. 

An  Act  for  the  Belief  of  Settlers  on  Lands  reserved  for  Railroad 

purposes. 

Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  that  every  settler  on  public  lands  which  have 
been  or  may  be  withdrawn  from  market  in  consequence  of  proposed 
railroads,  and  who  had  settled  thereon  prior  to  such  withdrawal,  shall 
be  entitled  to  pre-emption  at  the  ordinary  minimum  to  the  lands  settled 
on  and  cultivated  by  them  :  provided,  they  shall  prove  up  their  rights 
according  to  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  pay  for  the  same  before  the  day  that  may 
be  fixed  by  the  President's  proclamation  for  the  restoration  of  said 
lands  to  market. 

Approved,  March  21,  1854. 

The  Washington  Union  gives  the  following  as  the  mode  of  pro- 
ceeding in  making  purchases  of  the  puljlic  lands:  When  an  indi- 
vidual applies  to  the  register  of  a  land  district  to  purchase  a  tract  of 
land,  he  is  required  to  file  a  written  "application."  On  such  appli- 
cation the  register  indorses  his  certificate,  showing  the  land  is  vacant 
and  subject  to  entry.  The  certificate  the  applicant  carries  to  the 
receiver,  and  it  is  the  evidence  on  which  the  receiver  permits  pay- 


172  rUBLIC    LANDS. 

ments  to  be  made,  and  issues  his  "original  receipt,"  the  duplicate  of 
which  is  handod  to  the  purchaser  as  his  evidence  of  payment,  and 
which  is  required  to  be  surrendered  when  a  patent  is  forwarded  from 
the  General  Land  Office  for  delivery.  The  "  original  receipt"  is  handed 
to  the  register,  who  indicates  the  sale  on  his  township  plat,  enters  the 
same  on  his  tract  book,  and  is  transmitted  by  the  register  to  the 
General  Land  Office,  with  the  monthly  abstract  of  sales  and  certi- 
ficates of  purchase. 

This  is  the  formula  prescribed  for  individual  purchases,  and  must 
be  preserved  not  only  for  their  protection  in  securing  titles,  but  for 
the  protection  of  the  interests  of  the  government.  The  law  has 
established  two  officers  in  a  land  district — the  register  and  receiver — 
and  prescribed  a  mode  of  proceeding  to  serve  as  a  check  upon  each 
other.  If  a  claimant  fails  to  observe  the  requirements,  he  does  it  at 
his  peril.  If  he  deposits  money  with  any  person  connected  with  the 
district  office,  even  with  a  receiver,  without  having  filed  a  written 
application  with  the  register,  he  does  so  at  his  own  risk,  the  govern- 
ment not  being  responsible  for  any  loss  where  the  terms  on  which  the 
law  authorizes  entries  are  departed  from. 

Townships  are  numbered  north  and  south;  and  ra??gr('s  east  and 
west.  A  section  of  land  embraces  640  acres,  and  is  320  rods,  80 
chains,  or  5280  feet  square.  An  ae?'e  may  be  measured  in  any  shape 
thus:  1  rod  by  160  rods;  2  rods  by  80;  4  rods  by  40;  or  1  chain  by 
10  chains;  160  square  rods  or  4840  square  yards.  A  French  arpent 
is  about  one-seventh  less  than  an  English  acre;  contains  in  France 
100  square  rods  or  perches  of  18  feet  each. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  "Report  of  the  Commissioner  of 
the  General  Land  Office,"  for  the  year  1858-59,  will  be  of  general 
interest : — 

"From  the  passage  of  the  act  of  August  4,  1854,  up  to  the  close 
of  the  fiscal  year,  ending  June  30,  1858,  18,081,435-34  acres  have 
been  sold  at  the  various  graduated  rates.  Of  these,  10,068,480-25 
acres  were  sold  at  tlie  lowest  price  of  12^  cents  per  acre.  And  of 
the  whole  (|uantity,  about  6,457,421  acres,  or  more  than  one-third, 
were  sold  in  the  State  of  Missouri." 

The  commissioner  expresses  his  belief  that  the  greater  portion  of 
the  graduated  lands  have  been  entered  by  "unscrupulous  individuals," 
and  afterward  bought  up  by  speculators  regardless  of  the  law  re- 
quiring settlement  and  cultivation,  and  suggests  that  the  act  of  Con- 
gress "be  so  amended  as  to  require  the  settlement  and  cultivation  to 
be  made,  and  proof  of  the  fact  |)roduced  in  every  instance  before  the 
entry  of  the  laud  is  consummated,   the  same  as  required  under  the 


PUBLIC    LANDS. 


173 


pre-emption  act  of  1841;  else  that  the  condition  of  settlement  anil 
cultivation  be  waived  altogether." 

The  following  statement  exhibits  the  qnantity  of  public  land  sold 
at  the  several  land  offices  in  this  State  during  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1858,  and  the  amount  received  therefor: — 


Quantity  of  public  land  sold  in  Missouri  during  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  1858,  %vith  the  amount  received  for  the  same. 


LAND  OFFICES. 

Sold  at  $1.25  an 
acre. 

At$l. 

At  75  cents. 

At  50  cents. 

St.  Louis 

Acres. 

11,095-07 

2,600-81 

3,828-43 
28,576-53 
40,981-45 
50,135-28 
43,260-10 
25,789-13 

Acres. 

Acres. 
3,266-93 

240-00 

410-27 

2,906-32 

62,554-83 

65,754-14 

7,586-54 

6,829-32 

Acres. 
3,766-04 

*Fayette    "t 

Boonville   j 
*Palmvra 

40-00 

526-70 

18,385-85 

48,144-81 

29,762-57 

5,079-89 

556-36 

33,792-44 

40-00 

23,177-44 

1,958-78 

Jackson 

Warsaw 

Springfield 

*Plattsburg 

*Milan 

Total 

208,266-78 

101,939-82 

149,448-15 

63,301-06 

LAND  OFFICES. 

At  25  cents. 

At  12}^  cents. 

The  aggregate  quantity  sold  at  all 
prices,  and  aiiKiunt  received  for   . 
the  same. 

St.  Louis 

Acres. 
58,287-66 

43,944-96 

160-00 
85,999-35 
39,082-22 

Acres. 
30,146-05 

52,413-42 

2,273-55 

1,009,334-57 

40,622-31 

Acres. 
116,116-61 

99,199-19 

7,278-61 

1,161,185-91 

201,566-66 

187,211-65 

90,507-58 

37,698-34 

Ammmt. 
$38,679-58 

20,969-81 

6.873-91 
207,925-08 
135,520-92 
109,011-05 
104,598-83 
49,741-39 

*Fayette    \ 

Boonville    / 
*PalDiyra 

Jackson 

Warsaw 

SDrincrfielcl 

*Plattsburar 

425-83 

5,513-76 

*Milan 

Total 

227,940-02 

1,140,303-66 

1,893,209-69 

1^881,125-82 

The  lands  that  were  entered  under  the  graduation  law,  in  Mis- 
souri, at  12^  cents  and  25  cents  per  acre,  may  be  classed  under  three 
distinct  heads : — 


*  All  the  land  offices  north  of  the  Missouri  River  have  been  discontinued,  and 
the  business  of  the  several  former  districts  i.s  now  done  at  Boonville,  Cooper 
County.  St.  Louis  land  district  remains  unchanged;  extending  north  of  the 
Missouri  River  as  heretofore. 


174  PUBLIC    LANDS. 

1st.  Pine  Lands. — Tliosc  were  in  a  limestone  district,  timbered 
with  yellow  \nnc,  mixed  with  oak  and  liickory  on  the  ridges,  and  ash, 
walnut,  and  sugar  tree  in  the  valleys,  supplied  with  water  by  numer- 
ous springs  and  clear  running  brooks.  The  agricultural  lands  of 
these  districts  are  all  in  the  valleys,  and  the  valleys  generally  narrow; 
yet  the  soil  being  formed  of  decomposed  limestone  and  sandstone  is 
very  productive. 

2(1.  Limestone  Districts. — Wide  flat  ridges,  not  very  deep  val- 
leys, small  growth  of  oak  and  black-jack  timber;  partial  prairies  or 
openings  in  places;  uplands  good  for  wheat  and  all  small  grains. 
There  is  timber  sufficient  for  fencing  and  fuel  in  these  districts,  and 
good  water  procured  by  digging  wells  or  cisterns.  The  soil  is  well 
adapted  to  fruit  and  grape  cultui'e,  and  the  climate  pleasant  and 
healthy. 

3d.  Mineral  Lands. — These  include  lead,  iron,  and  copper  lands ; 
are  a  broken  limestone  country,  plenty  of  springs  and  clear  creeks; 
agricultural  lands  in  the  valleys ;  considerable  of  flint  on  the  sides 
of  the  ridges,  and  very  red  clay  exposed.  There  is,  probably,  from 
fifty  to  100  acres  of  agricultural  lands  on  each  half  section  of  this 
class. 

Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  rapidity  with  which  Missouri  is 
gaining  favor,  from  the  following  facts,  which  we  gather  from  the  last 
Report  of  the  General  Land  Office. 

The  amount  of  Public  Lands  sold  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Mis- 
souri, Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Michigan,  Arkansas,  Florida, 
Iowa,  Wisconsin,  California,  Minnesota,  Oregon  Territory,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  at  §1  25  per  acre,  was 
817,529-35;  of  which  208,166-78,  or  more  than  one-fourth,  were  in 
Missouri.  The  total  amount  of  cash  paid  into  the  Treasury  by  these 
eighteen  States  and  Territories  during  the  said  fiscal  year  (ending 
July  1,  1858,)  was  $3,213,715  87;  of  which  $837,719  83,  or  more 
than  one-fourth,  was  from  the  sales  qf  Missouri  lands.  There  were 
entered  during  the  year  2,987,379-11  acres  of  land  under  the  gradua- 
tion act;  of  which  1,682,942-91  were  in  Missouri,  being  three  hundred 
and  seventy-eight  thousand  five  hundred  and  six  acres  more  than  half 
the  amount  entered  by  all  the  other  States  and  Territories. 

Complaint  has  been  made,  by  the  people  of  Southeastern  Missouri 
especially,  that  the  surveys  were  incorrect — that  a  great  proportion 
of  land  that  had  been  returned  as  swamp  or  overflowed  land  is  really 
dry  or  aral)lc  land.  The  schedules  furnished  by  State  agents  have 
been  examined,  and  as  the  following  table  shows  that  of  the 
1,031,803-37  acres  reported  as  swamp  lands,  there  are  really,  upon 
careful  examination,  968,712  95  acres  of  dry,  tillable  land. 


PUBLIC  LANDS. — THE  HOMESTEAD  LAW.         175 


PUBLIC  LANDS.— THE  HOMESTEAD  LAW. 

The  "Act  to  graduate  and  reduce  the  price  of  public  lands,"  as 
given  on  page  169,  has  been  repealed ;  a  provision  is  made,  however, 
that  any  parties  who,  under  this  law,  selected  a  homestead,  and  were 
prevented  from  living  upon  the  land  during  the  war,  by  being  in  the 
service  of  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  who  enter  upon 
the  land  as  their  home  immediately  upon  discharge  from  such  service, 
shall  be  entitled  to  its  full  provisions  and  benefits. 

The  privileges  of  the  Homestead  Law  (passed  May  20th,  1862)  are 
extended  to  every  person  who  is  the  head  of  a  family,  or  who  has  ar- 
rived at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  is  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  or  has  declared  his  intention  of  becoming  such,  and  who  has 
done  no  disloyal  act,  direct  or  indirect.  An  exception,  however,  to 
the  foregoing  requirement  as  to  age  is  made  in  the  sixth  section  of  the 
act,  in  favor  of  any  person  who  has  served  not  less  than  fourteen  days 
in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States,  either  regular  or  volunteer, 
during  actual  war,  domestic  or  foreign.  Any  person  coming  within 
the  foregoing  requirements  will  have  the  right  to  enter  one  quarter 
section,  or  a  less  quantity,  of  unappropriated  public  land,  upon  which 
said  person  may  have  filed  a  pre-emption  claim,  or  which,  at  time  of 
application,  is  subject  to  pre-emption  at  $1-25  per  acre  ;  or  eighty  acres, 
or  less,  of  such  unappropriated  lands,  at  $2-50  per  acre. 

The  law  requires  the  land  "to  be  located  in  one  body,  in  conformity 
to  the  legal  subdivisions  of  the  public  lands,  and  after  the  same  shall 
have  been  surveyed." 

Any  person  owning  and  residing  on  land  may  enter  contiguous  land, 
which,  with  that  already  owned  and  occupied,  shall  not  exceed  in  the 
aggregate  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres. 

The  applicant  for  the  benefit  of  the  law  is  required  by  the  second 
section  to  file  with  the  Register  his  "application,"  which  should  desig- 
nate the  tract  desired  to  be  entered.  He  must  also  file  his  "affidavit," 
to  be  taken  before  the  Register  or  Receiver,  setting  forth  the  facts  which 
bring  him  within  the  requirements  of  the  law,  and  adding  that  the 
"application  is  made  for  his  or  her  exclusive  use  and  benefit,  and  that 
the  said  entry  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  actual  settlement  and  culti- 
vation, and  not,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  for  the  use  or  benefit  of 
any  other  person  or  persons  whomsoever." 

The  applicant  will  then  be  allowed  to  enter  the  tract  applied  for, 
by  paying  to  the  Receiver  the  $10  fee  st  pulated  iu  the  act ;  and  the 


176  PUBLIC    LANDS. — THE    HOMESTEAD    LAW. 

further  payment,  as  commissions  of  Rep;ister  and  Receiver,  of  one  per 
cent,  to  each  upon  the  cash  value  of  the  quantity  of  land  applied  for. 

The  fourth  section  declares  lands  actiuired  under  this  act  not  liable 
for  debts  contracted  prior  to  the  issuing  of  the  patent. 

The  five-year  settlement  is  an  absolute,  unconditional  requirement, 
in  regard  to  all  persons,  except  soldiers  and  sailors  in  active  U.  S. 
service,  who  only  for  the  period  in  which  after  entry  they  are  in  such 
service  are  relieved,  but  with  the  positive  requirement  that  after  dis- 
charge they  must  go  on  the  land  and  reside  upon  and  cultivate  it  as 
theii  home  until  the  expiration  of  the  five  years.  A  change  of  resi- 
dence for  more  than  six  months  at  a  time,  works  a  forfeiture,  and  the 
land  reverts  to  the  government. 

Agricultural  College  Scrip  (issued  under  an  act  approved  July 
2,  1862)  entitles  the  assignee  of  the  State  to  which  it  was  issued  (or 
the  holder  of  the  scrip)  to  one  quarter  section  (IGO  acres)  of  any  of 
the  unappropriated  lands  of  the  United  States,  subject  to  entry  at 
$1-25  per  acre.  This  must  be  located  upon  a  legal  subdivision  ac- 
cording to  the  U.  S.  Survey,  and  any  fraction  less  than  any  quarter 
section,  if  located  with  this  scrip,  must  be  charged  for  the  same  as  if 
the  whole  160  acres  had  been  selected, — in  a  word,  the  holder  of  the 
scrip  may  locate  160  acres,  120,  80,  or  40,  but  it  must  be  in  the  same 
"quarter,"  and  will  cost  him  the  face  of  the  scrip. 

The  State  is  divided  into  three  Land  Districts.  The  Ironton  Dis- 
trict, bounded  on  the  north  by  the  township  line  between  Townships 
37  and  38,  starting  from  the  ^Mississippi  River  just  south  of  Ste. 
Genevieve,  extending  due  west  to  the  line  between  Ranges  10  and  11 
West,  thence  due  south  to  the  State  line.  Office  at  Ironton.  The 
Springfield  Land  District  embraces  all  between  the  last-named  north 
and  south  line  and  the  western  boundary  of  the  State  ;  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  line  between  Townships  34  and  35.  Office  at  Springfield. 
The  Boonville  Land  District  embraces  all  the  land  in  the  State  not 
within  the  above  named  districts.     Office  at  Boonville. 

There  are  now  (18G7)  about  three  million  acres  of  government 
land  in  this  State,  subject  to  entry  at  $1.25  and  $2.50  per  acre — the 
latter  within  railroad  reservations — wliicli  can  be  located  with  cash, 
land  warrants.  Agricultural  College  scrip,  or  under  the  Homestead 
Law.  These  lands  are  situated  in  the  following  named  counties: 
Barry,  Benton,  Bollinger,  Butler,  Camden,  Carter,  Cedar,  Christian, 
Dade,  Dallas,  Dent,  Douglas,  Dunklin,  Franklin,  Gasconade,  Greene, 
Henry,  Hickory,  Howell,  Iron,  Jcilerson,  Laclede,  Lawrence,  Linn, 
Macon,  Maries,  McDonald,  Miller,  Newton,  Ozark,  Pemiscot,  Phelps, 
Polk,  Pulaski,  Reynolds,  Ripley,  St.  Clair,  St.  Francois,  Shannon, 
Stone,  Taney,  Texas,  Webster,  Wright. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  COUNTIES. 


ADAIK  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Knox,  on  the  south  by  Macon,  on  the  west 
by  Sullivan,  and  on  the  north  is  separated  from  the  Iowa  State  line 
by  Schuyler  and  Putnam  Counties.     Area  about  630  square  miles. 

It  was  first  settled  in  1831-32  by  a  few  families  from  Kentucky. 
In  1850  its  population  numbered  2351,  and  in  1856,  6535;  present 
population  (by  U.  S.  Census,  I860,)  7991. 

Physical  Features. — This  county  embraces  a  desirable  division  of 
prairie  and  timber  land.  The  prairies  extend  through  the  county  in 
a  north  and  south  direction,  upon  the  divide  between  Chariton  and 
Salt  Rivers,  which  streams,  with  their  tributaries,  are  well  timbered. 
Bituminous  coal,  and  limestone  and  sandstone  for  building  purposes, 
are  abundant. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soils  are  very  fertile,  and  well  adapted 
to  all  purposes  of  the  farmer  or  stock-grower.  Some  farms  yield  per 
acre,  of  corn,  sixty  bushels ;  wheat,  forty ;  oats,  forty ;  rye,  twenty- 
five  ;  buckwheat,  twenty ;  potatoes,  three  hundred ;  timothy,  two 
tons ;  Hungarian  grass,  three  tons,  and  an  abundant  yield  of  fruit  of 
all  kinds. 

Churches  and  Schools. — Of  church  organizations,  we  are  informed 
there  are  0.  S.  Presbyterians,  Cumberland  do.,  Methodist  Episcopal 
South,  Baptists,  and  Reformers  or  Christians,  with  upwards  of  500 
members.  There  are  forty-seven  common- school  districts  in  the 
county,  and  twenty-six  school-houses.  The  amount  raised  in  1858  to 
build  and  repair  school-houses  was  $344.  A  select  school  was  estab- 
lished at  Kirksville,  in  the  fall  of  1851,  which  promises  to  be  instru- 
mental in  doing  great  good  in  the  hands  of  the  two  teachers  in  charge. 
Two  other  select  schools  are  taught  at  the  county-scat,  by  ladies,  and 
supported  in  part  by  the  public  funds.  The  amount  of  school  money 
apportioned  to  Adair  County,  for  1859,  is  §2011   25. 

12  (171) 


178  ANDREW    COUNTY. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — Tlicre  are  in  this  county  one  newspaper, 
eifrlii  liiwytTs,  ei^liiccn  physicians,  twelve  merchants,  five  grocers,  two 
litjuor  shops,  one  druggist,  two  silversmiths,  two  tinners,  six  black- 
smiths, one  gunsmith,  five  wagon-makers,  one  saddler,  two  tailors, 
three  shoemakers,  two  cabinetmakers,  twenty-five  carpenters,  thirteen 
steam  and  water  power  saw-mills,  two  coopers,  four  flouring-mills, 
(steam  and  water  power,)  and  five  hotels,  which  are  generally  very 
well  kept. 

KIRKSVILLE,  the  county-scat,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
western  margin  of  a  beautiful  prairie  called  the  "Grand  Divide,"  on 
the  located  line  of  the  North  Missouri  Railroad,  due  north  of  Hud- 
son, the  present  terminus,  and  the  center  from  which  radiate  five  stage 
routes — to  Canton,  sixty-five  ;  Macon  City,  thirty-five;  Trenton,  sixty- 
one;  Shelby ville,  forty-five ;  and  Lancaster,  twenty-five  miles.  It  is 
now  an  important  town,  and  has  bright  prospects  for  the  future. 
Topulation  1000. 

The  other  towns  in  the  county  are  Wilson,  Nineveh,  Shelby's  Point, 
and  Wilmotsville.  When  the  North  Missouri  Railroad  is  completed 
through  this  county,  (and  it  is  now  being  vigorously  pushed  forward,) 
it  will  give  the  farmers  and  manufacturers  a  ready  market  at  their 
very  doors,  and  we  shall  look  for  a  rapid  growth  in  wealth  and  im- 
portance in  every  county  along  its  line. 


ANDREW   COUNTY. 

This  county  was  first  settled  in  1837,  by  Joseph  Walker,  Esq., 
and  in  1850  contained  9434  inhabitants,  and  it  now,  18(50,  con- 
tains a  population  of  12,082.  Is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the 
Missouri  and  Nodaway  Rivers,  on  the  south  by  Buchanan,  and 
separated  from  the  Iowa  line  by  Nodaway  County.  The  land  is  fer- 
tile and  rolling;  more  timber  than  prairie.  The  average  product  of 
farms,  is  of  hemp,  500  to  600  pounds  per  acre;  corn,  100  bushels; 
wheat,  40;  oats,  30;  buckwheat,  50;  potatoes,  onions,  and  beets, 
immense  crops;  GOO  to  800  gallons  of  wine  to  the  acre;  also  good 
yields  of  all  kinds  of  grasses  and  most  varieties  of  fruit;  unimproved 
land  is  held  at  from  $1  25  to  $5,  and  improved  from  $12  to  $50. 
Water  power  has  been  improved  and  is  in  use  on  the  One-IIundred- 
and-Two,  the  Platte,  and  Nodaway. 

There  are  in  the  county  6  churches,  3  private  schools,  1  news- 
paper, 6  hotels;   1   bank,  (Branch   of  Southern  Bank  of   Missouri, 


ATCHISON    COUNTY.  179 

located  at  Savannah;)  lawyers,  T ;  physicians,  1 ;  merchants,  16; 
grocers,  4;  druggists,  3;  silversmiths,  2;  tinner,  1;  blacksmiths,  4; 
wagon-makers,  4;  saddler,  1;  tailors,  4;  shoemakers,  4;  cabinet- 
makers, 3 ;  carpenters,  6 ;  saw-mill,  1  ;  steam  flouring-mill,  1  ; 
mason,  1.  Emigrants  will  here  find  good  farming  land,  well  sup- 
plied with  timber  and  water,  and  a  good  market. 

SAVANNAH,  the  county-seat  and  principal  town,  twelve  miles 
from  St.  Joseph,  and  five  miles  from  the  Missouri  River,  on  the  pro- 
jected line  of  the  Platte  County  Railroad.  The  situation  is  elevated, 
and  the  view  afforded  of  the  surrounding  country  is  extensive.  The 
first  house  was  built  here  in  1842,  and  there  is  now  a  town  of  1000 
population,  with  four  churches,  a  Masonic  Lodge  and  Chapter,  Odd 
Fellow's  Lodge  and  Encampment,  a  bank,  and  full  s\ipply  of  business 
houses  of  all  classes.  Surrounded  by  intelligent  farmers  and  peo- 
pled by  industrious  citizens,  the  prospects  of  the  town  and  county  are 
very  fair.  An  excellent  court-house  has  recently  been  erected,  which 
speaks  well  for  the  enterprise  and  liberality  of  the  citizens.  Popula- 
tion of  Fillmore,  400 ;  Rochester,  300 ;  Amazonia  and  Boston  united, 
250;  Whites ville,  150. 


ATCHISON   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  the 
State,  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Missouri  River,  which  separates  it 
from  Nebraska,  and  on  the  north  by  the  Iowa  State  line.  This  is  a 
new  county,  but  was  settled  in  1840,  and  in  1850  contained  a  popu- 
lation of  1678;  in  1856,  3304;   and  in  1860,  4663. 

Physical  Features,  Soil,  etc. — About  one-half  of  the  county  is 
level  and  undulating,  and  the  other  half  somewhat  broken.  About 
one-third  is  timber  land,  the  remainder  prairie.  The  soil  is  generally 
very  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  farming  and  grazing  purposes. 
Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hemp,  and  tobacco  are* the  principal  products. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — Farmers  and  mechanics  are  much 
needed.  There  is  a  large  amount  of  fertile  land  vacant,  and  1460 
acres  of  school  lands  unsold.  Good  water  power  unimproved  upon 
the  Nishnabotana,  Tarkeo,  and  Rock  Creek.  Facilities  for  reaching 
market  are  offered  by  the  Missouri  River,  which  washes  the  western 
border  of  the  county,  and  the  Council  Bluffs  and  St.  Joseph  Rail- 
road is  being  built  through  the  county. 

ROCKPORT,  the  county-seat,  is  a  brisk  town  of  800  population; 
Linden,  200;  and  Sonoro,  300  population.     The  seat  of  justice  was 


180  AUDRAIN    COUNTY. 

moved  from  Linden  to  Rockport,  in  185fi.  There  is  one  newspaper 
in  the  county,  "Rockport  Weekly  Herald."  The  county  contains  a 
number  of  churches,  eighteen  school-houses,  a  high  school,  Odd  Fel- 
low's Lodge,  etc.,  and  a  good  representation  of  business  houses. 


AUDRAIN   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  north  from  the  center  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  Pike  and  Montgomery,  on  the  west  by  Randolph  and 
Boone,  on  the  north  by  Monroe  and  Ralls,  and  on  the  south  by 
Boone,  Callaway,  and  Montgomery  Counties,  and  embraces  an  area 
of  680  square  miles. 

Population  of  Audrain  County,  in  1840,  was  1949;  in  1850,  3508; 
in  1856,  6180;  and  in  1860,  7920. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  generally  rich, 
undulating  prairie,  interspersed  with  timber — about  three-fourths 
being  prairie.  Being  on  the  high  lands  or  "divide" between  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  the  Missouri,  the  climate  is  healthy,  and  the  numerous 
streams  running  north,  south,  and  east  furnish  a  good  supply  of 
water. 

The  Soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grasses  of  all  kinds,  oats, 
and  corn,  hence  favorable  for  stock  growing.  All  kinds  of  grain, 
grasses,  fruit  and  vegetables  produce  well  hero,  and  farmers  will  find 
excellent  land,  favorably  located,  at  low  prices,  and  a  good  demand 
for  all  kinds  of  produce. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — Of  lawyers  in  the  county,  there  are  7  ;  mer- 
chants, 12;  newspaper,  (Missouri  Ledger,)  1;  physicians,  4;  hotels, 
2;  groceries,  2;  tailors,  3;  harnessmaker,  1;  silversmiths,  2;  cabi- 
netmakers, 2;  carpenters,  8;  drug  store,  1;  tin  and  stove  stores,  2; 
boot  and  shoe  shops,  2  ;  blacksmiths,  2 ;  and  mechanics  of  various 
kinds  much  needed.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the  North  Missouri 
Railroad,  affording  good  facilities  for  reaching  market,  and  the  intro- 
duction of  railroad  communication  has  given  the  county  a  new  impe- 
tus which  will  doubtless  add  greatly  to  its  development  and  import- 
ance the  present  year. 

MEXICO,  the  county-seat,  on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad,  is  a 
promising  village  of  about  1500  inhal)itants,  with  a  good  country 
trade  extending  twenty-five  miles  in  every  direction.  Manufactories 
of  woolen  goods,  farming  utensils,  carriages,  etc.  could  be  established 
here  profitably.    Mexico  was  incorporated  as  a  city,  February  7, 1867. 


BARRY    COUNTY.  181 


BARRY   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  State,  and 
originally  embraced  all  the  territory  from  which  the  counties  of  Law- 
rence, Dade,  Barton,  Jasper,  Newton,  McDonald,  (and  in  part  Cedar) 
have  been  formed.  The  land  of  this  county  is  generally  undulating 
and  fertile,  with  a  good  division  of  each  prairie  and  timber.  The 
county  offers  great  inducements  to  those  wishing  to  engage  in  min- 
ing, farming,  manufacturing,  or  stock  raising.  The  average  yield 
from  farms  are  as  follows:  wheat,  30  bushels;  corn,  60;  rye,  25; 
oats,  40;  potatoes,  100  ;  onions,  100;  tobacco,  1200  pounds;  turnips, 
200  bushels ;  timothy  and  clover,  each  2  tons ;  Hungarian  grass,  2^ 
tons ;  beets  and  carrots  grow  finely.  Of  fruit,  apples,  pears,  peaches, 
plums,  and  most  kinds  of  bei'ries  are  abundant.  The  present  market 
for  the  county  is  at  Linn  Creek,  135  miles  distant.  The  great  draw- 
back to  this  section  is  the  want  of  an  outlet  to  better  markets.  The 
distance  from  the  county-seat  to  Jefferson  City  is  215  ;  to  St,  Louis, 
310;  and  to  nearest  point  on  railroad,  (Syracuse,)  135  miles.  The 
price  usually  asked  for  lands  here  is  from  $3  to  $5  for  unimproved, 
and  from  $8  to  $12  for  improved  lands.  The  Southwest  Branch  of 
the  Pacific  Railroad,  now  being  constructed,  will  pass  through  or 
along  the  north  line  of  this  county  for  six  or  eight  miles. 

There  are  five  streams  running  through  the  eastern,  western,  and 
central  portion  of  the  county,  which  have  good  water  power,  that  can 
be  improved  to  advantage.  In  the  county  are  one  steam  flouriug- 
mill,  and  six  water-power  grist  and  saw  mills. 

Population,  in  1860,  8008. 

Churches  and  Schools. — Of  Cumberland  Presbyterians  there  are 
200;  Methodists,  250;  Baptists,  400;  Christians  or  "  Campbellites," 
150.  There  are  thirty  free-school  districts  in  the  county,  with  1095 
pupils,  and  one  select  school,  at  Keetsville,  will  be  well  supported. 

Of  business  houses,  there  are  in  the  county — hotels,  3 ;  merchants, 
11;  druggists,  3;  lawyers,  3;  doctors,  13;  silversmith,  1;  black- 
smiths, 22  ;  wagon-makers,  5  ;  saddler,  1 ;  tailors,  2  ;  cabinetmaker, 
1 ;  carpenters,  20.  No  tinners,  shoemakers,  or  tobacco  manufacturers. 

The  northern  part  of  Barry  is  well  supplied  with  good  building 
material,  and  lead  has  been  found  in  considerable  quantities  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  county.  Shafts  have  been  sunk  on  the  northeast 
quarter  of  section  19,  township  25,  range  25,  with  success. 


182  BARTON    COUNTY. 

CASSVILLE,  the  county-seat,  has  a  population  of  about  400,  and 
is  pleasantly  situated  in  the  valley  of  Fat  Creek — a  valley  containing 
fine  arable  lands.  The  api)earance  of  Cassville  was  much  injured  by 
fire  last  sprint;,  which  swept  off  nearly  all  the  principal  business 
liouses  of  the  place.  A  new  court-house,  forty  by  sixty  feet,  nearly 
corapleted;  is  a  handsome  building,  adding  much  to  the  appear- 
ance of  the  town.  Various  improvements  arc  going  on,  among 
which  a  fine  steam  mill  is  being  erected  in  the  vicinity  by  Mr.  Logan. 
It  runs  three  pairs  of  burrs,  and  is  enabled  to  supply  the  country  with 
flour  and  meal.  In  addition  to  this,  two  fine  steam  saw-mills  are  in 
full  blast  within  a  short  distance  of  town,  able  to  supply  a  large  sec- 
tion of  country  with  any  quantity  and  quality  of  lumber  desired. 


BARTON   COUNTY. 

This  county,  situated  in  the  west-southwest  portion  of  the  State,  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Yernon,  on  the  south  by  Jasper,  on  the 
west  by  Kansas  Territory,  and  on  the  east  by  Cedar  and  Dade  Coun- 
ties, and  contains  an  area  of  600  square  miles. 

Physical  Features,  Soil,  etc. — This  county  is  generally  high  table- 
lands, sutliciently  undulating  to  be  well  drained,  yet  level  enough  for 
all  agricultural  purposes.  The  county  is  principally  prairie,  inter- 
spersed with  extensive  groves  of  timber,  consisting  of  linn,  hickory, 
oak,  locust,  walnut,  sycamore,  cedar,  cottonwood,  and  elm,  of  which, 
if  proi)erly  husbanded,  there  will  be  sufficient  for  all  practical  pur- 
poses. The  county  is  drained  by  the  head  branches  of  Dogwood, 
Clear,  and  Horse  Creeks  on  the  north,  and  by  the  Coon,  Muddy,  and 
other  tributaries  of  the  Neosho,  on  the  south.  Comparatively,  the 
soil  is  very  good  ;  the  gravelly  ridges  are  well  adapted  to  fruit 
culture. 

Coal  is  abundant  in  many  parts  of  the  county,  and  beds  have  been 
opened,  and  are  worked,  from  three  to  four  miles  east  from  the  county- 
seat.  Limestone  and  sandstone  for  building  materials,  clays  and  sands 
for  brick-work,  and  gravels  and  pebbles  for  walks  and  roads  are 
abundant. 

Barton  County  was  formed  from  the  north  half  of  Jasper  County, 
and  organized  December  12,  1S55.  It  now,  1800,  contains  a  popu- 
lation of  18:n. 


BATES   COUNTY.  183 

LAMAR,  the  county-seat,  was  located  March  15,  1856,  and  is  situ- 
ated near  the  center  of  the  county,  upon  the  east  bank  of  Muddy 
Creek,  which  enters  the  southeast  corner  of  the  county,  runs  in  a 
northwest  course  to  the  center,  then  bears  almost  due  south  to  its 
southern  boundary.  This  stream  is  skirted  with  groves  of  oak,  elm, 
and  walnut,  and  Lamar  is  almost  surrounded  by  an  extensive  grove 
of  timber. 

Nashville  is  a  new  town  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  county. 
The  principal  settlements  are  near  the  county-seat,  and  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  county. 

A  new  court-house,  and  several  large  business  houses,  are  in  course 
of  erection  in  Lamar,  and  the  county  throughout  seems  to  be  in  a 
prosperous  condition. 


BATES   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  western  border  of  the  State,  and  its 
northern  boundary  is  very  near  the  middle  of  the  State,  on  a  north  and 
south  line.  The  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Cass,  south  by 
Yernon,  and  east  by  Henry  and  Sullivan,  with  an  area  of  1380  square 
miles.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Frederick  Bates,  a  former  Gover- 
nor of  the  State.  Population  in  1850  was  3669  ;  in  1856  it  was 
5*702;  and  in  1860,  7250. 

History. — The  territory  now  embraced  within  this  county  was  first 
settled  by  missionaries  sent  out  by  the  American  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  in  1818.  They  met  with  a  band  of  the  Big  and  Little  Osage 
Indians,  and  told  them  they  had  come  to  do  no  harm,  but  to  teach 
them  many  new  things  that  they  did  not  know,  and  that  they  wanted 
a  piece  of  land  to  establish  a  school  upon,  where  they  would  educate 
the  Indian  children.  Much  pleased  with  the  proposition,  the  Indians 
soon  called  a  council  of  their  whole  nation,  numbering  some  8500. 
They  met  upon  the  banks  of  the  Marias  des  Cigne.  White-hair,  the 
old  chief,  made  a  great  speech  expressing  his  gratification  that  good- 
hearted  pale-faces  had  come  among  them  ;  and,  assuring  them  peace 
and  protection,  he  pointed  out  a  piece  of  land  embracing  about  ten 
miles  square  where  they  might  make  them  a  home.  The  missionaries 
told  them  they  did  not  want  so  much — that  they  would  be  satisfied 
with  much  less.  The  treaty  was  ratified  at  St.  Ijouis  in  1821,  secur- 
ing to  them  two  sections  on  the  Marias  des  Cigne.  They  called  the 
place  "Harmony  Mission,"  established  a  school,  and  set  out  1300 


184  BATES    COUNTY. 

fruit  trees,  (wliich,  however,  the  woodman's  axe  and  the  prairie  fires 
have  reduced  to  4(iO.)  Great  good  resulted  from  the  establishment 
of  this  mission,  and  one  secret  of  the  peace  and  tranquillity  of  the 
Osages  for  a  number  of  years  may  be  attributed  to  the  fact  that 
wherever  a  l)and  of  Osages  were  met  by  whites,  afterward,  one  of 
their  number  was  a  mission  pupil  who  could  interpret  between  the 
whites  and  the  Osages,  and  thus  prevent  misunderstanding  and  col- 
lision.    The  mission  was  afterward  removed  into  the  Osage  nation. 

The  Harmony  Mission*  was  projected  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year 
1820.  It  was  established  August  2,  1821.  The  whole  number  of 
souls,  including  adults  and  children,  was  forty  —  twenty-two  adults 
and.  eighteen  children. 

It  required,  by  the  mode  of  conveyance  then  available,  near  six 
months  for  the  missionaries  to  reach  their  station,  now  in  Bates 
County.  The  school  was  opened  about  the  beginning  of  the  year 
1822.  It  was  continued  in  operation  near  fifteen  years.  Some  400 
children  and  youth  were,  during  that  time,  received  under  a  course 
of  instruction,  and  boarded  in  the  mission  family. 

The  largest  proportion  of  the  pupils  were  from  the  Osage  tribe, 
and  made  very  commendable  progress  in  the  rudiments  of  an  English 
education.  Some  few  became  quite  advanced.  The  most  of  them 
are  now  dead.  The  adults  seemed  to  profit  but  little  IVoni  any  of 
the  efforts  made  for  their  improvement. 

At  the  time  the  mission  was  established,  twenty-five  miles  on  the 
western  border  of  the  State  had  not  been  purchased  by  the  Govern- 
ment. In  1828  this  strip  of  country  was  treated  for,  and  the  Indians 
removed  farther  west.  In  this  treaty  a  reserve  of  two  sections  was 
made  for  the  use  of  the  Mission.     This  still  remains  unsold. 

The  Mission  was  given  up  and  the  missionaries  disbanded  in  1831. 

But  few  of  the  first  missionaries  remain  in  this  part  of  the  country; 
they  are  either  dead  or  removed  elsewhere.  In  1821,  when  the  Mis- 
sion was  first  established,  the  nearest  white  settlements  were  in  Lafay- 
ette County,  near  Lexington,  about  eighty-four  miles.  In  1825  the 
United  States  Government  established  a  suj)ply  trading-post  about 
two  miles  below  the  Mission,  where  Papinsville  now  stands,  which  was 
kept  by  a  man  named  Gero.  In  1835,  the  Osages  having  moved 
south,  the  missionary  station  was  abandoned,  and  the  school  which 
had  been  in  a  flourishing  condition  for  fifteen  years,  was  broken  up. 
They  sold  the  property  to  the  Government  for  $8500,  which  sum  is 

*  We  are  indebted  to  A.  Jones,  Esq.,  of  Bates  Couuty,  for  a  history  of  this 
MiusioQ. 


BATES   COUNTY.  185 

now  subject  to  the  order  of  the  American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Osage  Indians.  Another  section  of  land  has 
been  added  by  Congress,  and  the  whole  transferred  to  the  War  De- 
partment. The  place  is  now  held,  we  are  informed,  and  governed  by 
"squatter  sovereignty." 

Physical  Features. — Bates  County  is  situated  upon  the  dividing 
ground  between  the  waters  of  Grand  River  on  the  north,  and  Marias 
des  eigne  on  the  south.  The  prairies  are  high,  rich,  and  rolling. 
The  only  poor  land  in  the  county  is  that  upon  the  high  limestone 
ridges,  which  are  covered  with  timber.  In  the  northwest  part  of  the 
county  the  prairies  are  large.  The  bottoms  along  the  larger  streams 
are  very  well  timbered  with  the  different  varieties  of  oak,  black  wal- 
nut, hickory,  maple,  cottonwood,  pecan,  sycamore,  elm,  and  mulberry. 
The  Marias  des  Cigne  is  the  same  stream  known  in  Kansas  as  the 
"Weeping  Water,  and  after  it  is  joined  by  other  tributaries  in  the  next 
county  south  it  takes  the  name  of  Osage  River.  This  is  a  beautiful 
stream,  and  has  a  natural  channel  of  from  three  to  five  feet  deep.  In 
spring  seasons  steamboats  run  up  to  Papinsville.  During  high  water 
the  low  bottoms  on  each  side  of  the  stream  are  overflowed.  There 
are  several  thousand  acres  of  swamp  land  in  the  county  of  a  good 
quality.  Limestone  and  freestone  are  abundant,  and  indications  of 
lead  and  iron  ore  are  said  to  exist  in  some  localities.  Spi'ings  are 
abundant  in  many  portions  of  the  county. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  is  very  fertile,  producing  a  good 
yield  of  nearly  all  kinds  of  grain  products.  Corn  is  the  staple  pro- 
duct, and  is  a  certain  crop.  Wheat  is  but  little  raised.  Nothing 
produced  in  the  county  for  market  except  stock.  Sheep  have  proved 
the  most  healthy  and  profitable  kind  of  stock  to  deal  in,  in  this  county. 
All  the  grasses  grow  well.  As  to  the  adaptation  of  the  soil  and 
climate  to  fruit  culture,  we  need  only  state  that  the  trees  planted  by 
the  missionaries  in  1820  have  never  been  known  to  fail  in  their  yield 
a  single  year  since  they  commenced  bearing.  This  county  is  remark- 
ably healthy. 

The  Osage  Valley  and  Southern  Kansas  Railroad  is  being  built, 
and  bids  fair  to  be  pushed  forward  rapidly  to  completion ;  and  as  it 
will  be  a  direct  line  from  Southern  Kansas,  passing  through  Bates 
County,  it  will  be  of  great  advantage  to  the  citizens. 

Business  Statistics. — There  are  in  the  county-seat  six  lawyers,  one 
newspaper,  five  physicians,  five  merchants,  four  grocers,  one  druggist, 
one  silversmith,  two  tinners,  two  blacksmiths,  two  wagon-makers,  one 
saddler,  one  tailor,  one  shoemaker,  two  cabinetmakers,  twelve  carpen- 
ters, one  saw-mill,  (steam,)  one  cooper,  two  hotels,  three  churches, 


186  BATES    COUNTY. 

(one  eacli,  Baptist,  X.  S.  Presbyterian,  and  Methodist,)  and  one  pub- 
lie  school.      The  other  towns  have  a  fair  average  of  business  houses. 

Natural  Advantages. — Besides  what  has  already  been  said  of  the 
county  and  its  prodnctions,  we  may  add  that  labor  is  in  good  demand, 
and  that  this  is  an  excellent  location  for  stock  growing.  Uncultivated 
land  is  worth  from  $3  to  $5  per  acre;  cultivated,  from  $5  to  $20  per 
acre. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  but  two  church  edifices  in  the 
county — one  Baptist,  and  one  Presbyterian.  The  school-houses  are 
all  used  for  religious  meetings. 

There  are,  in  Bates  County,  twenty-five  school  townships,  forty-five 
district  schools,  a  majority  of  which  have  school-houses,  (principally 
cabins,)  2500  school  children,  with  an  annual  school  fund  of  $8000. 

BUTLER,  the  county-seat,  is  located  near  the  Miami  Creek,  one  of 
the  head  branches  of  the  Osage,  and  twelve  miles  from  the  Kansas 
line.  The  location  is  elevated,  commanding,  and  the  surrounding 
country  beautiful.  The  hill  upon  which  the  town  is  located  occupies 
an  area  of  about  one  and  a  half  by  two  and  a  half  miles,  and  the  site 
possesses  many  attractions  and  natural  advantages.  Butler  was  first 
settled  by  John  E.  Morgan  in  1851,  and  now  contains  about  500 
inhabitants,  a  Christian  Church,  Odd  Fellows  and  Masonic  Lodges, 
academy,  newspaper  office,  etc. 

Papinsville,  two  miles  below  old  Harmony  Mission,  has  about  200 
inhabitants.  The  road  passing  through  it  is  a  great  thoroughfare. 
The  river  is  bridged  at  this  place,  and  all  the  streams  on  this  road, 
both  north  and  south,  are  also  bridged,  which  speaks  well  for  the 
enterprise  of  the  citizens. 

Johnstown,  fifteen  miles  from  Butler,  on  the  Tipton  road,  contains 
150  population,  and  was  incorporated  March  12,  1859, 

West  Point,  100  population. 

Prairie  City  is  a  temperance  town,  three  miles  from  Papinsville 
on  the  Useola  road.  No  spirituous  liquors  are  sold  as  a  beverage. 
Population  150. 

■Uniontown  changed  to  Crescent  Hill,  March  12,  1859. 


BENTON    COUNTY.  187 


BENTON   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  west  central  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Morgan  and  Camden,  on  the  west  by  Henry 
and  St.  Clair,  on  the  north  by  Pettis,  and  on  the  south  by  Hickory 
County. 

Physical  Features. — The  general  character  of  the  county  is  broken ; 
about  one-fourth  being  undulating  prairie,  the  remainder  rough  tim- 
ber land.  The  northern  portion  is  principally  prairie,  and  the  center, 
along  the  Osage  River,  (upon  which  is  situated  Warsaw,)  the  county 
is  broken  and  hilly,  with  excellent  timber,  and  some  extensive  bot- 
toms under  a  good  state  of  cultivation.  The  county  is  drained  by 
the  Osage,  Grand  River,  Thibeau,  Cole  Camp  Creek,  Pomrae  de 
Terre,  and  Turkey  Creek.  The  streams  are  clear,  cold,  rapid,  and 
generally  gravel  bottomed,  and  in  many  places  the  towering  cliffs 
that  overhang  the  streams,  crowned  by  cedars  hanging  from  the  fis- 
sures in  the  rocks,  render  the  scenery  truly  grand.  There  are  some 
excellent  mill  sites  upon  the  streams  in  this  county,  and  milling  or 
manufacturing  would  prove  very  remunerative.  There  are  several 
saw  and  grist  mills  in  the  county. 

The  Osage  River  is  navigable  as  high  as  Manoa,  a  new  and  thriv- 
ing town  just  laid  out  twenty  miles  from  the  western  boundary  line 
of  the  State,  (now  in  St.  Clair  County,)  and  a  distance  of  270  miles 
from  its  confluence  with  the  Missouri  River.  During  the  year 
(1859)  no  less  than  8000  tons  of  freight  have  been  shipped  from  St. 
Louis  to  the  various  points  on  the  Osage ;  the  greater  part  of 
which  was  delivered  at  the  mouth  of  the  Osage  by  the  Pacific  Rail- 
road, and  taken  thence  by  small  steamers  to  the  different  trading 
points  above  —  Linn  Creek,  Warsaw,  Oseola,  Manoa,  and  minor 
points. 

In  Benton  County,  improved  lands  sell  at  from  $5  to  $30  per 
acre;  unimproved,  at  from  $2  to  $10.  The  crops  usually  raised  are 
corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  tobacco,  etc.  The  princij^al  produce  for  ship- 
ment consists  of  wheat,  pork,  beef,  and  tobacco.  There  is  annually 
driven  to  the  Southern  markets  mules  and  horses  to  the  amount  of 
some  $50,000. 

Minerals. — Lead  ore  has  been  found  in  paying  quantities  in  various 
parts  of  the  county,  and  mining  promises  to  become  an  extensive  and 
lucrative  business.    A  number  of  years  ago,  Mr.  H.  U.  White  erected 


188  BENTON    COUNTY. 

an  asli  furnace  and  manufactured  a  considerable  quantity  of  pig  lead, 
about  eijrlit  miles  southeast  from  Warsaw,  on  Turkey  Creek.  At 
several  localities,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Osage  River,  rich  veins 
have  been  discovered,  and  some  two  or  three  of  them  are  now  being 
profitably  worked.  Near  Duren's  Creek,  on  the  north  side,  an  old 
man,  assisted  by  a  boy,  has  taken  out,  while  prospecting,  within  the 
last  year,  over  70,000  pounds  of  ore,  which  will  yield  from  seventy- 
five  to  eighty  per  cent.  A  furnace  for  smelting  is  being  erected.  Now 
that  the  Osage  is  navigated  by  steamboats,  and  a  railroad  being  built 
to  traverse  the  county,  the  obstacles  to  working  the  mines  are  re- 
moved, (there  being  better  facilities  for  reaching  market,)  and  it  is 
hoped  that  the  mineral  resources  of  the  county  will  soon  be  fully 
developed.  Gold,  it  is  said,  was  found  in  this  county  by  Mrs.  Ann 
Walters  in  1852;  and  that  in  1856,  she  found  several  pieces  more; 
and  in  June,  1859,  she  visited  the  same  place  again  and  collected 
fully  a  "tablespoonful  of  pure  gold."  She  has  not  made  known  the 
locality  of  "the  precious  ore,"  though  besieged  by  hundreds  who 
gathered  around  her  and  "prospected"  in  her  neighborhood  in  the 
summer  of  1859.  We  place  but  little  conlideuce  in  the  reports,  how- 
ever, but  give  them  for  what  they  are  worth. 

History. — The  first  settlements  in  the  section  of  country  now 
embraced  by  this  county  were  made  by  Bledsoe,  Kinkead,  and  Howard 
in  1834.  Warsaw  was  first  settled  by  D.  C.  Ballou,  and  a  post-office 
established  there  in  1836  or  1837.  Bledsoe's  ferry,  on  the  Osage,  was 
in  early  days  a  noted  crossing,  as  the  road  from  Palmyra,  through 
Boonville,  to  Fort  Smith  and  the  Cherokee  Nation  crossed  here. 
In  1836  there  were  two  stores  at  this  point,  and  the  courts  were  held 
at  a  dwelling-house  in  the  vicinity.  Near  to  Bledsoe's,  and  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Osage,  was  the  site  of  a  once  important  and 
populous  Shawnee  village.  Bledsoe's  ferry  was  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlements in  this  part  of  the  State  ;  Osage  was  the  former  county-seat, 
established  about  1838,  and  some  years  after  the  name  was  changed 
to  Warsaw. 

Advantages. — This  county  offers  to  immigrants  good  land  at  low 
prices,  an  aljundance  of  timber,  building  stone,  sand,  or  clay  for 
brick,  good  prices  and  a  ready  market,  water  power,  and  a  demand 
for  farmers  and  mechanics  of  all  kinds.  Population  of  county  in 
1856,  6786;  in  1800,  9142;  unsold  school  lands  in  county,  5290 
acres. 

The  productiveness  of  the  soil  of  this  county,  together  with  the 
prospect  of  rich  mineral  deposits,  and  a  climate  not  excelled  in  the 
State  for  health,  and  river  navigation  for  half  the  year,  and  con- 


BOLLINGER   COUNTY.  189 

venience  to  railroads,  make  this  a  desirable  location  for  "industrious 

Churches  and  Schools.  —  The  proprietors  of  Osage  (when  the 
county-seat)  made  arrangements  for  establisliing  a  seminary  there  in 
1838.  There  is  now  one  male  and  female  academy,  and  two  common 
schools  in  Warsaw,  and  forty-nine  school-houses,  (and  5290  acres  of 
unsold  school  land)  in  the  county.  There  are  several  churches — N.  S. 
Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Baptist,  and  Reformers — in  the  county. 

WARSAW,  the  county-seat,  occupies  an  elevated  site,  overlooking 
the  Osage  River  and  an  extensive  area  of  surrounding  country.  It 
is  a  thrifty  business  point,  about  eighty  miles  from  Lexington  on  the 
Missouri  River,  eighty  from  Boonville,  eighty  from  Jelferson  City, 
and  forty  from  Syracuse  on  Pacific  Railroad.  Distance  to  nearest 
railroad,  about  thirty-five  miles  from  Georgetown  station  on  Pacific 
Railroad.  There  are  in  Warsaw,  1  bank,  (Branch  of  the  Mechanics' 
Bank  of  St.  Louis,)  United  States  Land  Office,  1  newspaper,  (the 
"Southwest  Democrat,^^  by  Murray  &  Leach,)  4  lawyers,  8  mer- 
chants, 1  druggist,  1  silversmith,  2  tinware  and  stove  stores,  3  black- 
smiths, 2  wagon-makers,  2  saddlers,  1  tailor,  2  boot  and  shoe  shops, 
2  cabinetmakers,  6  carpenters,  1  tobacco  manufactory,  2  steam  saw- 
mills, 1  cooper  shop,  2  hotels,  etc.  Also,  Lodges  of  Masons  and 
L  0.  O.  P.,  etc.     Population  of  Warsaw,  1000. 

Cole  Camp  is  twelve  miles  from  Warsaw,  in  a  well  settled  portion 
of  the  county.  The  town  was  laid  out  by  Blakey  and  Brother  in  1857, 
and  now  contains  a  population  of  400.  Being  on  the  line  of  tlie  Osage 
Valley  and  Southern  Kansas  Railroad,  the  citizens  very  reasonably 
anticipate  a  rapid  growth  of  the  town  upon  the  completion  of  the 
road. 

Durock  has  250  inhabitants;  and  Fairfield,  100  inhabitants. 


BOLLINGER  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  State,  and 
was  created  in  1850,  principally  from  Cape  Girardeau.  Tlie  first 
settlement  made  in  the  territory  now  comi)osing  this  county  was  in 
1800  by  North  Carolinians.  The  general  surface  of  the  county  is 
broken,  but  the  land  is  fertile  and  well  timbered.  The  usual  yield 
per  acre  is  as  follows:  Corn,  75  bushels;  wheat,  30  bushels;  rye,  25; 
barley,  30;    oats,  30;    buckwheat,  20;    potatoes,  300;    onions,  100 


100  BOLLINGER    COUNTY. 

beets,  50;  carrots,  40;  turnips,  200  bushels;  timothy,  2  tons;  clover, 
1  ton;  Hungarian  grass,  1  ton;  and  peaches,  pears,  and  apples  in 
abundance.  Tiic  principal  market  is  at  Cape  Girardeau,  on  the  river, 
thirty  miles  distant,  to  which  point  a  gravel  road  is  being  constructed, 

Beds  of  iron  ore  exist  in  the  county,  but  have  never  been  worked. 
There  are   6010  acres  of  unsold  school  lands  in  the  countv. 

Population  of  Bollinger  in  ISfiO,  G196. 

Mr.  F.  Woolford,  at  Patton  Post-office,  has  discovered  in  Bollin- 
ger County  immense  quantities  of  kaolin,  which  is  so  highly  prized 
in  Europe  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  ware;  also,  cornish  stone 
for  the  manufacture  of  iron-stone  china  ware.  lie  has  also  discovered 
pipe  or  ball  clay  of  a  good  quality,  and  extensive  deposits  of  the 
best  quality  of  fire  clay,  which  he  infers  is  well  adapted  to  the  manu- 
facture of  fire  bricks  or  good  "glass  pots,"  as  it  has  been  subjected 
to  140  degrees  of  Fahrenheit  without  affecting  it  in  the  least.  Also 
an  abundance  of  pure  quartzose  sand,  well  adapted  as  a  source  of 
silex  in  the  brazing  and  glazing  of  china  and  porcelains,  and  which 
would  make  the  finest  description  of  glass.  Mr.  Woolford  concludes 
his  communication  thus:  "Now  I  would  just  ask,  how  long  shall  we 
be  dependent  upon  Europe  for  our  ware  which  spreads  or  furnishes 
the  tables  of  our  elegant  and  magnificent  hotels,  and  every  private 
house,  even  to  the  humblest  cottage  in  the  land  ?  Bristol  would  be  a 
good  point  or  location  for  the  establishment  of  a  regular  factory  for 
the  manufacture  of  such  wares  as  would  be  wanted  in  this  western 
country.  We  have  cheap  building  lots,  cheap  fuel,  cheap  labor, 
cheap  materials,  in  a  healthy  place,  and  in  another  year  we  will  have 
a  good  gravel  road  to  the  river." 

DALLAS,  the  county-seat,  contains  300  inhabitants,  of  whom  there 
are  lawyers,  3 ;  physicians,  2;  merchants,  5;  grocers,  2;  druggist,  1 ; 
blacksmiths,  2 ;  saddler,  1 ;  hotel,  1 ;  carpenters,  3.  There  is  one 
Bteara  flouring-mill ;  also  one  Missionary  Baptist  Church,  with  some 
30  members,  of  which  Rev.  Geo.  W.  Coke  is  pastor.  Dallas  was 
incorporated  December  6,  1855. 


BOONE    COUNTY.  191 


BOONE    COUNTY. 

This  county,  situated  near  the  center  of  the  State,  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Audrain  and  Randolph,  on  the  west  by  Howard,  on  the 
east  by  Callaway,  and  on  the  southwest  by  the  Missouri  Pviver,  which 
meanders  along  its  southwestern  border,  a  distance  of  some  thirty- 
four  miles,  separating  this  from  Cooper,  Moniteau,  and  Cole  Counties. 
The  population  of  Boone  County,  in  1840,  was  13,5G1 ;  in  1850  it 
was  14,981;  in  1856,  17,248;  and  in  1860,  19,598. 

History. — Boone  County  was  formed  from  Howard.  The  first  set- 
tlements made  in  the  territory  now  embraced  by  the  boundaries  of 
Boone,  were  in  1815.  (For  particulars  in  regard  to  "Early  History" 
of  this  section,  see  chapter  devoted  to  the  subjects,  in  Book  II.  of  this 
volume.) 

Physical  Features. — The  northern  portion  of  the  county  is  gener- 
ally undulating,  and  the  southern  principally  broken.  About  three- 
fourths  of  the  county  is  timber  land,  affording  an  abundant  supply 
for  all  practical  purposes.  The  principal  streams  in  Boone  are  Cedar 
Creek,  which  forms  its  eastern  boundary,  Roche  Percee,  (Pierced 
Rock,)  Little  Bonne  Femme,  and  their  tributaries,  Moniteau  Creek 
forms  the  boundary  between  Boone  and  Howard. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  Boone  is,  much  of  it,  of  the 
bluff  formation,  and  from  an  analysis  made  by  Dr.  Litton  for  the 
State  Geological  Report,  is  shown  to  be  "the  very  best  soil  for  wheat 
and  rye  in  the  State,"  and  "well  adapted  to  corn,  tobacco,  oats,  and 
grasses."  As  the  analysis  proves  the  richest  portions  to  be  from  ten 
to  twelve  inches  below  the  surface,  deep  cultivation  would  be  very 
advantageous.  The  adaptation  of  the  soil  to  the  production  of  vari- 
ous crops  is  shown  by  the  following  statistics  of  the  yield  of  certain 
farms  in  the  county:  of  wheat,  35  bushels  to  the  acre;  hemp,  1000 
pounds;  tobacco,  1000;  corn,  100  bushels;  rye,  20;  oats,  40;  buck- 
wheat, 30  ;  potatoes,  100  ;  onions,  200  ;  beets,  200  ;  carrots,  200  ; 
turnips,  200  ;  also,  good  yield  of  all  kinds  of  fruit;  timothy,  clover, 
and  Hungarian  grasses.  What  are  now  considered  as  the  poorest 
portions  of  the  county,  may  ere  long  become  the  most  productive,  as 
the  soils  in  those  sections  are  well  adapted  to  grape  culture,  which, 
with  proper  management,  there  is  no  more  proGtable  or  ploasaut 
branch  of  husbandry. 


192  BOONE   COUNTY. 


Tax  List  of  Boone  County— 1860. 

NUMBF.n.  VALUATIOX.  STATE  TAX. 

Polls li.475  S-IUH  12 

Acres  of  land 422,042         $2,700,874  5,521  74 

Town  lots 1,966              207, 820  G;i5  04 

Slaves 4,338           1,6!)7,610  3,3'.)5  22 

Oilier  i>ersoual  property 679,236  1,858  47 

Money 058,887  1,317  77 

Total  valuation $0,004,427 

Total  amount  of  State  tax $13,056  90 

State  interest  fund  tax 6,528  47 

State  lunatic  asylum  tax 1,088  05 

County  tax 13,050  96 

Railroad  tax 20,113  92 

Total  amount  of  taxes $59,844  36 

Business  Statistics. — There  are  in  Boone  County  of  newspapers, 
three;  banks,  two;  lawyers,  ten;  physicians,  twelve;  merchants, 
thirty-six  ;  druggists,  five  ;  silversmiths,  three  ;  tinners,  four  ;  black- 
smiths, twenty  ;  wagon-makers,  five ;  coopers,  three  ;  flouring-mills, 
nine  ;  saw-mills,  ten  ;  tobacco  manufacturers,  four  ;  carpenter  shops, 
twelve;  cabinet  shops,  three;  shoe  shops,  six;  tailors,  10;  saddlers, 
four,  etc. 

Educational  Institutions. — The  "University  of  Missouri"  is  lo- 
cated in  Columbia — lias  an  endowment  fund  of  $123,000,  a  library  of 
2000  volumes,  a  cabinet  containing  120,000  specimens,  and  an  edifice 
erected  by  private  subscription  of  Boone,  costing  $85,000,  under  the 
management  of  a  board  of  curators  and  a  competent  corps  of  teachers. 
The  Baptist  Female  College  and  the  Christian  College  are  each  well 
conducted  and  liberally  patronized,  and  have  the  reputation  of  being 
very  good  schools.  A  college  is  about  being  established  at  Sturgeon 
with  favorable  prospects.  Professor  John  Johnson  has  established 
a  good  school  at  Ashland,  for  males  and  females.  There  is  also 
another  fine  school  near  Rocheport  in  a  flourishing  condition,  under 
the  supervision  of  Professor  J.  Newton  Searcy. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — Boone  County  contains  a  good 
variety  of  soil,  adapted  to  various  agricultural  purposes,  an  abund- 
ance of  timber,  inexhaustilile  beds  of  stone  coal,  the  best  schools  in 
the  State,  and  a  moral,  refined,  and  intelligent  population.  All 
practical,  energetic  men,  of  whatever  trade  or  calling,  who  will  assist 
in  devel()])iiig  the  resources  of  the  county,  will  find  in  Boone  locations 
and  advantages  worthy  of  their  attention. 

Natural  Curiosities. — About  seven  miles  from  Columbia  is  "  Con- 
nor's Cave,"  the  entrance  of  which  is  twenty  feet  wide  and  eight  feet 


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BUCHANAN    COUNTY.  193 

high,  which  is  said  to  have  been  penetrated  several  miles.  Above 
Rocheport,  a  short  distance,  are  high  cliffs  of  rocks  containing  Indian 
hieroglyphics,  and  numerous  caves  and  springs. 

COLUMBIA,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the 
county,  upon  a  high  and  beautifully-undulating  site,  with  wide  streets 
laid  off  at  right  angles,  well  shaded  by  forest  trees  and  shrubbery, 
and  graced  by  some  excellent  public  buildings  and  residences.  This 
place,  in  point  of  educational  advantages,  excels  any  other  in  the 
State,  and  has  very  appropriately  been  called  the  "  Athens  of  Mis- 
souri." The  State  University,  the  Baptist  College,  and  the  Christian 
College  are  all  located  here,  and  each  in  a  flourishing  condition.  In 
1856  Columbia  contained  1542  inhabitants — now  estimated  at  1*750. 

Rocheport  is  situated  upon  the  Missouri  River,  and  is  the  princi- 
pal commercial  town  of  the  county.  It  is  in  the  extreme  southwestern 
corner  of  the  county,  and  in  1852  was  considered  one  of  the  most 
thrifty  towns  on  the  river  for  a  number  of  miles.  The  citizens  mani- 
fested much  energy  and  public  spirit  by  grading  and  Macadamizing 
the  streets,  paving  sidewalks,  etc.  In  1856  this  town  contained  a 
population  of  501 — now  estimated  at  550.  The  annual  shipment  of 
produce  from  this  point  is  very  large. 

Sturgeon,  a  brisk  new  town  on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad, 
incorporated  March  14,  1859,  contains  500  population.  Providence, 
100  ;  Centralia,  25  ;  Ashland,  50  ;  Middletown,  30. 


BUCHANAN   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  west-northwest  part  of  the  State, 
is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Clinton  and  De  Kalb,  on  the  north  by 
Andrew,  on  the  west  by  the  Missouri  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Kansas,  and  on  the  south  by  Platte  County,  and  has  an  area  of  415 
square  miles.     Population  in  1860,  23,675. 

Physical  Features. — This  county  is  principally  made  up  of  undu- 
lating prairie  land,  and  its  appearance  by  Eastern  travelers  has  been 
compared  to  a  "rough  sea,"  so  gentle  are  the  slopes  and  undulations. 
There  is  a  good  growth  of  timber  along  the  margins  of  the  streams, 
and  here  and  there  fine  groves  upon  the  prairies. 

The  Soil  is  generally  deep  and  remarkably  fertile,  producing  all 
kinds  of  grains,  grasses,  fruit,  and  vegetables  founil  in  this  latitude. 

13 


194  BUCHANAN    COUNTY. 

Some  fiirnicrs  have  produced  as  high  as  1500  pounds  of  lieuip  to  the 
acre,  125  busliels  of  corn,  and  30  bushels  of  wheat,  50  rye,  60  oats, 
etc.,  and  fruit  and  root  crops  yield  abundantly.  The  "Platte  Coun- 
try "  has  a  world-wide  fame  for  its  fertility,  and  the  deep  soil  but 
needs  more  farmers,  and  a  thorough  and  systematic  cultivation,  to 
render  it  the  best  farming  region  of  the  State,  if  not  in  the  Union. 

Climate. — Situated  in  latitude  39°  30'  north,  the  climate  at  St. 
Joseph  is  healthy,  salubrious,  and  free  from  miasmatic  influences. 
The  statistics  show  this  to  have  been  an  exceedingly  healthy  country 
up  to  the  present  time. 

Educational  Institutions. — There  are  twenty  schools  of  diifcrcnt 
grades  in  St.  Joseph.  Besides  those  supported  by  the  common 
school  fund,  arc  the  following  private  institutions :  Convent  of  the 
Sacred  Heart,  St.  Joseph  College,  Female  Seminary,  Male  and 
Female  Seminary,  Male  Academy,  German  and  English  School,  and 
"Third  Ward  School."  In  1858  there  were  in  the  county  5427 
pupils,  of  whom  2119  were  taught  during  the  year  at  a  cost  of 
$7896  TO,  and  the  sum  of  $1133  50  raised  to  build  and  repair 
school-houses.     School  money  apportioned  for  1859,  $-4533  30. 

Religious  Denominations. — The  following  list  embraces  the  church 
orguiii/.alions  in  St.  Joseph:  Episcopal,  Presbyterian  O.  S.,  Pres- 
byterian N.  S.,  Presbyterian  Cumberland,  Methodist  Episcopal,  Eng- 
lish and  German,  Christian,  Baptist,  and  Roman  Catholic. 

Benevolent  Societies. — The  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  I.  0.  0.  F., 
and  Sons  of  Malta,  have  each  one  or  more  lodges  in  St.  Joseph.  The 
"  Young  Men's  Literary  Association"  and  the  "  St.  Joseph  Institute" 
are  each  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — Farmers  will  find  in  this  county 
prairie  or  timber,  bottom  or  table-land  very  fertile,  adapted  to  the 
growth  of  as  great  a  variety  of  productions  as  any  other  part  of  the 
Union.  In  the  varying  qualities  of  the  rich  soil,  and  the  equal  tem- 
perature of  the  climate,  they  have  all  the  desirable  elements  of  agri- 
cultural wealth.  For  the  production  of  cereals  or  grasses,  root 
crops,  fruit,  or  grape  culture,  the  soil  and  climate  will  be  found 
admirably  adai)ted.  M  a.nu fact u reus  will  here  find  a  wide  field  for 
the  employment  of  their  cujjital  and  energy.  The  extensive  and 
increasing  home  demand  for  all  articles  of  manufacture,  together 
with  the  abundance  of  raw  materials,  point  to  St.  Joseph  as  the 
natural  location  for  a  large  manufacturing  city.  Now  nearly  every 
article  in  use  bears  the  mark  of  foreign  workshops:  the  farming  im- 
])lements,  mill  machinery,  household  furniture,  woolen,  and  cotton 
fabrics,  boots  and  shoes,  and  scores  of  other  articles  could  be  manu- 


BUCHANAN   COUNTY.  195 

factured  here  to  advantage,  and  thus  support  a  large  population,  and 
add  greatly  to  the  revenue  of  the  county  and  the  State.  Mechanics 
will  see  in  the  rapid  growth  of  the  city  and  country  unmistakable 
evidences  of  the  prosperity  and  success  of  every  branch  of  their 
business ;  while  capitalists  will  find  rare  opportunities  for  profit- 
able investment,  from  which  they  can  realize  a  handsome  return,  and 
at  the  same  time  contribute  toward  the  development  of  the  resources 
of  this  portion  of  our  noble  State. 

Early  Settlement  of  St.  Joseph. — The  first  settlement  made  in  the 
section  of  country  now  embraced  in  Buchanan  County  was  by 
Joseph  Rubidoux,  senior,  who  first  visited  the  spot  now  occupied 
by  St.  Joseph,  during  the  year  1799.  His  connection  with  the 
American  Fur  Company  induced  him  to  locate  here  permanently, 
.which  he  did  in  1803,  and  for  thirty-three  years  he  remained  as  a 
trader  among  the  Indians,  upon  their  own  soil.  His  lone  cabin  was 
located  upon  the  most  lovely  spot  of  the  beautiful  "plain"  upon 
which  the  City  of  St.  Joseph  now  stands.  In  the  selection  of  his 
building  spot,  he  evinced  the  same  shrewdness  and  good  taste  which 
has  characterized  the  location  of  all  the  more  intelligent  and  refined 
settlers  throughout  the  West.  The  "  plain  "  upon  which  St.  Joseph 
is  situated  embraces  an  area  of  several  miles  in  extent,  surrounded 
by  mound-shaped  blutfs,  so  artistically  arranged  and  so  beautifully 
diversified  in  shape  and  size  as  to  resemble  more  the  work  of  art  than 
that  of  nature.  The  most  prominent  of  these  bluffs  is  "King  Hill," 
which  has  indications  of  having  formerly  been  used  as  a  place  of 
burial  by  the  Indians.  Mr.  Rubidoux's  keen  perception,  and  his 
knowledge  of  the  character  of  the  surrounding  country,  convinced 
him  that  this  was  a  choice  location,  and  as  he  viewed  the  adjacent 
territory  and  considered  its  central  locality,  and  looked  forward  to 
what  he  deemed  the  future  demands  of  the  country,  he  was  more  and 
more  pleased  with  the  location  he  had  selected.  Eventually  others 
came  and  settled  thereabouts,  but  the  immigration  was  limited  until 
after  the  land  was  transferred  to  the  United  States  Government,  by 
the  Iowa,  Sac,  and  Fox  Indians  in  1836,  by  the  articles  of  the  "Platte 
Purchase."  Soon  the  fame  of  the  "Platte  Country"  spread  far  and 
wide,  and  scarce  a  day  passed  without  the  arrival  of  new-comers  to 
make  their  homes  upon  the  newly -acquired  territory.  In  1843,  Mr. 
Rubidoux  became  the  proprietor  of  the  present  site  of  the  city — land 
which  he  had  occupied  for  years ;  and  to  supply  the  imperative  and 
increasing  demands  of  the  rapidly  growing  community,  he  proceeded 
to  lay  out  a  village,  which  is  now  shown  on  the  large  city  map  as  the 
"Original  Town."     The  new  place  increased  rapidly  in  population 


lOG  BUCUANAN    COUNTY. 

aial  iin[)orlancc,  ami  in  1845  tlie  town  was  chartered  by  the  legis- 
lature. Ill  1840,  the  seat  of  justice  was  located  at  St.  Joseph,  and 
in  1853  the  legislature  granted  her  a  city  charter. 

At  the  election  for  Clerk  of  Circuit  Court,  held  the  first  Monday 
in  August,  1840,  there  were  9T9  votes  polled.  William  Fowler  was 
elected  Clerk  and  Recorder,  and  Samuel  M.  Gilmore,  Sheriff.  Hon- 
orable Austin  A.  King,  had,  in  March,  1839,  appointed  Edwin  A. 
Toole,  Clerk  of  Circuit  Court,  and  William  Fowler,  Clerk  of  County 
Court. 

ST.  JOSEPH,  the  county-seat  and  commercial  emporium,  contains 
about  13,000  inhabitants;  Easton,  400;  De  Kalb,  500;  Columbus, 
150.  The  increase  in  voters  from  1857  to  1858,  in  the  City  uf  St. 
Joseph,  was  nearly  50  per  cent.,  and  from  1858  to  1859,  nearly  75 
per  cent.  None  are  voters  in  St.  Joseph  until  they  have  resided  in 
the  State  a  year  and  in  the  city  six  months;  hence  the  growth  may 
be  considered  as  healthy  and  permanent. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — The  following  statistics  were  compiled  with 
great  care,  by  the  publishers  of  the  St.  Joseph  Daily  Gazette,  in 
January,  1860,  and  may  be  relied  upon  as  correct.  There  are  in  St. 
Joseph — 

NUMBER  OP  HODSKS  AMOUNT  OF  BUSINESS  IN  1859. 

Grocery  Stores? G8 $1,348,900 

Dry  Goods 30 1,011.000 

Hardware  (exclusively) 3 1G5,000 

Banking  Houses G 

Tin  and  Sheet-Iron  Ware 6 88,000 

Iron  Store,  (exclusively) 2 41,000 

Drug  Stores 0 18G,t)()() 

Hatters 2 40,000 

Leather  Store,  (exclusively) 1 40.000 

Furniture  Stores 5 40,000 

Cabinetmakers G 6,300 

Saddlery 4 01,000 

Upholsterers  2 5,000 

Tobacconists 4 3.j,000 

Boot  and  Shoe  (exclusively)  11 07,000 

Jewelry 8 84.000 

Wagon  and  Carriage  Manufactories...    7 54,200 

Match  Factory 1 1,000 

Marble  Manufactories 2 9,000 

Plow                 "              2 18,000 

Auction  Houses G 

Liquor  Stores  (exclusively) 2 3G,000 

Soap  Factory 1 20,000 

Soda  Water  Factory 1 4,r)00 

Livery  Stables 'J  Capital,  $80,000 54,(J00 


BUCHANAN   COUNTY. 


197 


Foundery 1 

Woolen  Factory 1 

cloth  last  season. 

Brick  Yards 12 

Pork  Packers 3 

Flouring-mills  (ain't  invested  $90,000)  3 

Hemp  Houses 5 

Saw-mills 4 

Breweries,  (Capital,  $40,000.) 6 

Newspapers 5 

Besides  the  above,  there  are — 

Medical  Journal 1 

Churches 9 

Schools 9 

Convent 1 

Queensware  Store 1 

Hotels  and  Taverns 22 

Saloons 78 

Daguerreian  Galleries 5 

Steamboats  arrived  last  season 410 

News  and  Paper  Stores 2 

Hands  in  the  various  manufact's...347 


Using  60  tons  iron. 

Manfactured  and  fulled  40,000  yards 

Manufactured  11:800,000. 
Head  packed,  18,700. 
Flour  manufactured,  20.000  hbls. 
Purchased  and  shipped  2,400  tons. 
Turning  out  4,100,000  feet. 
Beer  manufactured,  7,820  bbls. 
Daily  three. 


Billiard  Saloons 5 

Blacksmith  Shops 14 

Steam  Planing-roill 1 

Job  Printing  Offices 6 

Lumber  Yards 9 

Lawyers  in  City 41 

Tailors 8 

Millinery  Establishments 10 

Restaurants 7 

Bakeries 15 


The  aggregate  wealth  of  200  citizens  (owning  $10,000  worth  and 
upward)  amounts  to  $4,896,945.  Of  these,  the  following  own  over 
$100,000  worth  each: — 


Powel  &  Levy $109,000 

John  Patee 250,000 

A.  Beattie  &  Co 122,000 

Tootles  &  Farleigh 100,000 


John  Corby $250,000 

W.  M.  Carter 100,700 

F.  W.  Smith 250,000 


Of  Hotels,  there  are  ten  in  St.  Joseph,  and  a  creditable  number  in 
the  other  towns  of  the  county.  The  Patee  House,  situated  near  the 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad  depot,  contains  265  rooms,  with  all 
the  modern  improvements  and  conveniences,  hot  and  cold  baths,  gas- 
lights, etc.  The  dimensions  of  the  house  are  140  by  148  feet,  four 
stories  high,  with  a  court-yard  00  by  104.  Everything  in  and  about 
the  house  is  complete,  elegant,  and  well  arranged.  The  building  and 
furnishing  cost  about  $140,000,  and  is  a  substantial  monument  to  the 
energy  and  public  spirited  enterprise  of  John  Patee,  Esq.,  the  builder 
and  owner.  It  was  formally  opened  to  the  public  in  November,  1850. 
The  St.  Joseph  Hotel  is  being  built  by  a  stock  company,  and  will  be 
completed  and  opened  during  the  summer  of  1860.  It  is  a  large, 
well-built  brick  building,  five  stories  high — a  comiuo^ous  and  elegant 
structure.     Besides   these,  are   Allen's   Hotel,     BlaVemore    House, 


198  BUTLER   COUNTY. 

Planter's,  City,  and  Missouri  Ilotels,  all  of  which  are  good  places  for 
the  traveler  to  sojourn. 

Trade  and  Commerce. — The  commercial  position  of  St.  Josci)li  is 
peculiarly  advantageous  :  being  the  western  terminus  of  the  most 
northerly,  direct,  through  railroad  route  to  the  Eastern  cities,  makes 
her  the  entrepot  for  the  shipment  of  produce,  peltries,  and  furs, 
from  a  section  of  country  traversed  by  the  navigable  Missouri  for 
2000  miles  to  the  northwest ;  of  the  immense  trade  of  the  fertile 
region  of  Northern  Kansas  and  Southern  Nebraska,  that  reaches  the 
river  at  the  thrifty  and  pleasant  new  town  of  Bellemont,  (five  miles 
west,)  thence  to  St.  Joseph  by  a  steam  ferry-boat ;  of  the  trade  of 
the  riatte  country,  and  of  Southern  Iowa,  that  shall  center  here  via 
the  St.  Joseph  and  Atchison  Railroad,  just  completed,  and  the 
Platte  Country  Railroad  now  building,  together  with  the  receipt  and 
shipment  of  supplies  for  all  the  region  of  country  above  named,  that 
will  reach  St.  Joseph  by  river  and  railroad  from  the  East  and  South, 
contribute  to  render  this  one  of  the  most  important  commercial  cities 
on  the  Missouri. 


BUTLER  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeast  portion  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Stoddard  and  Dunklin,  west  by  Ripley  and 
Carter,  north  by  Wayne,  and  south  by  the  Arkansas  State  line.  This 
county  was  organized  February  27,  1849,  and  when  the  census  of  1850 
was  taken,  contained  but  1616  population,  and  only  143  farms  were  at 
that  time  occupied.  The  largest  crop  produced  from  the  5000  acres 
then  under  cultivation  was  Indian  corn,  of  which  55,800  busliels  were 
returned.  Although  a  portion  of  this  county  is  the  best  of  meadow 
land,  but  seven  tons  of  hay  were  produced  in  1850.  It  now,  1800, 
contains  2148  inhabitants. 

This  county  embraces  about  350,000  acres  of  land,  of  which 
100,000  are  free  from  inundation  and  very  fertile — 250,000  having 
been  returned  as  swamp  lands,  but  can  be  principally  reclaimed  by 
drains  and  levees. 

By  an  act  of  Legislature,  session  of  1852-53,  these  lands  were 
granted  to  the  county  fur  the  purpose  of  their  reclamation,  with  pro- 
vision for  the  ai)))r()priation  of  a  ))ortion  of  their  proceeds  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  education.  These  250,000  acres,  at  an  average  value  of 
$2  50,  will  bring  $625,000,  which  would  enable  this  couuty  to  con- 


BUTLER   COUNTY.  199 

tribute  liberally  toward  the  construction  of  the  railroads  projected 
through  that  region,  and  also  to  provide  for  the  education  of  present 
and  future  generations  on  a  liberal  scale.  Unsold  school  lands  in 
the  county,  12,000  acres. 

The  south  half  of  Butler  County  is  frequently  overflowed,  which, 
until  drained,  renders  it  unfit  for  permanent  improvement,  unless  it 
be  for  cranberry  culture,  in  which,  if  properly  managed,  any  farmer 
could  realize  a  handsome  fortune,  provided  the  climate  is  suitable, 
which  has  by  some  been  a  matter  of  doubt.  The  cranberry  is  a  hardy 
plant,  and  the  fruit  is  always  in  demand  at  a  fair  price,  and  the  cheap 
and  otherwise  worthless  lands  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  State  are 
said  to  be  the  proper  soil  for  them,  and  it  would  cost  but  a  trifle  to 
test  the  matter,  which,  if  successful,  would  prove  a  great  source  of 
profit  to  hundreds  of  individuals,  and  add  very  materially  to  the  reve- 
nue of  the  State. 

It  may  be  proper  here  to  correct  an  erroneous  impression  in  regard 
to  the  location  of  Chalk  Bluffs,  generally  spoken  of  as  in  this  State. 
They  are  on  the  bank  of  the  St.  Fran9ois,  in  Greene  County,  Arkan- 
sas, on  the  extreme  northeast  boundary  of  Crowley's  Ridge,  and  very 
near  the  State  line.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  pure  white  appear- 
ance of  the  potter's  clay,  of  which  the  banks  are  composed ;  which, 
however,  in  some  strata  are  beautifully  variegated  with  flesh  tints, 
and  others  cream  colored.  Professor  Owen,  State  Geologist  of  Ar- 
kansas, says  he  has  manufactured  small  crucibles  from  this  clay,  and 
that  it  produces  an  excellent  and  strong  article,  and  will  resist  sudden 
changes  of  temperature  without  breaking. 

Of  timber,  the  growth  of  the  high  ground  is  principally  black  and 
white  oak  ;  in  the  bottoms  a  mixed  growth.  Groves  of  cypress  tim- 
ber flourish  in  the  bottoms  of  the  St.  Francois,  a  short  distance  above 
Chalk  Bluff's. 

A  little  south  of  the  State  line,  one  mile  south  of  "the  Pine,"  and 
between  the  Gainesville  and  the  Pocahontas  Boads,  al)out  township  21 
north,  range  8  east,  near  the  bottom  of  a  hollow  where  a  spring 
branch  takes  its  rise,  on  the  north  side  of  the  ridge,  and  about  four 
miles  from  Levi  Boyd's  farm,  is  a  large  bed  of  yellow  ochre,  which 
has  been  used  successfully  by  the  inhabitants  to  color  woolen  goods, 
and  is  said  to  have  a  better  body  and  clearer  color  than  French  spruce 
yellow  for  brick  work,  and  outside  work  on  buildings. 

Mr.  F.  R.  Brunot,  a  heavy  iron  manufacturer  in  Pittsburg,  has 
purchased  large  tracts  of  iron  and  timber  land  in  the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  this  county,  at  Indian  Ford,  on  the  St.  Francois  River,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  extensive  iron  works,  when  the  comple- 


200  CALDWELL    COUNTY. 

tion  of  the  railroads  now  in  course  of  construction  shall  afford  him 
an  outlet.  Tliis  bank  of  ore  is  on  the  last  bluff  before  entering  the 
swanijt  reLri""  troincr  east. 

POPLAR  BLUFFS,  the  county-seat,  is  located  on  section  3,  town- 
sliip  24,  range  6  east,  and  contains  about  200  population,  with  a  fair 
number  and  variety  of  business  houses.  Miller's  steam  flouring  and 
saw-mill  does  an  extensive  business,  and  is  the  most  important  manu- 
factory in  this  section.  A  new  court-house,  costing  $10,000,  is  being 
erected.  This  town  has  about  200  inhaljitants,  is  situated  upon  the 
last  high  lands  on  the  west  side  of  Black  River,  and  obtained  its  name 
from  the  fact  that  a  large  cabin,  built  of  poplar  poles  and  covered  with 
poplar  bark,  occupied  this  site  for  more  than  thirty  years,  and  had 
become  a  general  rendezvous  and  store-house  for  the  large  numbers 
of  hunters  who  annually  visit  the  bottom  lands  adjacent.  It  is  loca- 
ted at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Big  Black  River,  and  considerable 
lumber  is  shipped  from  this  point.  An  §80,000  contract  has  been  let 
for  improving  the  navigation  of  the  river,  and  a  boat  built  at  Pitts- 
burg to  run  in  the  trade,  which,  besides  the  usual  machinery,  has  an 
extra  engine  and  apparatus  for  removing  snags  and  other  obstructions. 

A  large  colony  of  Danes  are  settling  near  Poplar  Bluffs,  upon  two 
townships  of  laud  in  a  body,  and  upwards  of  one  hundred  families 
are  expected  to  arrive  this  season.  The  immigration  into  the  county 
is  very  great,  and  the  next  census  will  show  a  very  favorable  con- 
dition, both  as  respects  the  population  and  products  of  the  county. 

At  no  distant  day  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad  must  be  carried 
through  to  Memphis;  and  as  it  will  then  be  the  great  north  and  south 
thoroughfare,  Poplar  Bluffs  will  become  a  place  of  considerable  com- 
mercial importance. 


CALDWELL   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  about  the  center  of  the  northwest  quarter  of  the 
State,  and  embraces  twelve  townships.  It  was  first  settled  by  the 
Mormons  in  1835,  and  in  1840  contained  a  population  of  1458;  in 
1850,  2317;  and  in  1860,  5ir,fi. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  undulating,  prin- 
cii)ally  prairie,  with  an  abundance  of  timber  in  groves  and  along  the 
water-courses.  The  soil  is  very  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  farming 
or  grazing;  embracing  extensive  natural  meadows,  an  abundance  of 
good  stock  water,  and  a  deep  lasting  soil  lliat  produces  all  kinds  of 


CALDWELL   COUNTY.  201 

grain  and  fruit  that  grow  in  this  climate,  with  but  very  little  waste 
land  in  the  county.  The  average  yield  of  farm  products  are  :  wheat, 
42  bushels;  rye,  25;  corn,  100;  oats,  GO;  buckvvlieat,  50;  potatoes, 
200;  turnips,  300  bushels;  onions,  beets,  and  carrots  do  well;  hemp, 
1000  pounds;  tobacco,  1200;  timothy,  4  tons;  Hungarian  grass,  4 
tons;  and  all  kinds  of  fruit  and  berries  yield  well.  The  timber 
usually  found  in  this  and  adjoining  counties  consist  of  the  oaks,  wal- 
nut, maples,  cottonwood,  hickory,  elm,  hackberry,  ash,  lime,  mul- 
berry, locust,  etc.  Unimproved  lands  can  be  had  at  from  $2  50  to 
$20  an  acre,  and  improved  at  from  $5  to  $30 — generally  from  $8 
to  $15 — depending  upon  location  and  improvements.  For  manu- 
facturing purposes,  there  is  good  water  power  on  Shoal,  Log,  and 
Brush  Creeks,  and  Crooked  Ruu ;  unimproved,  excepting  on  Shoal 
Creek. 

Business  Statistics, — There  are  in  the  county,  8  merchants,  6  hotels, 
1  grocer,  4  lawyers,  9  physicians,  1  druggist,  1  silvei'smith,  1  tinner, 
8  blacksmiths,  4  wagon-makers,  2  saddlers,  1  tailor,  3  shoemakers, 
1  cabinetmaker,  30  carpenters;  no  newspapers  or  banks.  Of  manu- 
factories, there  are  5  flouring-raills;  3  by  steam  and  2  by  water 
power. 

Churches  and  Schools. — Of  churches  there  are  in  the  county :  2 
0.  S.  Presbyterian,  1  N.  S.  Presbyterian,  2  Methodist,  3  Baptist, 
and  2  Christian.  There  are  27  district  schools,  which  are  kept  open 
during  most  of  the  year.  No  colleges,  academies,  or  schools  of  a 
high  order. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — Our  informant,  C.  J.  Hughes,  Esq., 
represents  the  character  of  the  people  as  of  "a  highly  moral  and 
intelligent  caste,  and  the  moral  tone  of  society  of  the  purest  kind, 
while  the  body  of  the  people  are  industrious  and  enterprising."  The 
inducements  ofiTered  are,  "for  mechanics  and  laborers,  high  wages  and 
ready  pay,  and  good  demand  for  labor;  for  merchants,  ready  sales, 
fair  prices,  and  prompt  payment;  for  capitalists,  fine  investments  in 
property  and  fair  rates  of  interest,  and  debts  surely  and  promptly 
met;  for  farmers,  a  rich  soil,  healthy  climate,  ready  market,  high 
prices,  and  good  facilities  for  marketing." 

The  principal  towns  are  KINGSTON,  the  county-seat;  population 
200. 

Breckenridge,  on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  10  miles 
northeast  from  county-seat;   poi)u]ation  175. 

Hamilton,  on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  8  miles  from 
county-seat;  population  120. 

Mirabile,  0  miles  west  from  Kingston;  population  IGO.    Kingston 


202  CALLAWAY    COUNTY. 

is  1G5  miles  from  Ji-frorson  City,  2G0  by  railroad  from  St.  I.ouis, 
and  50  from  St.  Josci)h.  It  was  incorporated  November  21,  1857. 
An  opening  for  a  good  hotel  will  be  found  at  Hamilton,  which  is 
a  brisk  new  town  with  fair  prospects. 


CALLAAVAY   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  east  central  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Montgomery,  (from  whicli  it  was  formed,)  on 
the  uortli  by  Audrain,  on  the  west  by  Boone  County,  and  on  the  south 
by  the  Missouri  River,  which  separates  it  from  Osage  and  Cole 
Counties;  was  organized  in  1820,  and  in  1824  contained  2455  in- 
habitants; in  1830,  6159;  in  1840,  it  had  increased  to  11,7G5;  in 
1850,  to  13,828;  in  185G,  to  15,90G,  it  being  at  that  time  the  fifth 
county  in  the  State  in  point  of  population  ;  and  in  1860,  to  17,773. 

History. — This  county  was  settled  by  Captain  Samuel  Boone, 
(nephew  of  Daniel  Boone,  of  Kentucky,)  in  1818.  At  that  time  it 
was  "  Montgomery,"  which  was  a  territorial  county  and  reached 
from  St.  Charles  County  to  Howard  County,  and  in  1820  Callaway 
County  was  formed ;  but  its  limits  have  since  been  reduced  by  the 
formation  of  adjoining  counties,  partly  from  its  original  territory. 
When  Captain  Boone  first  settled  here,  his  nearest  neighbor  was 
Isaac  Vanbibber,  who  lived  eight  miles  distant.  Mrs.  Yanbibber 
was  a  granddaughter  of  Colonel  Daniel  Boone,  and  was  the  first 
white  child  born  in  Kentucky — her  parents  at  the  time  resided  at 
Boonsborough,  (in  177G.)  Colonel  Boone  and  Mr.  Yanbibber  came 
from  Kentucky  with  their  families  in  1799,  and  in  the  fall  of  1820 
Colonel  Daniel  Boone  died  without  ever  having  returned  to  Ken- 
tucky. This  fact  is  mentioned  (says  our  informant,  Captain  Samuel 
Boone,)  because  there  has  been  some  dispute  among  historians  about 
his  return  to  Kentucky;  but  Captain  Boone  says  he  is  certain  he  did 
not  leave  Missouri  after  he  came  here  in  1799.  This  county  was 
named  in  honor  of  Captain  James  Callaway,  who  commanded  a  com- 
pany of  Bangers,  and  who  jjcrislied  in  defending  the  country  of  his 
adoi»tion  from  the  outrages  and  depredations  of  the  numerous  tribes 
of  savages  which  at  that  day  inhabited  this  region. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  this  county  along  the  river  is 
level  and  fertile,  the  northern  portion  being  broken  and  liilly,  extend- 
ing out  upon  the  ridge  wliich  divides  tlie  waters  of  the  Mississippi 
from  those  of  the  Missouri.     The  county  is  drairied  by  Cedar  Creek, 


CALLAWAY   COUNTY.  203 

the  Muddy,  and  the  sources  and  small  tributaries  of  Loutre  Creek. 
About  oue-third  of  the  county  is  prairie. 

Minerals. — Beds  of  bituminous  coal  underlie  the  county,  estimated 
to  be  twenty-four  feet  thick  in  some  places ;  iron  ore,  marble,  fine  lime- 
stone, potter's  clay,  and  extensive  banks  of  cannel  coal  are  found  in 
the  county — all  in  working  quantities.  In  1848  a  bank  or  extensive 
strata  of  marble  was  found,  which  was  at  the  time  pronounced 
superior  to  any  elsewhere  found  in  the  United  States,  and  inferior  to 
none  but  Italian.  "It  is  compact,  fine  grained,  and  exhibits  a 
very  minute  crystalline  structure,  with  its  fracture  conchoidal.  It 
is  of  a  light  cream  color  and  handsomely  variegated."  This  is 
situated  about  six  miles  from  Fulton ;  and  iron  ore,  hydraulic  cement, 
and  stone  coal  are  said  to  exist  upon  the  same  section  of  land. 

Soil  and  Productions. — This  county  embraces  a  great  variety  of 
soil,  from  that  of  the  alluvial  bottoms  to  the  high  gravelly  ridges, 
and  is  adapted  to  the  various  purposes  of  agriculture,  stock  grow- 
ing, and  fruit  culture.  After  giving  an  analysis  of  a  magnesian 
limestone  soil,  from  the  southern  bluffs  of  the  county,  the  State 
Geologist  remarks:  "This  soil  is  all  that  could  be  desired  for  the 
culture  of  the  grape.  It  contains  an  abundance  of  all  the  mineral 
substances  which  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  vine,  as  shown 
above  by  its  analysis.  While  it  is  warm,  light,  and  dry,  it  contains 
large  quantities  of  magnesia  and  vegetable  matter  or  humus,  giving 
it  great  capacity  for  absorbing  and  retaining  a  sufficient  quantity  of 
moisture,  even  in  the  droughts  of  summer."  According  to  the  census 
of  1850  (the  latest  data  upon  the  subject)  this  county  produced 
184,418  of  oats,  the  largest  yield  produced  in  the  State,  excepting 
that  of  Greene ;  and  in  the  production  of  hay  it  was  exceeded  only 
by  Howard. 

Taxable  Property  in  Callaway  County — 1860. 

Tolls 2,347 

Acres  land,  463,380,  valued  at $2,307,089 

Town  lots,  9-38 259,480 

Slaves,  43G0 l,f;89.592 

Personal  property 055,373 

Money 1.051,417 

Total  valuation $5,938,951 

State  tax 12,798  02 

County  tax 8,53l   99 

Mill  tax 5,958  94 

Asylum  las 893  15 

County-road  tax 2,101   73 

Total  taxes $30,283  83 


204  CALLAWAY    COUNTY. 

FULTON,  tlip  county-scat,  has  a  pleasant  and  licaliliy  situation, 
sun-oundcil  I)y  an  excellent  farming  district  well  .settled  by  intelligent 
and  industrious  citizens.  The  town  was  laid  out  about  1822  or  1823, 
and  in  1836  was  considered  as  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  iu 
the  interior  of  the  State  of  its  age,  as  will  be  inferred  from  the  num- 
ber and  character  of  the  religious  and  educational  institutions  located 
here.    The  people  are  refined  and  hospitable,  and  the  society  excellent. 

There  are  four  churches  in  Fulton:  one  each  of  the  Pre.sl)ytcrian, 
Methodist,  Baptist,  and  Christian  denominations.  The  "Westminster 
College,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  with  an 
endowment  of  $100,000;  also  Fulton  Female  Seminary,  established 
some  years  since  upon  a  permanent  basis;  the  Floral  Hill  Female 
Seminary,  recently  commenced,  and  in  a  promising  condition,  and  an 
excellent  common  school,  all  ably  conducted  and  liberally  patronized. 
The  State  Institution  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  the 
State  Lunatic  Asylum  are  both  located  here.  The  latter  is  a  beau- 
tiful edifice  210  feet  long,  five  stories  high,  and  contains  112  rooms. 
The  people  of  the  county  contributed  $12,000  and  460  acres  of  land 
toward  establishing  the  institution  here. 

Of  business  houses  there  are  2  banks,  1  newspaper  office,  1  woolen 
manufactory,  1  earthenware  manufactory,  2  steam  flouring-mills,  4 
saw-mills,  and  a  good  average  of  mechanics,  merchants,  and  profes- 
sional men.  Though  situated  away  from  river  and  railroad,  Fultou 
is  not  isolated,  there  being  six  stage  routes  from  the  place,  viz.,  to 
Jefferson  City,  24  miles;  St.  Aubert  Station,  on  Pacific  Railroad, 
1.')  miles;  Florence  or  Montgomery,  on  North  Missouri  Railroad, 
(daily)  27  miles;  Paris,  50  miles;  Portland,  on  Missouri  River,  14 
miles;  Columbia,  Boone  County,  25  miles.  Fulton  was  chartered  as 
a  city,  March  14,  1859,  and  contains  about  2000  population. 

Portland  is  situated  on  the  ^lissouri  River,  141  miles  above  St. 
Louis,  and  is  a  sliii)ping  point  for  a  considerable  extent  of  country. 
This  town  was  first  settled  about  the  year  1833 ;  population  about  300. 
The  manufacture  of  tobacco  is  the  principal  business  of  the  place. 

Concord,  12  miles  from  Fulton,  contains  a  Presbyterian  Church, 
Masonic  Lodge,  and  several  business  houses;  population  150. 

"Williamsburgh,  population  100. 

Cote  Sans  Dessein,  (a  hill  without  a  design,)  is  a  small  village 
situated  three  mih's  below  the  mouth  of  the  Osage  River.  It  was  first 
settled  by  French  in  1808,  and  was  once  a  populous  place.  Its  name 
is  derived  from  an  isolated  hill,  some  600  yards  long  and  very  narrow, 
filled  with  limestone,  standing  in  the  bottom  on  the  bank  of  the  river; 
and  it  is  thought  by  many  that  some  convulsion  of  nature  has  separated 


CAMDEN   COUNTY.  205 

it  from  the  Osage  bluffs  opposite,  and  turned  the  Missouri  River  be- 
tween this  hill  and  the  base  of  its  kindred  bluffs.  Cote  Sans  Dessein 
was  the  scene  of  some  hard-fought  battles  with  the  Indians,  in  which 
were  exhibited  instances  of  woman's  bravery  and  determination  truly 
commendable  and  wonderful. 


CAMDEN  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  south  central  part  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Morgan  and  Miller,  south  by  Dallas  and  Laclede,  east 
by  Miller  and  Pulaski,  and  west  by  Benton  and  Hickory  Counties  ;  and 
contains  an  area  of  about  680  square  miles.  The  population  of  the 
county  in  1850  was  2338,  and  in  1856  was  reported  at  3287,  the  latter 
being  claimed  by  the  citizens  to  be  erroneous;  in  1860,  4845. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  rolling,  and  some 
portions  broken,  and  well  timbered,  except  in  the  extreme  south- 
eastern corner.  There  is  but  little  prairie  in  the  county.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Osage,  Big  and  Little  Niangua,  and  Grand  Auglaize 
Rivers,  the  former  of  which  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats. 
A  correspondent  of  the  Missouri  Republican  says:  "Camden  is 
made  up  of  a  succession  of  hills,  valleys,  and  beautiful  woodlands. 
Her  soil  is  rich  and  productive;  and  here  you  might  literally  see 
'her  cattle  feeding  upon  a  thousand  hills.'  The  hills  of  the  Big  and 
Little  Niangua  are  picturesque  and  sublime,  while  the  water  power 
of  these  streams,  together  with  their  fine  forests  of  oak,  walnut, 
cherry,  and  a  variety  of  other  timber,  are  objects  of  great  interest  to 
mechanics  and  machinists.  A  single  spring  on  Big  Niangua  furnishes 
water  enough  for  any  amount  of  machinery;  and  the  scenery  that 
surrounds  it  is  the  admiration  of  all  who  see  it.  Many  have  traveled 
miles  to  see  nature's  wonder ;  and,  like  the  queen  who  visited  Sol- 
omon, involuntarily  exclaimed,  'the  half  had  never  been  told.'" 

The  Wet  Auglaize,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county,  mean- 
ders through  it  for  fifteen  miles,  and  the  two  Niangua  Rivers,  con- 
jointly, forty  miles.  These  streams  afford  good  water  power,  which 
has  been  partially  improved.  Good  flouring  and  saw  mills,  carding 
machines,  etc.,  would  pay  well  upon  the  capital  invested.  Lower 
Big  Spring,  and  the  Big  Cave,  in  township  73,  range  17,  are  points 
of  considerable  interest.  There  are  a  number  of  large  springs  of 
pure  cool  water  throughout  the  county.     As  prairie  grass  of  natural 


20G  CAMDEN    COUNTY. 

growth  is  abundant  from  April  to  Xovcmbcr,  stock  growing  would 
also  prdve  prulitaltlc 

Soil  and  Productions. — Sonie  parts  of  the  county  are  very  fertile, 
and  better  suited  to  agriculture,  others  broken,  but  well  adapted  to 
fruit  and  stock  growing.  The  principal  products  are  wheat,  corn, 
rye,  oats,  timothy,  and  tobacco. 

Minerals. — In  1S46,  Captain  "W.  D.  Murphy  discovered  lead  ore 
in  township  39,  range  17,  section  30,  when  he  at  once  erected  a  fur- 
nace, and  during  tlie  year,  100,000  pounds  of  mineral  were  taken  out; 
at  that  time  mineral  was  worth  $20  per  1000  pounds,  and  lead,  at  St. 
Louis,  sold  for  $5  per  hundred  pounds.  In  1S-4V,  the  mine  was  aban- 
doned— not  on  account  of  any  decrease  in  the  mineral  product,  but 
because,  as  Captain  Murphy  states,  he  "had  too  many  irons  in  the 
fire;"  he  being  at  that  time  in  the  mercantile  business,  and  the  owner 
of  two  steamboats,  allowed  the  lead  mine  to  remain  unworked,  as  it 
is  at  the  present  day.  No  lead  mines  are  now  worked  in  the  vicinity 
of  Linn  Creek,  though  the  mineral  is  there,  and  in  paying  quanti- 
ties. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county,  newspaper,  1 ;  mer- 
chants, 8 ;  lawyers,  5 ;  physicians,  7  ;  druggists,  2 ;  grocers,  2 ;  car- 
penters, 10;  blacksmiths,  10;  wagon  shops,  5;  coopers,  4;  saddler, 
1;  tailors  and  dealers,  3;  shoemakers,  2;  saw-mills,  3;  flouring- 
mills,  2 ;  teachers,  6 ;  hotels,  3  ;  stove  and  tin  shops,  2 ;  surveyors, 
2 ;  brick-masons,  3 ;  distillery,  1 ;  brewery,  1 ;  hide  and  leather 
dealers,  2 ;  beef  and  pork  packer,  1 ;  and  warehouses,  4. 

Of  churches,  there  are  12:  Methodist,  5,  200  members;  Baptist, 
5,  80  members ;  Campbellites,  2,  80  members.  Of  district  schools 
there  are  about  20,  principally  in  southeast  part  of  the  county. 
Recently,  the  citizens  of  Auglaize  got  up  a  subscription  for  building 
a  higli-school  house,  and  selected  a  beautiful  site,  near  five  never- 
failing  springs  of  clear  water.  There  will  also  be  a  town  laid  off  ad- 
joining, to  be  christened  "  Glaize  City."  It  is  a  central  point,  and 
eighteen  miles  distant  from  any  town.  The  selection  for  the  town 
and  school  is  altogether  a  good  one — no  better  could  be  found  in  the 
State — on  the  Osage,  about  eighteen  miles  from  Linn  Creek. 

LINN  CREEK,  the  county-seat,  is  located  in  section  36,  township 
39,  range  17  west — situated  on  Linn  Creek,  about  one  mile  from  the 
Osage  River,  and  is  an  important  center  for  business,  for  Southwest 
Missouri  and  Northwest  Arkansas,  The  amount  of  goods  annually 
sold  at  this  point  is  estimated  to  be  not  less  than  three-quarters  of  a 
million  of  dollars'  worth,  and  the  amount  imported  from  other  points, 
shipped  to  this  place,  not  less  than  §2,000,000.    The  house  of  McClurg, 


CAPE    GIRARDEAU   COUNTY.  207 

Murpliy  &  Co.  sell,  upon  an  average,  half  a  million  dollars'  worth  of 
goods  annually.  The  Osage  is  navigable  for  steamboats  the  greater 
portion  of  the  year — the  round  trip  being  made  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Osage  River  in  a  week  or  ten  days,  where  the  goods  and  produce  are 
usually  reshipped  upon  the  Pacific  llailroad  to  St.  Louis.  The  "Big 
Niangua  Spring,"  so  noted  as  being  the  rendezvous  of  a  large  band 
of  counterfeiters  in  1833-34,  is  situated  about  eight  miles  from  Linn 
Creek.     Population  of  Linn  Creek  about  300. 

Cave  Pump  is  on  the  Big  Niangua,  six  miles  from  the  county-seat. 

Toronto,  sixteen  miles  east  from  Linn  Creek,  was  first  settled 
in  1832. 


CAPE  GIRARDEAU  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeast  portion  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi  River,  on  the  west  by  Bollinger,  on  the 
north  by  Perry,  and  on  the  south  by  Scott  and  Stoddard  Counties, 
and  embraces  an  area  of  875  square  miles. 

History. — The  first  settlement  at  Cape  Girardeau  was  made  by 
Louis  Lorimer,  a  Frenchman,  in  IT 94,  who  erected  what  Marie  Philip 
Le  Due  called  "large  buildings,"  in  1T99.  He  petitioned  the  Gover- 
nor-General of  Louisiana,  El  Baron  de  Carondelet,  (September  1, 
1795,)  to  grant  him  8000  arpents  of  land.  The  Governor-General, 
under  date  of  New  Orleans,  October  26,  1795,  directed  Surveyor- 
General  Soulard  to  survey  said  land.  In  1810,  Surveyor  Soulard 
testified  that  "  Cape  Girardeau"  was  situated  upon  the  land  claimed 
by  said  Lorimer.  Robert  Gibany  established  a  blacksmith  shop  here 
in  the  fall  of  1797.  Randol  settled  a  few  miles  from  the  town  in 
1798.  His  son  John  (then  a  boy  of  fourteen)  still  resides  in  the 
county,  and  is  an  active,  industrious  man.  He  says  the  old  English 
mode  of  plowing  was  practiced  in  those  days  by  Lorimer,  (above 
named,)  who  was  very  wealthy,  and  had  a  large  number  of  negroes : 
one  negro  led  the  horse,  while  another  held  the  plow.  Urban  Asher- 
brauner  located  here  in  1800.  Solomon  Thorn  and  Andrew  Ramsey 
each  came  in  1801,  cleared  land,  cultivated  nurseries,  and  planted 
orchards  and  gardens.  Thompson  Bird,  in  1801,  cultivated  corn, 
vines,  and  tobacco.  Dennis  Sullivan  came  in  1802,  blacksniithed  two 
years,  and  taught  school  for  some  years  afterward  on  Bird's  Creek. 
Joseph  Crutchlon  settled  at  Alexander  Parish,  in  1802,  and  planted 
large  crops.     Geo.  F.  Bollinger  (son  of  John  Bollinger)  settled  on 


208  CAPE    GIRARDEAU    COUNTY. 

White  Water  in  1803.  The  guveriiineiit  and  administration  of  the 
laws  was  altogether  in  the  hands  of  the  Coniniandante.  He  settled 
all  dispntes  as  to  property,  and  enforced  the  collection  of  debts  in  a 
summary  mode. 

Probably  the  first  flax  raised  in  the  State  was  by  James  Boyd, 
near  Cape  Girardeau,  who  raised  and  worked  it  in  1804.  Some 
of  the  descendants  of  the  above  named  are  among  the  most  worthy, 
able,  valuable  citizens  of  this  section  of  country.  Missouri 
Territory  was  formerly  divided  into  seven  districts,  namely:  The 
Arkansas,  St.  Francois,  Cape  Girardeau,  St.  Genevieve,  St.  Louis, 
and  St.  Charles.  The  Cape  Girardeau  district  extended  from  Apple 
Creek  to  the  Tywappaty  Bottoms,  about  thirty  miles.  (See  "  Outline 
History.") 

At  the  close  of  the  year  1799,  the  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Upper 
Louisiana  had  a  census  taken,  at  which  time  this  district  contained 
521  souls.  In  1803  the  population  had  increased  to  1206;  in  1804 
to  1500,  and  the  census  of  1810  shows  a  population  of  3888.  At  this 
time  there  were  twenty  buildings  in  the  town,  a  saw  and  grist  mill, 
a  few  artisans,  and  several  stores.  Excepting  three  or  four  French 
families,  these  were  all  immigrants  from  the  United  States;  and  soon 
after  the  United  States  took  possession  of  the  Territory,  the  men 
Avere  formed  into  three  large  military  companies. 

The  Indian  villages — two  of  Shawnees  and  one  of  Delawarcs — 
were  erected  in  the  year  1794,  on  Apple  Creek,  about  twenty  miles 
above  its  mouth,  which  is  eigliteen  miles  above  Cape  Girardeau. 
The  Indians  in  these  villages  were  considered  the  most  wealthy  in 
the  country,  and  had  built  their  towns  under  the  sanction  of  the 
Spanisli,  wlio  were  very  friendly  toward  them,  in  hope  to  secure  their 
protection  in  case  of  an  attack  from  other  tribes.  One  of  these  little 
towns  in  1811  contained  eighty  houses,  principally  liewn  log  cabins, 
covered  with  shingles,  and  comfortably  furnished. 

In  his  "Emigrant's  Guide,"  published  1818,  AVilliara  Darby,  Esq., 
says  of  this  district:  "This  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  settlements 
on  the  western  waters  of  the  United  States.  The  lands  are  various 
and  good.  The  staples  are  cotton,  flour,  tobacco,  hemp,  and  maple 
sugar.  Maize  is  raised  for  home  consumi)tion,  but  is  frequently  ex- 
ported to  Natchez  and  New  Orleans.  Beef,  pork,  lard,  and  tallow 
are  also  produced  for  consumiition  and  exportation."  At  the  date 
the  above  statement  was  made,  (1818,)  settlements  were  scattered 
through  the  district,  even  as  far  west  as  the  St.  Francois,  sixty  miles 
from  the  Cape.  In  September,  1821,  the  population  of  this  county 
was  8352,  of  whom  1432  were  slaves,  and  44  free  blacks.    From  1830 


CAPE  GIRARDEAU  COUNTY.  209 

to  the  present  time  the  population  is  given  of  all  the  counties,  in  the 
table  at  the  close  of  the  Outline  History.  In  1860  there  were  12,134 
whites,  66  free  colored,  and  1533  slaves. 

Physical  Features,  Soil,  etc. — The  southern  part  of  the  county  is 
mostly  level,  the  other  portions  present  a  moderately-uneven  surface, 
very  little  more  than  enough  to  insure  good  drainage,  unless  it  be  in 
the  first  range  of  hills  adjacent  to  the  Mississippi  River  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  county,  some  of  which  are  abrupt.  It  is  a  heavily- 
timbered  county,  (there  is  no  prairie,)  comprising  in  the  different 
sections,  poplar,  ash,  sugar  maple,  cherry,  elm,  beech,  and  the  differ- 
ent varieties  of  walnut,  hickory,  oak,  etc.,  in  great  abundance.  Boat- 
builders  who  have  examined  the  fine  oak  and  poplar  timber  near 
Cape  Girardeau  City,  say  it  is  the  best  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
for  boat-building  purposes. 

The  traveler  interested  in  the  topography  of  the  country  will  ob- 
serve that  the  bluffs  twelve  miles  below  Cape  Girardeau  are  the  first 
that  occur  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  above  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi; hence  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  from  these  bluffs  to  its 
mouth,  a  distance  of  1136  miles,  has  generally  a  low,  alluvial  shore. 
This  has  been  stated  by  other  writers  as  being  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  dividing  ridge  or  high  lands  between  the  waters  of  the  Arkansas, 
White,  and  St.  Fran9ois  Rivers,  as  well  as  those  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri.  That  statement  is  erroneous,  for  this  prominence  is 
little  else  than  an  elevated  island,  and  what  is  known  as  the  East 
Swamp  extends  out  from  the  Mississippi  three  miles  below  Cape 
Girardeau,  and  is  about  three  miles  in  width,  and  forms  the  low  lands 
of  White  Water,  Little  River,  etc.  The  dividing  line  between  Cape 
Girardeau  and  Scott  passes  through  the  center  of  this  low  land,  which, 
though  called  a  swamp,  is  susceptible  of  cultivation  for  several  miles 
down  the  river  from  its  northern  limit,  and  a  portion  of  these  alluvial 
low  lands  are  now  very  profitably  cultivated. 

The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  produces  an  abundant  yield  of  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  the  different  grasses,  and  tobacco.  Many  years  ago 
flax  and  cotton  were  raised  for  home  consumption,  and  some  little 
flax  is  still  raised ;  but  the  culture  of  cotton  has  been  abandoned. 
There  is  no  hemp  raised  in  this  county.  The  different  varieties  of 
fruits  and  vegetables  are  cultivated  with  profit,  and  to  a  largely- 
increased  extent  within  the  last  five  years. 

The  county  is  well  supplied  with  water,  having  many  clear,  pure 
springs,  and  is  drained  by  White  Water,  Apple  Creek,  and  numer- 
ous other  smaller  streams.  There  are  many  fine  mill  sites  on  some  of 
the  above-mentioned  streams,  two  or  three  of  which  are  occupied,  on 

14 


210  CAPE  GIRARDEAU  COUNTY. 

White  Water  and  Ai)])li'  Creek,  by  large  grist,  flouring,  and  saw 
mills,  and  there  are  others  on  the  smaller  streams.  There  are  some 
twelve  or  fourteen  saw-nulls  in  the  county,  most  of  which  are  run  by 
steam  ]iower. 

Marbles. — Cape  Girardeau  is  called  the  "Marble  City,"  from  the 
fact  that  it  is  built  upon  a  solid  bed  of  marble,  so  abundant  and  easily 
procured  that  it  is  used  for  paving.  The  State  Capitol  of  Louisiana 
and  some  very  fine  blocks  in  St.  Louis  are  constructed  from  it.  The 
light  marble  is  very  compact  and  hard  ;  does  not  crack  from  the  action 
of  frost  u})on  it,  and  is  within  one  per  cent,  of  pure  lime.  Iksides 
this,  there  are  of  variegated  marbles,  the  white  and  black,  the  purple, 
red,  and  white,  and  the  yellow  and  white,  all  susceptible  of  a  fine 
polish.  These  marbles  are  all  convenient  to  the  city.  Brown  sand- 
stone, beautifully  stratified,  and  easily  quarried  and  dressed,  and 
which  hardens  upon  exposure  to  the  atmosphere,  is  abundant  near 
the  city,  and  used  for  building,  paving,  etc.,  as  well  as  the  marbles. 
The  beautiful  white  sand  found  here  is  shipped  to  Pittslnirg,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Boston,  for  manufacturing  the  clearest  glassware. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — The  following  list  embraces  the  different 
classes  of  business  represented  in  this  county,  and  are  principally  in 
the  City  of  Cape  Girardeau:  newspapers,  2;  bookstore,  1;  lawyers, 
12;  physicians,  16;  dentist,  1;  surveyor,  1;  branch  of  Bank  of  State 
of  Missouri,  1;  dry  goods  merchants,  20;  family  groceries,  5 ;  drug- 
gists, 6;  hardware  stores,  3;  clothing  stores,  2;  tailors,  8;  stove  and 
tinware  stores,  2;  rope  manufactory,  1;  woolen  manufactory,  1; 
marble,  (one  extensive  steam  power,)  2;  distillery,  1;  breweries,  2; 
soap  and  candle  manufactory,  1;  tanneries,  3;  broom  manufactories, 
2;  bakeries,  2;  confectioneries,  3;  boot  and  shoe  manufactories,  8; 
saddleries,  3;  saw-mills,  3;  flouring-mills,  2;  carpenter  shops,  10; 
cabinet  shops,  3;  jeweler  shops,  2;  cooper  shops,  10;  blacksmith, 
13;  wagon,  12;  tin,  2;  painters,  3;  hotels,  6;  (the  Johnson  Uouse 
a  first-class  hotel,  and  desirable  place  to  sojourn;)  livery  stables,  5; 
brickyards,  3;  masons  and  i)lasterers,  12.  Also,  a  very  extensive 
lime-kiln,  on  the  most  approved  plan. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  Catholics  have  at  Cape  Girardeau  a 
college,  theological  seminary,  and  convent — well  conducted  and  liber- 
ally patronized — substantial  brick  edifices  located  on  beautiful,  com- 
manding sites.  There  are  also  in  the  city  a  Protestant  female  semi- 
nary, male  academy,  and  a  number  of  common  schools,  (of  which 
there  are  fifty-three  in  the  county.) 

Cape  Girardeau,  the  commercial  city,  and  most  important  ])lace 
in    the   county,  is   located    upon    a  commanding    site,  overlooking 


CAPE  GIRARDEAU  COUNTY.  211 

the  Mississippi  River,  with  a  thrifty  and  intelligent  population,  good 
churches  and  schools,  and  neat  and  commodious  business  houses  and 
residences.  The  best  private  residences  are  in  the  outskirts  of  the 
town,  and  the  few  old  French  buildings,  valued  by  some  for  their 
antiquity  and  past  history,  add  nothing  to  the  beauty  of  the  place. 
The  whole  city  is  underlaid  by  a  solid  bed  of  marble,  which  extends 
some  distance  northwest  from  the  town.  This  place,  in  1850,  had  a 
population  of  only  about  800,  which  has  within  ten  years  increased 
to  3000.  It  is  located  130  miles  below  St.  Louis,  and  fifty  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here  :  the 
"Eagle,"  Ben.  F.  Herr  and  M.  H.  Moore,  editors,  in  its  fifteenth 
volume ;  and  the  Southeastern  Democrat,  Jas.  T.  Coleman,  editor, 
fourth  volume. 

Did  our  limits  permit,  we  should  like  to  speak  of  the  manufactories 
of  this  city — the  extensive  flouring-mills,  steam  marble  works,  the 
perpetual  lime-kiln,  where  1200  barrels  per  week  of  "Richard's  Cape 
Lime"  are  manufactured,  etc.  etc. 

JACKSON,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  in  the  central  part  of  the 
county,  and  was  incorporated  March  2,  1859.  It  is  a  brisk  and 
flourishing  place,  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and  healthy  country,  and 
populated  by  a  refined,  intelligent,  and  hospitable  people. 

Within  a  few  years  past  the  people  of  this  county  have  become 
aroused  to  the  importance  of  internal  improvements  for  the  proper 
development  of  their  natural  resources.  A  gravel  road  has  been 
built  from  Cape  Girardeau  to  Jackson,  and  thence  to  White  Water, 
and  will  soon  be  completed  to  Dallas,  in  Bollinger  County.  Another 
one  is  begun  in  the  direction  of  Bloomfield,  ten  miles  of  which  are 
nearly  completed;  and  another  one  is  about  being  commenced,  and 
will  soon  be  built  to  Appleton,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  a 
distance  of  twenty-five  or  thirty  miles.  There  is  also  a  manifest  de- 
termination on  the  part  of  the  people  to  have  a  railroad  from  the 
Pilot  Knob  to  Cape  Girardeau,  thence  to  Belmont,  opposite  Colum- 
bus, Kentucky,  and  there  connect  with  the  Southern  system  of  rail- 
roads. This  county  is  increasing  in  population  and  wealth  very 
rapidly,  and  a  greatly  improved  mode  of  agriculture,  building,  and 
living  is  apparent  throughout  the  county  within  a  few  years  past. 


212  CARROLL   COUNTY. 


CARROLL  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Missouri  River, 
in  the  north  central  part  of  the  State,  bounded  on  the  southeast  by 
the  Missouri  River,  on  the  east  by  Grand  River,  on  the  north  by 
Livingston  County,  on  the  west  by  Ray  County,  and  embraces  about 
800  square  miles. 

This  county  was  formed  from  the  territory  of  Ray  County,  about 
thirty  years  ago.  In  1840  it  had  a  pojjulatiou  of  2-183,  and  in  1850, 
5448.     The  population  in  18G0  was  8831. 

The  general  character  of  the  county  is  undulating  or  rolling,  not 
very  fertile,  with  a  good  supply  of  timber  land  for  all  practical  pur- 
poses. This  may  be  considered  partially  a  prairie  county.  The 
prairies  are  surrounded  by  timber,  consisting  of  black  oak,  white  oak, 
black  walnut,  sugar-tree,  maple,  linn,  elm,  hickory,  hackberry,  Cot- 
tonwood, etc.  The  county  is  well  watered  by  Grand  River,  which 
marks  its  eastern  boundary,  also  by  the  Waconda,  Big  Creek,  and 
their  tributaries.  AVaconda  empties  into  the  Missouri  five  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  Grand  River.  Above  Waconda  is  situated  the 
Yellow  Rock  Prairie ;  noted  for  its  beauty  and  fertility.  Extending 
along  the  bank  of  the  JNIissouri,  between  AVaconda  and  Crooked 
Creek,  is  a  sugar-tree  bottom,  which  is  remarkably  fertile,  but  the 
location  has  been  considered  unhealthy.  It  is  some  thirty  miles  long, 
by  from  five  to  seven  in  width.  Hemp  or  corn  would  produce  well 
here.  Almost  every  variety  of  location,  bluff  or  valley,  timber  or 
prairie,  can  be  found  in  this  county,  and  many  beautiful  locations  for 
large  stock  farms,  for  which  the  climate  and  location  render  Carroll 
peculiarly  well  adapted.  The  soil  is  generally  favorable  to  the  culti- 
vation of  all  kinds  of  grain,  grasses,  fruit,  and  root  crojjs  that  flourish 
in  this  latitude.  Cultivated  land  is  worth  from  $10  to  $25,  and  un- 
cultivated from  $4  to  $10  per  acre. 

Minerals. — Stone  coal  is  abundant.  Lead  ore  has  been  found  in 
various  localities,  also  some  pieces  of  iron  ore;  but  no  systematic 
prospecting  done.  Extensive  quarries  of  stone  exist  in  the  county, 
which  furnish  excellent  grindstones,  and  also  good  rock  for  Ijuilding 
purposes. 

Antiquities. — There  arc  in  this  county  several  very  high  mounds, 
rising  from  one  hundred  to  four  hundred  and  fifty  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  surrounding  country.    Bogart's  is  the  highest;  the  next  highest 


CARROLL    COUNTr.  213 

is  Stokes's ;  then  Potato-hill  Mound,  etc.  Out  of  Bogart's  Mound 
(situated  a  little  way  north  of  the  center  of  the  county)  there  runs 
a  very  peculiar  kind  of  spring,  the  water  of  which  is  oily  or  pitchy — 
so  much  so  that  the  people  in  the  vicinity  use  it  for  lubrication. 
These  mounds  occur  repeatedly,  and  cover  an  area  of  some  eight  or 
ten  miles.  The  pioneer  settlers  state  that  lead  was  found  in  consider- 
able quantities  in  some  of  these  mounds,  but  no  mines  have  ever  been 
opened,  and  none  found  that  would  pay  for  working.  Indications  of 
lead  are  found  in  the  northwest  part  of  the  county.  De  Witt  was 
doubtless  inhabited,  at  one  time,  by  aborigines,  and  the  mounds 
standing  on  the  elevation  above,  near  Skelly's  residence,  appear  to 
have  been  their  works  for  defense  ;  and  about  GOO  yards  above,  on 
the  highest  ground,  is  a  high  mound  which  was  probably  their  watch- 
tower,  where  the  wary  sentinel  stood  through  the  long  hours  of  night, 
to  watch  the  approach  of  the  enemy. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  but  few  good  church  edifices  in 
the  county,  but  the  following  denominations  have  meetings:  Cumber- 
land and  0.  S.  Presbyterians,  New  School  Presbyterians,  and  Meth- 
odist Christian.  Of  free  schools  there  are  about  fifty  in  the  county — 
the  districts  being  about  three  miles  square.  There  will  be  a  school 
fund  of  over  $300,000  arising  from  the  sale  of  lands  that  were  given 
to  the  county.  The  amount  apportioned  by  the  State  for  1859  was 
$238Y  40,  and  the  number  of  pupils  entitled  to  the  advantages  of 
district  schools,  3340. 

The  following  industrial  pursuits  are  represented  in  this  county : 
Of  lawyers  there  are  1;  physicians,  16;  merchants,  19;  grocer,  1; 
druggist,  1;  silversmith,  1;  tinner,  1;  blacksmiths,  20;  wagon- 
makers,  10 ;  saddlers,  4 ;  tailors,  3 ;  shoemakers,  3 ;  cabinetmakers, 
2;  carpenters,  50;  tobacco  manufacturers,  1;  saw-mills,  (steam  and 
water  power,)  10 ;  flouring-mills,  (six  steam,  and  two  water  power,) 
8 ;  wind-mill,  1 ;  coopers,  3 ;  hotels,  4  ;  and  1  newspaper.  Capital- 
ists are  badly  needed.  A  banker  or  broker  would  find  this  a  good 
point  for  business. 

CARROLLTON,  the  county-seat,  was  named  in  honor  of  the  last 
survivor  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  It  has 
an  elevated  situation,  convenient  to  both  prairie  and  timber,  and  is 
one  of  the  best  interior  business  centers  in  the  State.  Before  the 
county  was  thickly  settled,  and  laboring  under  many  disadvantages, 
the  five  merchants  who  were  in  business  in  184Y  imported  upwards 
of  $50,000  worth  of  goods,  and  exported  357  tons  of  hemp,  206 
hogsheads  of  tobacco,  26,050  bushels  of  wheat,  11,000  slaughtered 
hogs,  and  2700  barrels  of  beans.     This  was  twelve  years  ago.     The 


214  CARTER    COUNTY. 

increase  in  every  department  since  has  been  very  great.  This  place 
was  incorporated  March  12,  184'J,  and  contains  about  1100  inhabit- 
ants. 

De  Witt  (formerly  called  Windsor  City,)  was  one  of  the  principal 
seats  of  the  Mormon  war;  it  is  a  pleasant  town,  and  contains  a 
population  of  300.  Miles  Point,  200;  Coloma,  250;  San  Francisco, 
30 ;  Hill's  Landing,  200.  Distance  from  the  county-seat  to  Utica  on 
the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  thirty  miles;  to  the  Missouri 
River,  six  miles. 


CARTER   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  Southeast  Missouri,  bounded  on  the  east 
by  Wayne  and  Butler,  west  by  Shannon  and  Oregon,  north  by  Shan- 
non and  Reynolds,  and  south  by  Ripley  County. 

This  county  was  organized  March  10,  1859,  and  is  named  in  honor 
of  one  of  its  earliest  and  most  respectable  citizens,  Mr.  Zimri  Carter. 
In  1860  it  contained  1089  inhabitants. 

The  surface  is  quite  broken  and  heavily  timbered,  with  fertile  val- 
leys which  produce  good  farm  products,  while  the  slopes  and  the  hill- 
sides are  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  the  vine,  and  all  kinds  of 
fruit.  The  same  minerals  so  abundant  in  all  the  counties  surrounding 
it  also  exist  here — iron  and  copper  especially.  (See  description  of 
Wayne  County  for  geological  and  mineralogical  features.) 

The  principal  stream  in  the  county  is  the  Current  River,  which  is 
rapid  and  clear  —  so  transparent  that  a  half  dime  can  be  seen  to  a 
depth  of  twenty-five  feet.  Yet,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  there  is  con- 
siderable ague  along  its  banks,  for  which  the  settlers  say  they  see  no 
good  reason.  Let  them  cut  down  enough  of  the  dense  pine  forest  to 
admit  the  sun  and  air  freely,  and  when  thoroughly  dry,  burn  the 
leaves  and  decaying  wood  that  create  so  much  miasma,  and  they  will 
have  no  more  ague. 

The  scenery  along  the  Current  is  truly  grand — ^just  such  as  "  poets 
most  do  rave  about,  and  artists  paint."  The  steep,  rugged  cliffs  of 
pure  white  limestone  are  overshadowed  by  pines  of  every  size,  from 
the  beautiful  little  dwarf  that  clings  to  the  sides  and  crevices  of  the 
projecting  rocks  to  tlu;  giant  old  sentinels  that  tower  up  from  the 
summit  of  the  cliff.  Here  are  cascades  that  rush  through  perpen- 
dicular walls,  or  murmur  through  the  little  valleys  and  natural  bowers, 
tarrying  here  and  there,  on  the  way,  in  beautiful  pebble-bottomed 


CASS   COtJNTY.  ^  215 

» 
ponds,  in  whose  crystal  waters  the  speckled  trout  are  found  in  abund- 
ance.    This  is  a  favorite  section  of  the  State  for  fishing  and  sporting 
parties. 

VAN  BUREN  is  the  county-seat,  but  the  name  will  probably  be 
changed.     Population  of  county  about  4000. 


CASS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Jackson,  east  by  Johnson  and  Henry,  south  by  Bates, 
and  west  by  Kansas  Territory.  This  was  formerly  called  "Van 
Buren"  County,  but  the  name  was  changed  to  Cass,  February  19, 
1849.     Area,  about  669  square  miles.      Population  in  18G0,  9869. 

Physical  Features. — Probably  three-fourths  of  this  county  is 
prairie,  and  the  remainder  good  timber,  consisting  of  hickory,  oak, 
linn,  hackberry,  elm,  waluut,  and  sugar-tree.  On  Big  Creek  is  a 
large  grove,  consisting  of  post  oak,  black  walnut,  and  black  locust — 
the  latter  rarely  met  with  in  this  section.  The  surface  is  undulating, 
and  some  portions  marshy.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  adapted  to  most 
agricultural  purposes.  This  would  be  a  good  section  for  stock  grow- 
ing. The  county  is  watered  by  the  middle  fork  of  Grand  River  and 
Big  Creek  and  their  numerous  tributaries,  and  by  many  springs, 
one  of  which  is  a  petroleum  (commonly  called  tar)  spring.  This 
is  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  western  boundary  of  the  county, 
five  miles  west  from  Cold  Water  Grove.  The  petroleum  forms  upon 
the  top  of  the  water,  but  at  certain  seasons  of  drought  the  spring 
yields  no  water,  and  the  petroleum  fills  the  basin,  and  has  been  used 
for  lubrication,  and  in  some  instances  been  burned  in  lamps. 
There  are  several  elevations,  called  "knobs,"  in  the  north-central 
part  of  the  county,  from  the  summit  of  which  a  view  is  afforded  of  a 
considerable  section  of  country.  There  are  many  conjectures  as  to 
the  origin  of  these  knobs — some  contending  they  are  natural,  others 
that  they  are  the  work  of  the  Indians.  In  some  of  the  knobs  in 
Johnson  County,  near  the  top,  is  a  stratum  of  limestone,  which  can 
be  seen  around  the  sides,  proving  conclusively  they  arc  not  artificial. 
The  county  is  well  represented  ])y  merchants  and  professional  men, 
but  good  openings  for  most  kinds  of  mechanics,  farmers,  and  stock 
growers,  who  will  here  find  a  fertile  soil,  good  water,  excellent  schools, 


21G  CEDAR   COUNTY. 

numerous  cliurches,  and  good  society.  Cultivated  land  about  $16 
per  acre — uniniitrovcd  from  $4  to  $G. 

HARRISONVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  near  the  center 
of  the  county,  has  au  excellent  brick  Court-house,  and  the  principal 
business  houses  of  the  county.  Incorporated  March  4,  1857  ;  popu- 
lation about  900. 

Pleasant  Hill  is  a  thriving  town,  ten  miles  northeast  from  the 
county-seat,  on  the  waters  of  Big  Creek.  The  location  is  ])leasant 
and  commanding,  and  the  surrounding  country  well  settled  by  indus- 
trious farmers.  This  town  was  incorporated  March  14,  1859  ;  i)opu- 
lation  900.     Austin,  population  200;  and  Dayton,  population  100. 


CEDAR  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  west-southwestern  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  north  by  St.  Clair,  east  by  Polk,  south  by  Dade,  and  west 
by  Vernon  County,  which  separates  it  from  the  Kansas  line.  It  is 
intersected  by  Sac  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  east  fork  of  Sac 
River,  and  by  Cedar  and  Horse  Creeks,  and  has  an  area  of  435  square 
miles. 

The  first  settlements  were  made  here  in  1832 ;  and  the  county  in  1850 
contained  a  population  of  33G0  ;  in  1856,  5395  ;  and  in  1860,  6653. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  undulating,  with  about  an  equal  divi- 
sion of  prairie  and  timber.  Stone  coal  is  abundant,  and  worked  only 
for  neighborhood  uses.  There  is  unimproved  water  power  upon  the 
Big  and  Little  Sac,  and  Cedar  Creek. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  producing  as  high  as  '?5  bushels  of  corn  to  the 
acre,  35  of  wheat,  20  of  rye,  50  of  oats,  300  of  potatoes,  2  tons  of 
wet  timothy  and  Hungarian  grass.  The  soil  and  climate  are  well 
adapted  to  agricultural  purposes,  and  especially  to  fruit  growing. 
Stock  raising  is  a  very  profitable  business  in  this  section. 

There  are  eleven  churches  in  the  county:  Methodists,  Baptists,  and 
Christians  are  most  numerous.  Of  schools  there  are  35,  including 
both  pul)]ic  and  private — no  high  schools. 

Of  business  houses  in  the  county,  there  are  14  merchants,  6  grocers, 
2  druggists,  1  silversmith,  15  blacksmiths,  4  wagon-makers,  2  saddlers, 
2  tailors,  2  shoemakers,  5  cabinetmakers,  14  carpenters,  1  cooper,  6 
saw-mills,  3  flouring-mills,  and  2  hotels;  also  5  lawyers  and  19  phy- 
sicians. 


CHARITON    COUNTY.  217 

Farmers,  mechanics  of  all  kinds,  and  millwrights  are  wanted. 

The  principal  towns  in  the  county  are  STOCKTON,  the  county-seat, 
300  population ;  Clintonville,  Whitehair,  Centerville,  and  Mountain 
Valley  City.  The  name  uf  Lancaster  was  changed  to  Fremont, 
January  2,  1847,  and  Fremont  was  changed  to  Stockton,  February 
8,  1859. 


CHARITON   COUNTY.* 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  north  central  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  southwest  by  the  Missouri  River,  southeast  by  How- 
ard County,  east  by  Randolph  and  Macon,  north  by  Macon  and  Linn, 
and  west  by  Carroll  County,  and  contains  an  area  of  800  square 
miles.     Population  in  18(30,  11,983. 

Chariton  County  was  named  after  the  river  which  runs  through  the 
eastern  part  of  the  county,  and  the  river  is  called  after  an  early 
French  trader  who  had  his  fur-trading  agency  near  its  mouth.  The 
name  is  pronounced  "  Share-e-ton.''^ 

When  Lewis  and  Clark  explored  the  Missouri  River  in  1803,  the 
Big  and  Little  Chariton  Rivers,  which  now  unite  about  a  mile  before 
they  empty  into  the  Missouri,  had  separate  outlets ;  and  the  Indians 
had  a  tradition  of  a  large  lake  in  the  fork  of  the  Charitons,  in  which 
they  paddled  their  canoes,  and  from  which  they  caught  many  fine  fish. 
The  traces  of  this  lake  are  still  apparent.  This  county  has  the  Mis- 
souri River  for  its  southern  boundary,  and  is  mostly  embraced  be- 
tween its  tributaries,  the  Grand  and  Chariton  Rivers;  and  when 
organized  from  Howard  County  in  1820,  extended  north  to  the  Iowa 
line,  a  territory  now  comprising  several  populous  counties. 

History. — The  earliest  American  of  whom  we  have  any  informa- 
tion, who  lived  in  the  county,  after  Lewis  and  Clark,  in  1803,  was 
George  Jackson,  who  afterward  served  in  the  Legislature  as  its  rep- 
resentative. Mr.  Jackson  penetrated  into  Chariton  County  from 
Boon's  Lick  on  a  hunting  expedition,  where  he  met  a  great  many 
Indians  who  then  had  their  hunting  grounds  there,  for  game  was 
very  abundant.  There  was  no  permanent  settlements  made  until  the 
year  181G,  when  John  Hutchison,  deceased,  visited  the  county  from 
Howard,  prospecting,  and  selected  his  place  on  Yellow  Creek,  about 

*  We  are  indebted  to  R.  II.  Miisser,  Esq.,  for  an  elaborate  description  of  this 
county ;  also  of  the  Grand  Ilivcr  Country. 


218  CHARITON    COUNTY. 

twenty  miles  from  Bruiiswifk,  where  he  lived  until  his  death  in  1S5T, 
forty  years,  and  died  full  of  years,  and  the  deserved  respect  of  his 
neighbors.  It  was  perhaps  a  few  years  later  that  Henry  Clark,  now 
a  venerable  old  man,  revered  for  his  piety  and  uprightness,  settled  at 
his  present  home  on  Clark's  Branch,  in  Clark  Township,  both  of  which 
will  perpetuate  his  name. 

In  1817  our  squatter  had  his  cabin  in  a  little  bottom  prairie  on 
the  banks  of  the  Missouri  River,  then  about  a  mile,  but  now  not 
more  than  half  a  mile  from  the  mouth  of  Grand  River,  the  spot 
where  the  City  of  Brunswick  now  stands.  The  late  Stephen  Dono- 
hue,  who  died  the  owner  of  near  four  hundred  quarter  sections  of 
land  some  two  years  since,  and  who  had  settled  at  the  then  new  vil- 
lage of  Chariton,  visited  the  spot,  as  he  informed  us,  in  that  year:  he 
found  the  squatter  in  a  tolerably  comfortable  wigwam.  Tlie  eS'ects 
of  the  war  of  1812  had  produced  a  distress  almost  unknown  since, 
and  hard  to  be  conceived  now,  even  since  the  panic  of  1857.  Mr. 
Donohue  saw  what  he  supposed  to  be  the  carcasses  of  several  deer 
lying  beside  the  cabin,  with  wild  bees  buzzing  around  them,  and 
inquired  of  the  squatter  what  he  would  do  with  so  much  spoiled  veni- 
son, and  was  informed  that  they  were  deer  skins  filled  with  honey. 
It  was  on  this  occasion  that  Mr.  D.  bought  sixty  gallons  of  honey; 
and  as  a  money  payment  for  anything  was  never  thought  of,  a  silver 
dollar  being  a  curiosity,  he  gave  in  exchange  two  bull-dogs. 

Martin  Palmer,  (who  was  known  as  the  "Ring-tail  Painter,")  a 
singular  man,  and  a  recluse  in  his  habits,  had,  about  this  time,  his 
cabin  on  Palmer's  Creek,  somewhere  about  the  western  edge  of  the 
Bowling  Green  Prairie.  From  liiiu  this  creek  took  its  name.  Palmer 
was  a  rough  man,  but  hospitable  and  intrepid;  he  was  a  man  with 
many  eccentricities,  but  of  good  native  talent.  He  was  the  first  rep- 
resentative in  the  Legislature  from  Chariton  County.  An  anecdote 
is  told,  that  while  at  the  seat  of  government,  at  Jefferson  City,  then 
rather  a  primitive  village  itself,  a  general  fight  occurred  before  the 
mansion  of  the  Governor,  and  Governor  Clark  came  out  to  preserve 
the  peace  and  dignity  of  the  young  State.  Palmer,  who  had  not  left 
at  home  his  chivalrous  notions  of  free  fight  and  fair  play,  seeing  tli-? 
Governor  about  to  interfere,  threw  off  his  coat  and  shirt,  and  stepp .  ? 
in  himself,  swearing  it  was  a  free  fight,  and  a  Governor  was  nu 
bigger  than  any  other  man.  Palmer  was  an  athletic  man ;  his 
native  State  was  Kentucky,  and  some  apparent  mystery  seems  to 
have  hung  about  him  which  his  compeers  could  not  fathom.  What 
became  of  him  is  not  known,  as  the  country  in  a  few  years  became 
too  civilized  and  luxurious  for  him,  and  he  removed  farther  west. 


CHARITON    COUNTY.  219 

It  was  about  this  year,  ISIG-IT,  that  Chariton  was  laid  out  as  a 
town.  General  Duff  Green,  now  of  Washington  City,  in  company 
with  the  late  John  Moore,  were  the  principal  proprietors.  So  flat- 
tering were  the  prospects  of  the  young  metropolis  then  laid  out  at 
the  base  of  the  bluffs  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chariton  River,  that  Mr. 
Moore  exchanged  property  in  the  City  of  St.  Louis,  then  the  metrop- 
olis of  a  State  containing  sixty  thousand  people,  for  a  like  amount  in 
Chariton.  Chariton  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  county.  It  soon  rose 
to  be  of  some  local  importance,  and  among  its  lawyers  it  ranked  such 
names  as  Archibald  Gamble,  Henry  S.  Geyer,  who  afterward  found 
deserved  distinction  in  a  more  appropriate  field.  Stephen  Donohue 
built  there  a  brick  store-house  costing  some  $4000,  which  the  sheriff 
sold  for  him  in  a  short  time  for  about  the  price  of  the  brick,  so  sud- 
den and  severe  was  the  revulsion  in  its  fortunes.  Such  are  human 
vicissitudes — Chariton  is  now  a  farm,  and  St.  Louis  one  of  the  most 
opulent  and  important  cities  in  the  Union !  The  times  were  hard,  in 
consequence  of  the  late  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  it  proved  an 
inauspicious  time  for  building  cities.  But  other  causes  contributed 
to  the  decline  of  Chariton.  It  proved  to  be  exceedingly  unhealthy, 
the  settlers  fell  sick,  and  many  cases  of  sickness  resulted  fatally,  so 
that  it  subsided,  after  languishing  a  few  years,  into  a  cross-roads  vil- 
lage. In  181*7-18,  the  Ashby  family  moved  into  the  county;  in  the 
same  year  the  father  of  Mr.  John  P.  Williams,  who  had  prospected 
the  year  before  for  a  place,  came  into  the  county.  The  father  of 
Mr.  Duncan  Locke  moved  in  about  the  same  time  ;  likewise  Colonel 
Bell.  The  late  Fulton  Turner,  Esq.,  and  Judge  Jamison,  settled  in 
Chariton  County,  in  the  bottom  a  few  miles  west  of  Chariton,  about 
this  time  or  perhaps  a  year  later.  The  remains  of  these  old  planta- 
tions are  yet  marked  by  a  vigorous  growth  of  young  cottonwood  trees 
where  their  fields  were  inclosed  and  in  cultivation. 

The  years  1818-19  were  marked  by  considerable  accessions  to  the 
population,  most  of  them  valuable  and  excellent  men.  It  was  about 
this  year  Thos.  Stanley  settled  on  Grand  River,  near  where  he  still 
resides,  herding  cattle  and  hogs  for  the  winter,  during  which  season 
he  lived  in  the  hollow  part  of  a  huge  sycamore,  keeping  his  fire  out- 
side. This  habitation  proved  highly  convenient,  as  after  he  had  cut 
it  off  to  a  suitable  length,  it  was  liglit  enough  for  him  to  roll  it 
around  out  of  the  smoke  when  the  wind  was  in  the  wrong  direction. 
Here  he  lived  as  comfortable  as  a  prince.  With  such  books  and 
newspapers  as  the  settlements  afforded  he  spent  his  long  winter  even- 
ings; a  .sycamore  splinter  di})ped  in  raccoon-oil  su{)plied  him  with 
light,  and  the  wild  game  of  the  forest  and  prairie  furnished  his  table. 


220  CHARITON    COUNTY. 

In  the  year  following,  the  State  was  admitted  into  the  Union  by 
act  of  Congress,  and  ^Missouri  adopted  her  State  Constitution.  By 
an  act  of  the  first  Legislature  ]iassed  in  1821,  Chariton,  which  had 
formerly  been  a  part  of  Howard,  was  erected  into  an  independent 
county,  including  in  her  widest  boundaries  from  the  Missouri  River 
to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  territory  of  Iowa,  westward  to  the 
territory  of  Ray  County.  What  are  now  Linn,  Sullivan,  Putnam,  and 
parts  of  Adair  and  Schuyler  Counties  were  included  in  these  bounds. 

The  county  was  organized  in  1821,  with  Chariton  as  a  temporary 
county-scat.  Colonel  Edward  B.  Cabell,  now  deceased,  was  the  first 
County  and  Circuit  Clerk.  Colonel  Cabell  had  emigrated  from  Ken- 
tucky in  1818,  and  settled  in  Chariton.  The  seat  of  justice  remained 
at  Chariton  till  1832,  when  Keytesville  was  laid  out.  Keytes- 
ville  was  called  after  the  Rev.  James  Keyte,  who  immigrated  at  an 
early  day  to  the  county.  His  residence  was  on  part  of  the  town 
tract,  as  originally  laid,  and  vestiges  of  it  yet  remain,  Mr.  Keyte 
was  a  Methodist  clergyman,  a  native  of  Lancashire,  England.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  energy  and  foresight.  He  laid  out  the  City  of 
Brunswick,  and  died  about  the  year  1846. 

Chariton  continued  to  be  a  considerable  point  for  tobacco  ship- 
ments for  some  years,  but  the  town  of  Glasgow,  in  Howard  County, 
was  laid  out  by  Mr.  Fulton  Turner  and  others,  within  two  miles  of  it, 
and  partly  within  the  borders  of  Chariton  County,  and  as  Glasgow's 
prosperous  trade  grew  up,  Chariton  languished  more.  It  was  finally 
abandoned  by  all  except  Mr.  John  Moore,  Sen.,  father  of  the  present 
Rciiresentative  from  the  county,  who  continued  to  reside  there  till 
the  day  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1857,  in  a  most  tragic  man- 
ner, he  having  been  murdered  in  his  own  house  by  a  madman  whom 
nobody  knew. 

At  this  early  day  there  was  a  mania  for  "paper  towns,"  for  about 
this  time  some  shrewd,  enterprising  man  laid  out  the  city  of  Hamil- 
ton, on  the  Missouri  River,  and  sold  the  lots  East,  perhaps  at  specu- 
lative prices.  Hamilton  was  situated  in  the  Missouri  ]\iver  bottom, 
about  midway  between  Brunswick  and  Glasgow,  by  the  river.  At 
present  it  has  no  owners,  but  many  clainmnts  under  tax  titles.  It  is 
occupied  as  a  wood-yard  by  any  fortunate  man  who  can  get  possession 
of  it  and  hold  it.  Its  only  building  is  a  small  cabin,  which,  for  want 
of  other  owner,  is  still  taxed  to  the  soldier,  a  man  named  Beckwith, 
who  served  for  it. 

The  Indians,  at  the  early  day  in  which  Chariton  was  flourishing 
were  numerous,  and  sometimes  tr(nil)lesome.  Skirmishes  with  them 
were  not  unfrequent,  for  they  made  forays  occasionally  into  the  settle- 


CHARITON    COUNTY.  221 

ments,  stealing  horses,  or  whatever  valuables  they  could  find.  These 
inroads  on  the  settlements  were  always  resented,  and  in  most  in- 
stances the  property  recovered. 

The  early  settlers  were  principally  from  the  tobacco-growing  re- 
gions of  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  finding  both  soil  and  climate 
here  admirably  adapted  to  its  growth,  entered  largely  into  tobacco 
culture,  with  great  profit  and  success,  although  the  price  rarely  ex- 
ceeded $2  50  to  $3  per  100  pounds.  Corn  was  so  extensively  pro- 
duced as  to  be  dull  sale  at  ten  and  twelve  and  a  half  cents  per  bushel. 
The  spontaneous  products  of  the  forests  and  prairies  furnished  an 
abundance  of  food  for  stock,  so  that  there  was  but  poor  demand  for 
corn  at  home  or  abroad.  The  Missouri  was  then  navigated  only  by 
rude  keel  and  flat-boats,  which,  with  return  cargoes,  were  obliged  to 
be  cordelled  up  the  stream.  As  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the 
"History  of  the  Introduction  of  Steam  Navigation  upon  the  Western 
Rivers,"  in  Book  II.,  there  was  yet  no  steamboats  on  this  river,  and 
no  inducements  to  raise  produce  for  transportation. 

Other  causes  than  that  of  the  unhealthiness  of  old  Chariton  pre- 
vented the  growth  of  this  county.  After  the  late  war,  Congress 
passed  an  act  granting  pensions  to  the  soldiers  of  that  war,  giving 
160  acres  to  each  one  who  was  honorably  discharged,  and  to  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  those  who  were  killed  or  died  in  the  service. 
The  three  Territories  of  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Arkansas  were  selected 
as  the  proper  places  to  settle  these  soldiers  on  their  lands.  As  near 
as  could  be  judged,  the  best  lands  were  selected  for  them  in  every  one 
of  the  Territories  and  distributed  among  them  by  lot.  About  five 
thousand  quarter  sections  were  drawn  by  soldiers  in  Missouri,  the 
principal  part  of  them  in  Chariton  County,  and  portions  of  the 
Counties  of  Carroll,  Livingston,  Linn,  Macon,  and  llandolph,  north 
of  the  township  line  of  fifty-two  and  fifty-three.  These  lands  princi- 
pally fell  into  the  hands  of  speculators,  who  held  them,  expecting 
the  improvements  upon  lands  around  them  would  greatly  enhance 
their  value.  The  title  to  a  considerable  portion  of  this  land  has 
from  that  date  to  this  been  in  dispute ;  however,  nearly  all  of  these 
titles  have  been  perfected.  The  titles  called  "  Spanish  Floats,"  being 
portions  of  land  granted  the  sufferers  by  the  New  Madrid  earthquakes 
in  1811,  were  in  part  located  in  this  county,  but  never  caused  any 
litigation.  The  old  town  of  Chariton  was  located  upon  one  of  these 
grants. 

In  1844  the  high  water  overflowed  the  Missouri,  Chariton,  and 
Grand  River  bottoms,  so  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  Chariton 
County  was  inundated.      The  Charitous  are  streams  which  furnish 


222  CHARITON    COUNTY. 

rrnu'li  valuable  wati-r  power,  and  the  mills  est aljli shed  on  them  were 
from  the  first  of  the  greatest  convenience  to  the  people  and  after- 
ward to  the  sparse  settlements  which  radiated  from  Chariton  into 
Linn,  Livingston,  and  the  counties  north.  These  streams  were  all 
overflowed  to  the  very  great  damage  of  the  farmers.  This  overflow 
had  a  most  disastrous  effect  on  the  settlements  in  the  county  as  well 
as  the  towns  within  its  border.  It  ruined  many  and  discouraged  all. 
For  years  the  settlement  of  the  rich  lowlands  and  second  bottoms 
were  retarded.  These  lowlands  are  not  now,  however,  subject  to 
overflow  as  formerly.  The  beautiful  meadow  and  farming  land,  owned 
by  Major  R.  P.  Price  and  others  near  Brunswick,  now  worth  $200 
an  acre,  was  once  covered  by  a  large  lake,  extending  to  Lake  Creek. 

Tobacco. — The  County  of  Chariton  is  one  of  the  largest  tobacco- 
growing  counties  in  the  State.  The  crop  for  1858  was  estimated  at 
5000  hogsheads,  or  6,000,000  pounds.  It  did  not  probably  amount 
to  so  much.  It  is  supposed  from  reliable  data  that  the  crop  of  1859 
will  exceed  the  year  previous  about  1,000,000  pounds.  This  tobacco 
is  mostly  put  up  for  the  European  markets;  the  strips  and  higher 
grades  being  shipped  to  Liverpool  and  London,  the  lugs  and  lower 
grades  to  Antwerp.  The  stems  are  sold  in  America.  Since  1850, 
the  crop  is  more  than  doubled  in  quantity.  Previous  to  that  time 
tobacco  rarely  ruled  higher  than  $4  the  100  pounds;  in  1855,  it  rated 
at  $10,  and  as  high  as  $12;  in  1858,  from  $5  to  $6. 

The  taxable  property  of  the  county  in  1858  was  about  4^  mil- 
lions; in  1859,  it  was  between  five  and  six  millions. 

In  the  year  1850  there  was  in  Chariton  County  610G  neat  cattle, 
6752  sheep,  15,370  hogs.  The  crop  of  that  year  was— 337,397 
bushels  of  corn,  2,667,908  pounds  of  tobacco,  12,671  bushels  of 
potatoes,  114,056  bushels  of  oats  and  rye,  50,890  bushels  of  wheat, 
15,212  pounds  of  wool,  and  nearly  700  bushels  of  peas  and  beans. 
The  culture  of  hemp  was  not  then  fairly  begun;  about  the  year  1836 
the  crop  of  the  county  was  estimated  at  300  tons. 

Physical  Features  and  Minerals. — The  physical  conformation  of 
the  county,  its  coal  liclds,  its  streams,  and  its  advantages  for  com- 
merce and  manufactories. 

Coal  is  abundant  in  every  region  of  the  county.  But  only  the 
surface  veins  have  so  far  been  opened  by  the  farmers,  except  in  one 
or  two  regions.  Underlying  these  surface  veins  there  are  thicker 
and  more  valuable  veins  capable  of  being  profitably  worked  into 
shafts  and  drifts,  and  in  many  cases  rich  enough  to  warrant  the  use 
of  machinery.  The  richness  and  abundance  of  the  coal  measures  in 
Linn,  Macon,  and  Livingston  Counties,  on  the  line  of  the  Hannibal 


CHARITON   COUNTY.  223 

and  St.  Joseph   Railroad,  is   patent  to  the  world.      Many  of  the 
richest  veins  are  on  the  company's  lands,  and  these  owners  are  too 
shrewd  not  to  make  them   abundantly  known.     The  coal  fields  of 
Chariton  County  are   strata  lying  below  them,  and  crop  out  on  the 
slopes  which  drain  them  to  the  Missouri   River,  while  they  in  all 
probability  underlie   them    at  a   depth  of   200  feet  or  more.     The 
mines  worked  by  the  Messrs.  Kirkham,  English  colliers,  with  a  drift, 
are  about  one  mile  and  three-quarters  from  Brunswick.     Four  or  five 
veins,  in  a  regular  series,  conforming  to  the  out-crops  in  other  parts 
of  the  county,  as  well  as  the  formations  in  Carroll,  Saline,  and  Lafay- 
ette Counties.   The  vein  at  present  worked  is  the  fourth  from  the  sur- 
face, and  underlies  a  thick  stratum  of  shale,  being  imbedded  on  about 
one  foot  of  fire  clay,  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  fire 
bricks.     This  vein  has  yielded  so  far  a  sufficient  quantity  to  pay  well 
for   working   it ;    but  beneath   it   there  is   a   stratum   of  throe  feet 
thickness  cropping  out  on  Brush  Creek  at  about  high-water  mark. 
The  fine  veins  mentioned  furnish  about  seven  and  a  half  feet  thick- 
ness of  coal,  within  the  space  of  some  fifty  feet.     They  are  conve- 
nient to  Grand  River,  and  can  be  worked  so  as  to  supply  steamboats 
on  the  Missouri  River  by  means  of  flats.     A  similar  formation  is 
found  on  Brinker's  addition,  occurring  in  connection  with  sandstone. 
A  vein  of  coal  of  one  foot  in  thickness  will  yield   about  44,000 
bushels  to  the  acre;  the  two  veins  Messrs.  Kirkham  propose  working, 
being  five  feet  in  thickness,  will  yield  220,000  bushels  to  the  acre, 
leaving  out  the  surface  veins.     The  mines  of  Mr.  Samuel  Matthews, 
Mr.  Bruce  and  others  in  other  parts  of  the  county  adjacent  to  Bruns- 
wick, furnish  a  good  coal  for  heating  and  household  purposes,  and  are 
mostly  surface  veins  without  mass  of  any  solid  material  to  render 
them  capable  of  being  worked  by  drifts  or  shafts  with  safety  or  pro- 
fit.     But  they  are  above  the  "Kirkham  mines,"  inasmuch  as  the 
country  rises  gradually  from  the  Missouri  River;    and  as  you  go 
northward   toward    the    coal   measures   of   the    Hannibal    and    St. 
Joseph  Railroad,  successive  outcrops  of  veins,  varying  in  thickness 
and  quality,  occurring  at  regular  intervals,  indicate  that  the  forma- 
tion is  homogeneous.     At  an  altitude  above  the  level  of  Kirkham's 
mines  of  about  200  feet,  a  vein  occurs  of  four  feet  in   thickness — 
probably  corresponding  with  a  vein  in  Macon  County  of  about  the 
same  altitude — at  Iluntsville,  in   Randolph  County.     It  is  opened 
under  the  hill,  just  behind  the  Baptist  College,  and  furnishes  a  very 
good  article  of  coal  for  smiths;  the  seams  run  northwest  and  south- 
east, as  we  believe  they  do  in  all  the  strata.     Assuming  that  these 
coal  measures  in  Chariton  are  but  a  part  of  the  same  general  system 


224  CHARITON    COUNTY. 

indicated  by  tlie  formation,  in  Linn,  Macon,  and  Randolpli,  and 
that  the  averaj^e  thickness  is  the  same  as  indicated  within  the 
fifty  feet  examined  at  the  "Kirkhani  mines,"  it  would  give  tliirty  feet 
of  solid  coal  for  every  square  foot,  or  1,320,000  bushels  to  the  acre. 
And,  to  go  farther,  let  us  assume  that  the  same  formation  extends 
with  the  same  rising  series  of  outcrops  to  the  summit  where  we  find 
the  sources  of  the  Chariton  and  Grand  Rivers  ;  at  Chariton,  in 
Iowa,  1200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Missouri  River,  assuming 
thirty  feet  of  solid  coal  to  every  200,  we  would  have  there  180  feet 
of  coal;  at  the  Iowa  line,  about  800  feet  above  the  Missouri  River, 
we  would  have  120  feet,  or  5,280,000  bushels  to  the  acre.  Sujjpose 
12,000  square  miles  thus  rich  with  coal  fields,  not  going  below  the 
strata  which  crop  out  on  the  level  into  the  Missouri  River  at  high 
water,  it  is  not  unsafe  to  assume  that  the  series  may  extend  to  a  level 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  perhaps  2000  feet  below,  estimating  the 
average  fall  of  the  Missouri  River  and  Mississippi  at  eight  inches  to 
the  mile.  What  untold  mines  of  wealth  must  this  country  contain! 
Each  mile  square  contains  G40  acres,  which,  at  the  average  depth  of 
120  feet  found  for  the  Iowa  line,  would  show  348,720,000  bushels  to 
the  square  mile ;  assuming  7000  square  miles  as  the  area  of  the  Mis- 
souri Grand  River  country,  we  have  on  this  basis,  2,441,040,000,000 
bushels.  Estimate  one  mill  a  bushel  for  a  profit  on  working  these 
mines— what  is  their  value?  $2,441,040,  (nearly  $2,500,000.) 

It  is  not  our  province  to  descant  on  the  coal  measures  of  North 
Missouri.  But  it  may  be  proper  here  to  support  our  hypothesis  by 
some  data.  As  you  ascend  the  Missouri  River  from  its  mouth,  suc- 
cessive veins  are  known  to  crop  out  in  regular  series.  The  vast  beds 
of  cannel  and  bituminous  coals  found  in  Callaway  and  Carroll  Coun- 
ties occur.  The  beds  of  Boone  and  Cooper  occur  above  them;  again, 
in  Saline  and  Howard,  in  Chariton,  Carroll,  and  Lafayette;  farther 
on  they  occur  again  in  Kansas,  at  Leavenworth,  above  St  Joseph ; 
at  various  points  in  Nebraska,  till  you  reach  Omaha,  and  even  into 
Dacotah,  and  on  the  Iowa  and  Minnesota  sides  of  the  river.  As 
you  ascend  the  tributaries  of  the  Missouri  on  the  north  side,  the  same 
series  successively  occur  till  you  reach  almost  the  very  sources  of  the 
Grand  and  Chariton  Rivers,  where  they  seem  to  dip  in  under  the 
summit,  and  perhaps  crop  out  again,  in  successive  strata  on  the  north- 
ern slope  which  supplies  the  waters  of  the  Des  Moines.  Again,  the 
smaller  tributaries  to  these  great  tributaries  of  the  Missouri  furnish  the 
same  ])hcnomcna.  Let  us  suppose  that  the  vast  veins  of  Callaway 
and  Cole  Counties,  dipping  under  the  bed  of  the  Missouri  River  as 
they  go  westward,  underlie  all  the  vast  country,  of  like  geology  and 


CHARITON    COUNTY.  225 

of  apparently  common  origin.  Estimate  the  average  amount  in 
bushels  per  acre,  to  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  we  have  a 
result  almost  inconceivable.  These  hypotheses  we  have  been  led  into 
from  the  data  before  us. 

The  coal  of  Chariton  County  is  bituminous,  so  near  as  can  be 
judged — we  might  say  it  is  conjectured  to  be  identical  with  the 
bituminous  coals  found  in  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia.  It  is 
said  to  be  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  excellent  coke  for 
foundery  purposes,  most  of  which,  used  in  the  various  founderies  of 
St.  Louis  and  other  parts  of  the  State,  is  brought  from  Pittsburg.  It 
is  worth  while,  at  least,  testing  its  qualities. 

Schools. — The  first  fund  from  which  Chariton  County  receives 
school  revenues,  is  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  sixteenth  section 
in  every  township  granted  by  a  general  act  of  Congress,  made  in  the 
year  18 — ;  from  this  source  she  receives  annually  about  $3000  from 
the  State  school  fund;  for  the  year  1859  she  received  (vide  Su- 
perintendent's Report)  about  $3500.  In  1850,  an  act  of  Congress 
granted  the  swamp  and  overflowed  lands  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  for  the  purposes  of  public  education.  In  1852,  a  gen- 
tleman in  Carroll  County  selected,  as  the  county  domain,  fifty- 
six  thousand  acres.  In  1853,  the  Legislature  passed  a  general 
act  respecting  these  lands  and  directing  the  manner  of  their  sale 
by  the  several  counties,  a  previous  act  having  granted  them  to  the 
several  counties.  In  1857,  the  patents  having  been  duly  received, 
vesting  the  title  in  Chariton  County  to  all  the  swamp  lands  south 
of  the  township  line  of  55-6,  in  June  of  that  year  the  county 
sold  at  public  auction  about  23,000  acres,  yielding  $111,000. 
In  the  mean  time,  the  patents  were  received  for  the  lands  lying  in 
township  56,  and  these,  together  with  the  lands  unsold,  lying  south  of 
that  township,  leave  still  a  county  domain  of  about  33,000  acres. 
The  income  of  the  county  in  trust  for  the  school  fund  is  about 
$18,500.  If  we  estimate  the  gross  fund  as  $185,000,  and  add  the 
average  value  of  her  unsold  lands  at  the  average  prices  of  1857,  $4  84 
per  acre,  we  have  $148,720,  and  an  aggregate  of  $333,720. 

KEYTESVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  upon  a  beautiful 
plateau,  near  the  center  of  the  county,  on  the  Muscle  Fork  of  the 
Chariton  River.  It  was  laid  out  in  1832,  and  has  a  population  of 
about  300.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  local  commerce,  and  a  heavy 
business  is  done  in  preparing  and  shipping  tobacco  for  foreign 
markets.  There  are  a  number  of  extensive  business  houses  here,  and 
the   principal   trade   is   in   tobacco — the   establishment   of    Messrs. 

15 


226  CHARITON    COUNTY. 

Garth  and  Price,  at  Keytesville  Landing,  being  the  heaviest,  and 
doiiit,'  the  must  extensive  business. 

Brunswick,  the  commercial  town  of  tlie  county,  occupies  a 
cliarniing  location  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri,  just  below  the 
mouth  of  Grand  River.  It  was  laid  out  in  1838,  and  now  contains 
about  1800  inhaljitants.  The  town  and  tlie  adjacent  country  suffered 
greatly  from  the  overflow  of  the  Missouri,  in  1844;  however,  busi- 
ness revived  and  flourished  again  until  1850,  when  the  greater  portion 
of  the  business  houses  in  tlie  town  were  destroyed  by  fire;  and  in  1854 
another  conflagration  took  place,  equally  if  not  more  disastrous  than 
the  fire  of  1850.  The  principal  buildings  are  now  made  fire-proof, 
and  built  in  a  more  substantial  and  indestructible  manner,  and  there 
is  not  a  town  on  the  Missouri  River,  between  Kansas  City  and  St. 
Louis,  that  presents  more  unmistakable  evidence  of  permanent  im- 
provement and  advancement  than  Brunswick. 

Li  1847,  the  western  addition  to  the  town  was  laid  out  by  S.  B. 
Kyler,  Esq.,  as  attorney  in  fact  for  Richard  Pendell,  of  Lexington, 
Ky.,who  purchased  the  quarter  section  from  Honorable  Henry  Clay. 
The  year  following,  the  northern  addition  and  Woodson  and  Thomp- 
son's addition  were  added ;  in  1858,  Brinker's  addition  was  laid  out; 
and  in  1859,  all  the  additions  were  brought  into  the  corporate  limits 
of  Brunswick,  which  now  contains  about  600  acres.  In  1859,  a  steam 
ferry  was  put  into  operation,  and  a  ship-yard  established  at  Brunswick. 

There  are  two  papers  at  Brunswick :  the  Brunswick  Press,  con- 
ducted by  Mr.  D.  D.  Hawkins,  a  well  conducted  paper,  about  two 
years  old,  neutral  in  politics;  the  Central  City  and  Brunswicker, 
under  the  editorial  charge  of  Dr.  H.  W.  Cross,  an  elegant  writer  and 
a  pleasant  gentleman.  The  Brunswicker  is  now  in  its  twelfth  year, 
and  was  the  pioneernewspaperof  the  county,  having  been  established 
in  1847,  by  Dr.  Jno.  H.  Blue,  a  gentleman  who  will  long  be  remem- 
bered as  an  untiring  and  skillful  editor,  whose  foresight,  tact,  and 
energy  contributed  much  to  the  rapid  progress  and  development  of 
this  county  and  of  the  Grand  River  valley. 

In  1848,  Colonel  Whistler,  of  the  United  States  Array,  caused  to 
to  be  laid  off,  on  a  quarter  section  of  land  lying  west  of  what  is  now 
Brinker's  addition  to  Brunswick,  a  town  which  he  called  Grand  River 
City;  but  this  city  has  not  grown  much,  and  is  now  principally  vacant 
lots,  or  in  cultivation  as  a  cornlield,  by  Dr.  Blue.  The  other  towns 
in  the  county  are  small  villages. 

Bymmsville,  a  post  village,  laid  off,  we  believe,  by  Mr.  Fallestein, 
now  of  St.  Louis,  at  his  old  county  residence,  in  Ber  Branch  town- 
ship. 


*  f  «t 


»  ■  C   to 
r   f  <   • 


CHRISTIAN   COUNTY.  227 

Westville,  laid  out  by  Dr.  West,  in  1854,  in  Clark  townsbip. 
Elk  Spring,  laid  out  in  1859,  by  Dr.  Murray,  in  Yellow  Creek 
township. 


CHRISTIAN  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Taney  and  Webster,  west  by  Lawrence  and 
Stone,  north  by  Greene,  and  south  by  Stone  and  Taney  Counties. 

This  is  a  new  county — having  been  organized  March  8,  1859. 
In  1860  it  contained  5549  inhabitants.  The  face  of  the  country  is 
undulating — some  portions  approximating  to  what  may  be  called 
broken.  Generally  heavily  timbered,  with  excellent  soil  in  the  val- 
leys and  upon  some  of  the  uplands.  (See  description  of  Greene 
County,  from  which  it  was  formed.) 

Land  under  cultivation  can  be  had  for  about  $9 ;  uncultivated,  from 
$2  to  $4.  The  soil  and  climate  both  adapt  this  county  to  fruit  cul- 
ture or  stock  growing. 

Minerals. — Extensive  deposits  of  iron  ore  have  been  found  in 
this  county,  and  small  quantities  of  lead  and  copper,  with  indications 
of  rich  openings. 

When  completed,  the  Southwest  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad 
will  afford  a  cheap  and  speedy  transit  to  market. 

OZARK,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  on  Finley  Creek,  fifteen  miles 
from  Springfield,  Greene  County;  contains  a  high  school,  two  churches, 
Methodist  and  Christian,  flouring  and  grist  mill,  two  distilleries, 
four  saw-mills,  and  a  fair  representation  of  stores,  mechanics,  etc. 

Kenton  is  five  miles  from  Ozark;  has  a  population  of  about  100 

one  church  and  school  and  several  business  houses. 

The  county  contains  a  population  of  6000. 


228  CLARKE    COUNTY. 


CLARKE   COUNTY. 

This  county  forms  the  extreme  northeast  corner  of  tlie  State,  is 
well  watered  by  the  Des  Moines  and  Mississippi  Rivers,  (which  form 
its  eastern  and  northeastern  boundary,)  and  by  the  Fox  and  Wa- 
conda  Rivers,  and  their  tributaries.  These  streams  are  all  skirted 
by  groves  of  timber,  while  the  "divides"  between  them  are  prairie. 
It  was  first  settled  in  1830,  and  now,  1860,  contains  a  population  of 
9794. 

This  county  is  very  advantageously  situated — divided  only  by  the 
Des  Moines  from  the  largest  commercial  city  above  St.  Louis,  on  the 
Mississippi,  and  being  located  at  the  mouth  of  one  of  the  richest 
valleys  in  the  great  and  fertile  West.  If  the  north  line  of  this  county 
was  continued  due  east  until  it  reached  the  Mississippi  River,  making 
Clarke  a  square  county,  it  would  give  her  about  a  dozen  towns  in 
Iowa,  including  the  cities  of  Keokuk  and  Fort  Madison,  all  of  which 
she  now  has  for  a  local  market  if  desirable. 

The  soil  of  this  county  is  rolling  and  fertile,  well  calculated  for 
farming  purposes.  The  timber  (of  which  there  is  a  good  supply) 
consists  of  oak,  hickory,  elm,  etc.  There  are  several  banks  of  good 
stone  coal  in  the  county,  and  some  excellent  cannel  coal.  Unculti- 
vated land  is  worth  from  $7  to  $10,  and  cultivated  from  $15  to  $25. 
Farmers  and  mechanics  of  all  kinds  will  find  in  this  county  good 
business  locations. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county  2  banks,  1  news- 
paper, 13  lawyers,  25  physicians,  50  merchants,  5  grocers,  4  druggists, 
1  silversmith,  3  tinners,  25  blacksmiths,  10  wagon-makers,  1  saddler, 
5  tailors,  15  shoemakers,  5  cabinetmakers,  40  carpenters,  10  coopers, 
15  saw-mills,  5  flonring-raills,  (steam  and  water  power.) 

Churches,  Schools,  etc. — There  are  two  academies  and  forty-eight 
district  school-luiuses  in  the  county,  and  in  1838  there  were  4332 
chilthxii  between  five  and  twenty  years  of  age.  There  were  $1836  60 
raised  in  1858  to  repair  and  l)uild  school-houses.  Of  churches,  the 
Presbyterian,  M.  Protestant,  M.  Episcopal,  Christian,  Catholic,  and 
Baptist,  have  each  organizations  and  pastors.  The  Freemasons, 
Odd  Fellows,  and  Sons  of  Temperance  have  each  organizations. 

WATERLOO,  the  county-seat,  has  a  ])opulation  of  2r)0;  Alexan- 
dria. 1200;  St.  Francisville,  700;  Athens,  600;  Winchester,  350; 
Fairmount,  350;  Luray,  200;  and  Cahokia,  200. 


CLAY   COUNTY.  229 


CLAY   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  west-northwest  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Clinton,  south  by  the  Missouri  River,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Jackson,  on  the  east  by  Ray,  and  west  by  Platte 
Counties.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  the  fall  of  1822. 
When  the  State  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  in  1821,  the  territory 
now  embraced  by  the  boundaries  of  Clay  County  had  not  a  single 
white  inhabitant ;  yet  the  census  shows  Clay  in  a  very  short  time  to 
have  increased  so  rapidly  that  it  was  the  most  populous  county  west 
of  Franklin.     Its  population  in  1860   was  13,1G1. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  somewhat  broken, 
and  generally  well  timbered,  with  small  prairies  in  various  portions  of 
the  county.  The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile,  and  the  county  well 
watered. 

Soil  and  Productions. — This  county  is  noted  for  its  fine  farms,  and 
wealthy  and  intelligent  farmers  and  stock  growers.  The  following 
product  of  a  small  farm  of  320  acres  will  give  an  idea  of  the  fei'tility 
of  the  soil,  and  the  class  of  farmers  who  cultivate  it:  15  tons  of 
hemp,  at  $90  per  ton  ;  5000  pounds  bacon,  at  8  cents  per  pound  ;  3 
yoke  of  cattle,  at  $60  each  ;  amounting  to  the  sum  of  $1930.  At  the 
time  this  estimate  was  taken  there  were  75  acres  of  wheat,  at  70  cents, 
and  30  of  corn,  at  ^5,  growing,  which  would  swell  that  year's  product 
to  $3730.  This  was  but  an  average  crop,  and  was  the  product  of 
1853,  since  which  time  many  improvements  have  been  made,  and 
prices  of  many  articles  advanced.  We  have  returns  from  farms 
that  have  produced  per  acre,  of  hemp,  1400  pounds;  tobacco,  1100 
pounds;  corn,  100  bushels;  wheat,  38  bushels;  rye,  30;  oats,  50; 
potatoes,  400;  onions,  400;  beets,  350;  carrots,  300;  turnips,  300; 
timothy,  2  tons ;  Hungarian  grass,  4  tons,  etc.  The  county  is  very 
well  adapted  to  stock  raising,  which  is  an  important  feature  in  the 
products  of  the  county.  According  to  the  statistics  of  the  census  of 
1850,  Clay  was  one  of  the  most  productive  agricultural  counties  in 
the  State;  notwithstanding  which,  there  were  then  142,061  acres  of 
unimproved  land  in  the  county.  The  Platte  County  Railroad,  which 
is  being  built,  will  furnish  an  outlet  to  the  western  portion  of  the 
county,  while  the  southern  borders  upon  the  Missouri  River  will  afford 
cheap  transit  to  the  superior  markets  of  either  Kansas  City  or  St. 
Louis. 


230  CLAY   COUNTY. 

Schools. — The  citizens  of  Clay  have  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the 
cause  of  education.  This  was  the  first  county  in  the  State  to  organ- 
ize teachers'  institutes,  and  now  a  majority  of  the  counties  through- 
out the  State  are  reaping  the  advantages  of  these  associations.  The 
State  Superintendent's  Report  shows  the  amount  of  money  raised  to 
build  school-houses,  and  also  the  average  monthly  wages  paid  teachers, 
to  be  liigher  than  of  any  other  county,  except  St.  Louis.  William 
Jewell  College,  (situated  at  Liberty,)  Rev.  Wm.  Thompson,  Presi- 
dent, was  organized  in  1857,  and  last  year  had  125  pupils  in  regular 
attendance.  This  institution  is  under  the  auspices  of  the  Baptist 
denomination.  The  Clay  Female  Seminary,  also  situated  in  the 
county-seat,  is  in  a  very  flourishing  condition.  Professor  James  Love 
is  well  known  as  an  accomplished  and  successful  teacher.  Liberty 
Female  College  has  just  been  organized,  with  fair  prospects  of  suc- 
cess. Lewis  Institute,  at  Greenville,  is  under  the  control  of  Profes- 
sor Lewis,  of  the  M.  E.  Church  South,  and  is  well  patronized.  This 
county  is  one  of  the  first  in  the  State  as  to  the  number  and  character 
of  educational  institutions. 

Natural  Advantages. — Farmers,  mechanics,  manufacturers,  and 
business  mLMi  of  all  classes  will  here  find  fertile  soil,  a  healthy  climate, 
abundance  of  timber  and  building  materials,  good  prices  and  a  ready 
market  for  all  products  either  agricultural  or  mechanical,  and  an 
intelligent,  industrious,  and  hospitable  people. 

LIBERTY,  the  county-seat,  contains  1132  inhabitants,  and  is  situ- 
ated fifteen  miles  from  Kansas  City.  Of  business  houses,  there  are 
in  this  town,  3  bankers,  1  newspaper,  5  lawyers,.  12  physicians,  10 
merchants,  3  grocers,  20  carpenters,  2  druggists,  4  silversmiths,  T 
tinners,  17  blacksmiths,  6  wagon-makers,  2  coopers,  I  flouring-mill, 
(steam.) 

Missouri  City  is  situated  directly  on  the  river,  and  is  the  shipping 
point  for  the  county ;  was  formerly  Richfield  and  St.  Bernard,  which 
were  consolidated  under  the  name  of  Missouri  City,  and  the  new  town 
incorporated  March  14,  1859.  Besides  a  full  representation  of  the 
different  business  houses,  there  are  here  one  grist  and  two  saw  mills, 
and  a  very  extensive  flouring-mill.     Population  about  700. 

Of  other  towns  in  the  county,  there  are  Smithville,  population 
200;  Greenville,  300;  and  Claysville,  (changed  to  Prospect  Hill, 
February  5,  1859,)  300. 


CLINTON   COUNTY.  231 


CLINTON  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  Buchanan  and  Platte,  which  separate  it  from 
the  Missouri  River — the  western  State  line.  Population  in  1850, 
3786;  and  in  1860,  7853. 

Physical  Features.— ^Probably  two-thirds  of  the  area  of  this  county 
is  undulating  prairie  land,  fertile  and  easily  tilled  ;  the  remaining  one- 
third  is  timber  land,  confined  principally  to  the  water-courses  and 
valleys.  Blue  and  gray  limestone  and  sandstone  are  abundant  in 
some  portions  of  the  county,  and  there  are  indications  of  coal  in 
several  locations,  but  no  thorough  investigations  have  been  made,  as 
fuel  is  yet  plenty.  Several  of  the  streams  are  rapid  and  have  unim- 
proved mill-seats  upon  them.  Except  in  the  larger  prairies,  springs 
are  quite  numerous. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  is  fertile,  and  will  produce  any 
kind  of  grass,  grain,  fruit,  or  vegetables  grown  in  this  latitude.  An 
average  crop  is  about  as  follows:  Hemp,  800  pounds  to  the  acre; 
tobacco,  same;  corn,  100  to  125  bushels;  wheat,  25  to  30;  rye, 
same ;  barley  and  oats,  each  40  bushels ;  timothy  and  clover,  about  2 
tons.  Hungarian  grass  has  not  given  satisfaction  here,  owing  proba- 
bly to  unfavorable  seasons  since  its  introduction.  The  farmers  are 
going  largely  into  fruit  culture,  and  are  introducing  every  variety  of 
fruit  grown  in  this  climate.  This  county  is  well  adapted  to  stock 
raising,  having  an  abundance  of  native  and  cultivated  grasses  and 
stock  water.  Unimproved  lands  are  worth  from  $8  to  $10  per  acre, 
and  improved  from  $15  to  $25. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  sixteen  church  organizations 
in  the  county:  2  X.  S.  Presbyterian,  5  Methodist,  5  Baptist,  5  Re- 
formed Churches.  Of  other  denominations  we  have  no  particulars. 
Of  schools,  there  are  41  common  school  districts,  in  which  schools 
are  supported  by  the  public  fund  a  portion  of  the  year.  The  amount 
raised  to  build  and  repair  school-houses  in  1857,  was  $2826.  The 
amount  of  school  money  apportioned  to  this  county  for  1859,  is 
$1711  89.  There  is  one  college  established  at  the  county-seat,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  M.  E.  Church  South. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county  9  hotels,  1  news- 
paper, 6  lawyers,  9  physicians,  13  merchants,  4  druggists,  2  silver- 
smiths, 2  tinners,  9  blacksmiths,  6  wagon-makers,  3  saddlers,  3  tailors, 


232  COLE  couNxr. 

2  shoemakers,  2  cabinetmakers,  12  carpenters,  2  coopers,  7  steam 
saw-mills,  2  horse-power  mills,  3  steam  flouring-mills,  3  steam  grist- 
mills. 

Clinton  County  was  first  settled  when  a  part  of  Cla)-  County,  by 
pioneers  from  Clay  and  adjoining  counties,  but  originally  from  Ken- 
tucky. 

Of  professional  men,  (save  ministers  of  the  gospel  and  teachers,) 
there  is  here,  as  in  most  counties  of  the  State,  a  full  supply;  but 
honest,  industrious  farmers  and  mechanics  will  here  find  a  healthy 
climate,  good  soil,  and  a  good  market  for  all  kinds  of  articles  they 
can  produce. 

PLATTSBURG,  tlio  county-scat,  contains  about  1200  population ; 
Haynesville,  al)out  500 ;  Cameron  (a  brisk  new  town  on  the  Uan- 
nibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad)  has  about  300  inhabitants,  and  is 
growing  rapidly.  The  distance  from  Cameron  to  Hannibal  is  171 
miles,  and  to  St.  Joseph,  35  miles. 


COLE   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the  State,  is  bounded  on 
the  northeast  by  the  Missouri  River,  on  the  west  by  Moniteau,  on 
the  south  by  Miller  County,  and  on  the  southeast  by  the  Osage  River, 
which  enters  the  Missouri  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  county. 
Population  in  1860,  9714. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  county  is  generally  rolling 
or  broken,  with  thin  soil,  generally  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
small  grain  and  fruit  of  all  kinds.  On  the  bottoms  of  the  Missouri, 
Osage,  and  Moreau,  is  good  alluvial  soil,  very  fertile,  embracing, 
perhaps,  one-fourth  the  area  of  the  county.  The  soil  and  climate 
are  favoral^le  to  fruit  culture ;  the  j)eaches  seldom  fail,  and  all  kinds 
of  fruits,  including  the  grape,  yield  abundantly.  The  interior  of  the 
county  is  drained  by  Moreau  Creek,  which  rises  so  rapidly  and  to 
such  a  height,  that  it  is  upon  some  maps  called  a  river.  Fish  are 
numerous  in  this  stream;  and  it  is  related  by  a  former  representative 
from  this  county  who  had  a  mill  upon  the  Moreau,  that  the  fish  were 
so  numerous  as  to  frequently  clog  the  wheels  and  stop  the  mill. 
Then  tiie  only  alternative  was  U)  shut  the  gate,  and  beat  the  water 
with  poles,  and  drive  them  away! 

Building   Materials. — The    beautiful   limestone,  called  "Cotton- 


» >  s  » 
»     o 

9  •  ■>  * 


t  •   »  -, 

-.•>■> 


COLE    COUNTY.  233 

rock,"  of  which  the  Capitol  is  constructed,  is  very  abundant  in  this 
county,  and  forms  a  stratum  of  upwards  of  forty  feet  in  thickness,  in 
the  bluffs  upon  which  Jefferson  City  is  situated.  Sandstone  suitable 
for  building  ;  clays  and  sands  for  brick  are  also  abundant  and  con- 
venient. Limestone  suitable  for  making  hydraulic  cement  is  found 
in  the  bluffs  above  the  city.  Lumber  of  every  kind  is  found  on  the 
bluffs  and  valleys  in  Cole  County,  or  in  the  Missouri  bottoms  above 
and  below  the  city. 

History. — Cole  County  was  formed  from  Cooper,  November  16, 
1820,  and  named  in  honor  of  Captain  Stephen  Cole,  the  intrepid  and 
courageous  pioneer.  There  were  settlements  within  the  present 
limits  of  the  county  as  early  as  1816,  but  white  families  were  "few 
and  far  between"  until  after  1820.  In  1821  the  population  of  the 
county  was  about  1300.  The  county-seat  was  located  at  Marion, 
(fourteen  miles  above  Jefferson,)  in  1822,  and  removed  to  Jefferson 
City,  in  1828.  The  first  settlers  were  from  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 
The  seat  of  government  of  the  State  was  removed  from  St.  Louis  to 
St.  Charles  in  1821,  and  from  thence  to  Jefferson  City  in  1826,  where 
it  is  permanently  located.  At  the  time  of  the  admission  of  this 
State  into  the  Union,  Congress  granted  four  sections  of  land  for  the 
location  of  the  seat  of  government.  The  constitution  fixed  the 
location  of  the  capital  upon  the  Missouri  River,  to  be  within  forty 
miles  above  or  below  the  mouth  of  the  Osage.  At  the  first  session 
of  the  Legislature,  commissioners  were  appointed,  who,  after  a 
tedious  examination,  selected  four  sections,  where  Jefferson  City  has 
since  been  built  up.  Major  Elias  Barcroft  was  appointed  Surveyor, 
who  laid  the  ground  selected  off  into  lots,  under  the  superintendence 
of  the  commissioners  in  1822.  The  first  sale  of  lots  took  place  in 
May,  1823,  under  the  supervision  of  Major  Josiah  Ramsey,  Jr., 
Captain  J.  C.  Gordon,  and  Adam  Hope,  Esq.,  Trustees  on  the  part 
of  the  State.  At  the  same  time  the  building  of  a  brick  State-house 
was  let  to  the  lowest  bidder,  Daniel  Colgan,  and  afterward  trans- 
ferred to  James  Dunnica,  of  Kentucky,  who  built  the  Capitol  at  the 
bid,  $25,000.  At  this  time  (1823)  there  were  but  two  families  resid- 
ing in  the  place,  to  wit.  Major  Josiah  Ramsey,  Jr.,  and  Wra.  Jones, 
both  of  whom  kept  houses  of  entertainment.  The  State-house  was 
completed  at  the  stipulated  time,  and  the  Legislature  assembled  in 
the  new  State  Capitol  (just  completed)  on  the  third  Monday  in 
November,  1826.  Up  to  this  date,  all  the  families  that  resided  at 
the  seat  of  government  were  as  follows:  Wm.  Jones,  brickmason, 
and  keeper  of  entertainment;  Josiah  Ramsey,  Jr.,  postmastei*,  and 
tavern  keeper;  John  C.  Gordon,  carpenter,  and  keeper  of  entertain- 


234  COLE    COUNTY. 

ment;  Daniel  Colgan,  merchant;  Jesse  F.  Roystan,  teacher,  and 
justice  of  the  peace;  James  Dunnica,  carpenter,  and  builder  of  the 
State-house;  Harden  Casey,  blacksmith;  Robert  A.  Ewing,  sawyer; 
Alexander  Gordon,  stonemason;  John  Dunnica,  carpenter;  John  P. 
Thomas,  carpenter;  Rculien  Garnett,  brickmason;  Stephen  C.  Dor- 
riss,  physician;  James  R.  Pullcn,  stonemason;  Christopher  Casey, 
constable;  Henry  Buckner,  farmer;  Iliram  H.  Baber,  Esq.,  teacher, 
and  justice  of  the  peace;  David  Scrivner,  laborer;  Samuel  Harrison, 
laborer;  Geo.  Woodward,  merchant;  and  Terry  Scurlock,  carpen- 
ter. Besides  these,  were  the  following  named  single  men:  David 
Slater,  carpenter;  Granville  P.  Thomas,  carpenter;  Robert  H. 
Jones,  first  merchant  in  the  place;  Azariah  Kennedy,  carpenter; 
Willis  Thornton,  carpenter ;  David  Harmon,  carpenter ;  Wra.  Hen- 
derson, carpenter;  Mr.  Thompson,  carpenter;  McDaniel  Dorriss, 
distiller;  and  Mr.  Moss,  grocery  keeper. 

Tlie  present  State  Capitol  was  commenced  in  1838,  and  first 
occupied  by  the  Legislature  of  1840-41,  and  cost  about  $350,000. 
The  stone  for  the  building  was  taken  from  the  blufi's  near  by,  along 
the  line  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  in  front  of  the  city.  The  limestone 
for  the  pillars  was  from  Callaway  County.  Mr.  S.  Hills,  the  archi- 
tect, here  planned  one  of  the  best  buildings  in  the  West,  either  as 
regards  its  substantial  character,  architectural  beauty,  or  the  interior 
arrangement  of  the  legislative  halls,  and  the  several  State  ofiBces. 

The  principal  public  buildings  in  the  city  are  the  Capitol,  the 
State  Penitentiary,  the  Court-house,  (all  substantial  stone  structures,) 
the  Female  College,  and  the  Male  High  School.  There  are  a  num- 
ber of  commodious  and  pleasantly  situated  private  residences  in  the 
city.  The  governor's  mansion  has  a  commanding  location,  but  is 
inferior  to  the  other  State  buildings,  and  will  probably  soon  give 
way  to  a  new  one,  which  will  be  more  creditable  to  the  State. 

Churches  and  Schools.  —  There  are  six  churches  in  the  city, 
namely:  Episcopal,  O.  S.  Presbyterian,  2  Methodist,  Baptist,  Cath- 
olic, Lutheran.  Of  schools,  there  is  an  excellent  Female  College, 
and  a  Male  High  School,  well  conducted;  and  about  35  district 
schools  in  various  parts  of  the  county. 

Business  Men  needed. — Iron  founders,  manufacturers  of  farming 
implements,  wagon  and  carriage  makers,  soap  and  candle  manufac- 
turers, millers,  beef  and  pork  packers,  machinists,  stock  growers  and 
grape  oulturists  will  all  find  good  openings  here.  Stone  coal  is 
abundant  and  cheap,  timber  plenty,  excellent  building  stone  every- 
where, and  soil  that  for  small  grain,  grasses,  and  fruit  is  seldom  sur- 
passed.    With  the  Missouri  River  and  Pacific  Railroad,  this  county 


COOPER   COUNTY.  235 

has  an  excellent  outlet  to  market,  and  ofiFers  many  advantages  to  the 
industrious  and  the  energetic. 

There  is  no  town  of  any  importance  in  the  county,  except  JEF- 
FERSON CITY,  the  county-seat,  which  has  a  population  of  3000. 
Marion,  the  former  seat  of  justice,  has  now  less  than  50  inhabitants; 
Russellville,  in  the  western  part  of  the  county,  16  miles  from  Jef- 
ferson, is  a  place  of  perhaps  100  inhabitants.  Of  business  houses  in 
the  county,  there  are  of  lawyers,  12;  physicians,  12;  merchants,  15; 
druggists,  3 ;  silversmiths,  3 ;  tinners,  3  ;  blacksmiths,  6  ;  wagon- 
makers,  4;  saddlers,  3;  tailors,  5;  shoemakers,  10;  cabinetmakers, 
3  ;  carpenters,  20 ;  paint-shops,  3  ;  marble  manufactories,  2  ;  tan- 
neries, 2 ;  steam  saw,  planing,  and  lath  mill,  1  ;  steam  flouring-mill, 
1 ;  and  hotels,  5.  The  "Jefferson  Examiner"  and  "  Inquirer"  are  the 
only  papers  published  in  the  county.  The  former  is  published  daily 
during  the  session  of  the  Legislature,  and  weekly  the  remainder  of 
the  year.  The  "Jefferson  Inquirer,"  after  having  been  published 
21  years,  was  temporarily  discontinued  in  the  fall  of  1859. 


COOPER  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  central  part  of  the  State,  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Missouri  River,  which  separates  it  from  Howard 
and  Boone,  and  contains  an  area  of  558  square  miles,  and  in  1860 
had  a  population  of  1*7,495.  It  was  first  settled  by  Stephen  Cole, 
Daniel  Boone,  Robert  Wallace,  William  McMahan,  Joseph  Stephens, 
and  William  Moore. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  gently  undulating, 
and  advantageously  diversified  with  timber  and  prairie.  The  western 
part  of  the  county  is  drained  by  La  Mine  Creek  and  tributaries,  the 
central  part  by  Little  Saline  Creek,  and  the  southeastern  by  Moniteau 
Creek.  There  are  few  if  any  counties  in  the  State  possessing  a  more 
equal  division  of  prairie  and  timber.  The  alluvial  soil  occupies  a 
large  area  in  the  bottoms  of  the  Missouri,  the  La  Mine  and  the  Little 
Saline,  and  is  generally  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of 'cottonwood, 
sycamore,  elms,  box-elder,  sugar-tree,  white  maple,  red  birch,  white, 
black,  and  blue  ash,  coffee-tree,  honey  locust,  the  various  kinds  of 
oaks  and  hickories,  red-bud,  hackberry,  and  numerous  varieties  of 
the  willow  and  the  grape. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  Cooper  County  is  exceedingly 


236  COOPER   COUNTY. 

fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  all  the  purposes  of  agriculture.  The 
bottom  lands  are  light,  porous,  and  deep,  and  particularly  adapted  to 
corn  and  henii),  of  which  immense  crops  have  been  produced  in  some 
parts  of  the  county.  The  soil  on  the  prairie  and  in  the  upland  tim- 
ber is  well  adapted  to  corn,  wheat,  oats,  tobacco,  and  the  grasses, 
but  is  vastly  improved  by  subsoiling.  The  upland  timber  consists  of 
hickories,  oaks,  walnuts,  sugar-tree,  ash,  haw,  liackberry,  and  the 
summer,  fox,  and  frost  grapes.  The  State  Geologist  remarks:  "The 
physical  properties  of  the  soils,  the  rocks  from  which  they  are  de- 
rived, and  the  crops  produced,  all  prove  the  agricultural  resources  of 
Cooper  County  to  be  very  great.  Deep  and  thorough  tillage  should 
be  her  motto."  The  general  character  of  the  soil  adapts  this  county 
to  the  growth  of  all  kinds  of  agricultural  products ;  and  the  immense 
natural  pastures,  and  the  facilities  for  shipment  by  river  or  railroad, 
render  it  well  calculated  for  stock  growing. 

Minerals. — Professor  Swallow  estimates  the  amount  of  good  avail- 
able coal,  in  Cooper  County,  to  be  not  less  than  60,000,000  tons. 
Brown  hematite  iron  ore  is  found  in  several  localities,  some  of  which 
is  convenient  to  beds  of  coal,  and  could  be  worked  to  advantage. 
Lead,  manganese,  and  zinc  are  also  found  in  several  places.  Of 
building  materials,  there  is  an  abundance  of  limestone,  sandstone, 
marble,  hydraulic  cement,  firerock,  and  clays  for  fire  brick.  The 
timber  found  along  the  streams  is  as  fine  as  any  in  the  State. 

Springs,  both  fresh  and  mineral,  are  abundant  in  this  county.  The 
latter  may  be  classed  as  "brine"  and  "sul})hur;"  however,  there  are 
none  of  either  class  that  are  entirely  free  from  the  characteristics  of 
the  others.  The  mineral  springs  are  principally  in  township  48,  ex- 
tending from  section  16  of  range  18,  westward  along  the  La  ^Mine, 
through  range  19,  to  the  county  line;  but  some  exist  in  township  49, 
range  19,  on  the  Blackwater;  and  in  township  48,  range  15,  near 
Gooch's  Mill,  on  the  Little  Saline.  The  most  important  of  the 
brine  springs  are  Ilarriman's,  Bailey's,  Howard's,  Heath's,  and 
Hugh's.  At  Dr.  Ilarriman's  Salt  Springs,  there  are  four  places 
where  salt  water  is  discharged,  which  are  from  forty  to  forty-five  feet 
apart;  and  hydro-sulphuric  acid  escapes  from  all. 

Chouteau  Springs  are  situated  on  section  16,  township  48,  range 
18,  about  ten  miles  from  Boonville,  and  have  had  a  good  reputation 
as  a  pleasant  and  healthy  watering  place.  The  medicinal  proi)erties 
of  the  Chouteau  water  are  highly  sj)()ken  of,  and  numerous  individuals 
have  received  great  benefit  by  resorting  to  its  use.  The  water  bursts 
from  the  earth  in  four  places,  located  a  short  distance  from  each 
other,  but  the  most  westerly  spring  is  generally  used.     The  amount 


■»  ■)  >  t 


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■>■*!•> 


3  J  J  > 


W^f»fe(.;, 


COOPER    COUNTY.  237 

of  water  discharged  was  estimated  by  Professor  Swallow  to  be  10 
gallons  per  minute,  or  14,400  gallons  per  day,  and  the  gas  that 
escapes,  at  least  2  gallons  per  minute. 

Manufactures. — The  most  extensive  manufactory  in  the  county  is 
that  of  the   Boonville   Wine    Company,    located   on   the   Missouri 
River,  about  one  mile  above  Boonville.     This  company  was  incor- 
porated by  the  Legislature,  in  1855,  with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  and 
commenced  the  cultivation  of  Catawba  wines  in  1856.     Their  vine- 
yard and  orchard  embraces  115  acres,  only  a  portion  of  which  is  set 
in  vines.     The  lands  are  admirably  suited  to  the  culture  of  the  grape, 
being  situated  on  a  high  bluff,  gently  sloping  to  the  southeast,  and 
with  trifling  expense  could  be  terraced  and  otherwise  improved,  ren- 
dering it  truly  a  beautiful  spot.    The  fine  stone  building,  (seen  in  the 
engraving  of  their  vineyard,)  was  erected  in  1858,  and  is  well  adapted 
to  the  manufacture  and  storage  of  both  wine  and  beer.     The  main 
building,  including  basement,  is  4  stories  high,  80  feet  square,  with  a 
two-story  L,  55  by  35  feet,  under  which  are  six  capacious  cellars,  one 
having  been  constructed  for  malt,  and  five  large  arched  cellars  for 
storage.     The  machinery  is  propelled  by  steam  power,  and  the  whole 
establishment  is  supplied  with  all  the  modern  improvements  and  con- 
veniences.   Haas's  Catawba  has  a  wide  reputation,  not  only  in  Mis- 
souri, but  in  the  Eastern  cities ;  large  quantities  having  been  sold  at 
Philadelphia,  where  it  received  the  first  premium  as  a  "native  dry 
wine,"  at  the  National  Fair.     The  lowest  price  at  which  it  has  ever 
sold  is  $2  per  gallon,  and  the  company  was  offered  $2  50  per  gallon 
for  their  entire  vintage  of  185T,  consisting  of  1600  gallons,  produced 
from  less  than  three  acres  of  bearing  vines;  which  would  be  $4000 
for  the  product  of  less  than  three  acres,  upwards  of  $1133  per  acre  1 
Mr.  Haas,  the  projector  of  this  enterprise,  is  an  intelligent  and  ener- 
getic gentleman,  and  to  his  superior  judgment  and  long  experience  in 
the  business,  the  company  justly  attribute  their  success ;  and  under 
the  management  of  such  men  as  Mr.  Haas,  and  his  accomplished  as- 
sistant, Mr.  Wertheimer,  (secretary  of  the  company,)  we  anticipate  a 
brilliant  success  for  the  company.  « 

An  extensive  woolen  factory  and  a  soap  and  candle  factory  are 
much  needed  in  Boonville,  and  would  prove  profitable  investments. 

Natural  Advantages. — The  agricultural  resources  of  Cooper 
County,  for  the  production  of  staple  crops,  are  but  little  if  any  in- 
ferior to  those  of  Lafayette  and  Platte.  Within  her  borders  there 
are  at  least  30,000  acres  of  the  richest  alluvial  soil,  200,000  acres  of  ex- 
cellent high  timber  land,  "  based  upon  the  rich  marls  of  the  bluff  forma- 
tion," and  about  80,000  acres  of  fine  prairie,  resting  upon  the  same 


288  COOPER    COUNTY. 

marls.  "Place  but  half  of  tliis  in  a  good  state  of  cultivation,  and  it 
would  easily  give  an  annual  yield  of  5,000,000  bushels  of  wheat, 
10,000,000  of  corn,  or  a  similar  proportion  of  other  crops,  while  the 
remaining  50,000  acres  of  inferior  soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  culti- 
vation of  grapes,  or  grass  for  grazing."*  As  we  have  already  shown, 
there  is  an  abundance  of  stone  coal,  timber  for  charcoal,  building  ma- 
terials of  various  kinds,  and  several  valuable  minerals  in  paying 
quantities.  With  her  central  position  in  the  State,  peopled  by  in- 
dustrious and  intelligent  citizens,  with  the  navigable  Missouri  on  the 
north,  and  the  Paciflc  Railroad  on  the  south,  affording  cheap  and 
speedy  transit  to  excellent  markets,  Cooper  County  has  certainly  very 
superior  natural  advantages. 

BOONVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  delightfully  situated  upon  an  un- 
dulating hillside,  sloping  to  the  north,  and  sufficiently  elevated  to 
afford  an  extensive  view  of  the  broad,  beautiful,  and  well  cultivated 
valley  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  The  streets  are  broad,  run- 
ning at  right  angles,  and  shaded  by  forest  and  ornamental  trees. 
The  buildings  are  substantial,  and  principally  of  brick,  the  most 
prominent  of  which  are  the  Thespian  Ilall,  a  handsome  structure, 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $22,000,  was  commenced  by  a  few  young  men, 
who  constituted  the  "Boonville  Thespian  Society;"  the  Odd  Fel- 
lows and  Masons  and  the  city  joined  them  to  get  each  a  hall,  and  the 
work  is  the  result  of  their  united  efforts.  The  original  officers  were, 
Captain  E.  Stanly,  President;  S.  Houck,  H.  B.  Benedict,  Charles 
Cope,  and  Captain  Joseph  L.  Stephens,  Directors.  Union  Block, 
Episcopal  Church,  Branch  Bank  of  St.  Louis,  Court-house,  etc. 
Boonville  was  incorporated  as  a  city,  February  8,  1839,  and  has  now 
a  population  of  about  3500.  According  to  Lippincott's  Gazetteer  of 
the  World,  "for  health  it  is  unsurpassed  by  any  city  of  the  Union, 
both  town  and  country  having  escaped  the  ravages  of  the  cholera 
during  the  epidemic  of  1849-50."  There  are  in  Boonville  2  banks, 
(see  table  of  Banks  of  Missouri,)  13  lawyers,  9  physicians,  2  dentists, 
20  merchants,  6  grocers,  3  druggists,  4  silversmiths,  30  carpenters,  30 
brick  and  stone  masons,  8  blacksmiths,  4  wagon-makers,  4  saddlers,  4 
tailors,  3  tinners,  3  cabinetmakers,  and  5  hotels,  and  a  large  tobacco 
manufactory,  Messrs.  Spahr  «fe  Rich,  proprietors,  which  turns  out  heavy 
amounts  of  first-class  brands  tobacco.  Of  churches  in  Boonville,  there 
are  seven,  to  wit:  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  German  Methodist, 
Presbyterian,  Episcopalian,  Lutheran,  Baptist,  and  Roman  Catholic. 

There  are  other  towns  in  this  county  worthy  of  mention. 

*  Geological  Reports,  p.  203. 


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CKAWFORD    COUNTY.  239 

Otterville,  on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
county,  is  twenty-six  miles  from  Boonville,  and  fifty  miles  from  Jeffer- 
son City,  contains  a  Presbyterian  Church,  Masonic  Lodge,  Odd  Fel- 
lows' Lodge,  1  newspaper,  4  hotels,  4  carriage  and  wagon  manufac- 
tories, 5  blacksmith  shops,  1  cabinetmaker  and  furniture  dealer,  2 
butcher  establishments,  1  confectionery  and  bakery,  1  saddle  end 
harness  manufactory,  2  grocery  stores,  1  clothing  store,  1  lumber 
yard,  2  shoe  manufactories,  2  livery  stables,  1  jeweler  and  watch- 
maker, 1  tin  and  stove  manufactory,  4  saloons,  5  dry  good  stores,  1 
printing-ofiBce ;  and  brick  and  stone  masons,  plasterers,  and  carpen- 
ters, although  numerous,  scarcely  sufficient  to  supply  the  demand. 
The  location  is  very  healthy  and  pleasant,  and  situated  in  the  center 
of  a  good  farming  region.  Population  about  600.  Incorporated 
February  15,  185t. 

BellingsviUe  is  on  Little  Saline  Creek,  six  miles  from  Boonville. 
A  Baptist  church,  2  saw-mills,  and  several  stores  and  mechanics' 
shops.     Population  75. 

Belle  Air,  twelve  miles  from  Syracuse,  and  twelve  from  Boonville, 
contains  a  Southern  M.  E.  Church,  district  school,  etc.  Popula- 
tion 50. 

Palestine,  in  the  central  part  of  county;  population  15.  Pisgah, 
100;  Round  Hill,  100. 


CRAWFORD  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  southeast  of  the  center  of  the  State,  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Gasconade  (which  reaches  to  the  Missouri 
River)  and  by  Maries,  on  the  east  by  Washington,  south  by  Dent, 
and  west  by  Phelps,  which  was  recently  taken  from  this  county. 
Population  in  1860,  5834. 

Early  History. — Crawford  has  been  called  the  "  Mother  of  Coun- 
ties," from  the  fact  that  for  many  years  her  borders  extended  to  the 
western  part  of  the  State.  County  after  county  has,  from  time  to 
time,  been  cut  from  her  western  and  southern  borders,  and  the  finale 
was  accomplished  some  three  years  ago  in  the  formation  of  Phelps 
County,  when  Crawford  was  cut  down  below  her  constitutional  limits. 
The  territory  of  which  the  county  is  formed  was  settled  about  the 
year  1815  by  William  Harrison,  and  others,  who  constituted  a  neigh- 
borhood on  the  Maramec.     Many  of  the  same  Harrison  family  still 


240 


CRAWFORD    COUNTY. 


reside  in  the  county,  and  are  honorable  and  industrious  men.  Benjamin 
Harrison  (the  oldest  son  of  William)  is  now  a  hale,  hearty  old  man, 
has  served  his  country  in  the  Legislature  a  number  of  years,  and  still 
takes  great  pleasure  in  doing  whatever  he  can  to  advance  the  interests 
of  his  county  or  State.  From  the  organization  of  Crawford  in  1830 
to  1835,  courts  for  the  county  were  held  at  the  house  of  James  Har- 
rison, at  the  niuutli  of  Little  Piney. 

Soil  and  Productions. — This  county  emljraces  a  great  variety  of 
soil — bottom,  valley,  table  land,  prairie,  and  sandy  soils.  It  is  well 
adapted  to  corn,  wheat,  oats,  grasses,  vegetables,  and  fruit.  Stock 
growing  would  pay  well  here.  Grapes  and  fruits  would  yield  abund- 
antly. The  valleys  of  the  larger  streams  are  frequently  heavily  tim- 
bered with  oaks,  walnut,  hickory,  maple,  papaw,  dogwood,  etc.  On 
the  school  section,  in  township  36,  range  4  west,  is  a  grove  of  large 
pine-trees. 

Minerals. — The  following  table  shows  the  locality  of  iron,  lead, 
copper,  and  coal,  in  Crawford  County : — 


IRO\. 

LEAD. 

LEAD. 

Township. 

Range 

Section. 

Township. 

Range 

Section. 

Township. 

Range. 

Section. 

35 

2  W. 

N.E.  8 

36 

2 

7 

86 

2  16 

33,34 

85 

3 

15 

37 

2 

14 

37 

3 

13,  14 

35 

2 

16 

37 

2 

S.E.  2 

39 

2 

N.E.   1 

85 

5 

s  w.  32 

37 

2 

17 

39 

3 

1 

39 

2 

N.E.  28 

37 

2 

82 

87 

4 

1 

37 

3 

1 

38 

2 

32 

37 

3 

8 

37 

3 

4 

38 

2 

15 

38 

6 

29 

38 

2 

30 

COPPER. 

38 

3 

1 

39 

2 

1 

40 

2 

24 

86 

4 

N.E.  26 

39 

2 

4,  2&6 

38 

3 

14 

30 

5 

32 

38 

2 

33 

39 

3 

13 

37 

4 

5 

30 

2 

1 

38 

2 

4 

36 

3 

15&36 

40 

2 

23 

36 

4 

22 

38 

6 

}  10,  H 
114,15 

36 

2 

5 

40 

2 

22 

36 

2 

27 

36 

5 

15 

38 

2 

4 

40 
86 

2 

20,  27 
31 

COAL.* 

40 

2 

r  32,  33 
t  35,  30 

36 

4 

S.E.  21 

36 

4 

S.E.  30 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  principal  school  of  the  county  is  the 
Steelville  (male  and  female)  Academy,  which  was  incorporated  Febru- 
ary 3,  1853,  and  is  now  under  the  superintendence  of  Rev.  J.  B.  Allen, 
and  under  the  auspices  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church.  It 
is  ably  conducted  and  well  patronized.     There  were  in  the  county,  in 


*  Coal  impregnated  with  iron  pyrites. 


DADE    COUNTY.  241 

1858,  34  school-houses,  2490  pupils,  of  whom  931  had  been  taught 
during  the  year.  There  were  then  8980  acres  of  unsold  school  land. 
The  amount  of  school  fund  apportioned  to  the  county  for  1859  was 
$1369  06.  Of  churches,  the  0.  S.  Presbyterians,  organized  in  1842— 
no  pastor.  The  M.  E.  Church  number  about  125,  the  M.  P.  100. 
Cumberland  Presbyterians  most  numerous.  No  church  edifices  yet 
erected. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county  2  lawyers,  4  phy- 
sicians, 8  merchants,  8  grocers,  1  druggist,  1  banking  house,  2  cabi- 
netmakers, 8  carpenters,  2  saddlers,  2  tailors,  3  hotels,  saw  and  flouring 
mills.     Tinners,  tailors,  shoemakers,  and  wagon-makers  wanted. 

STEEL VILLE,  the  county-seat,  was  organized  in  1856,  is  situated 
about  the  center  of  the  county,  and  contains  some  250  inhabitants. 

Cuba  City  is  situated  on  the  southwest  branch  of  Pacific  Railroad, 
eight  miles  from  Steelville — was  recently  laid  out,  and  is  improving 
rapidly. 


DADE   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  State ;  was 
formed  in  1841 ;  has  an  area  of  498  square  miles,  and  had  a  popula- 
tion, in  1856,  of  6061.     In  1860  it  contained  7095  inhabitants. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  undulating,  and  in  some  portions 
broken — more  prairie  than  timber — and  has  a  healthy  climate. 

It  is  intersected  by  Sac  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Osage,  and  also 
drained  by  Horse  and  Cedar  Creeks. 

The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  the  various  pur- 
poses of  agriculture,  horticulture,  and  stock  raising. 

Water  power  is  abundant,  and  upon  some  of  the  streams  unim- 
proved. 

Copper  ore  has  been  found  upon  sections  23  and  24,  in  township 
30,  range  25  west,  and  hematite  iron  ore  on  section  23  of  the  same 
township.  Stone  coal  has  been  found  in  several  parts  of  the  county, 
but  is  not  yet  worked  to  any  extent.  Timber  is  abundant  along  the 
valleys — enough  for  all  practical  purposes. 

The  mildness  of  the  climate,  abundance  of  native  and  cultivated 
grasses,  and  of  stock  water,  render  this  county  well  adapted  to  stock 
growing.  Thousands  of  cattle  have  been  driven  from  here  to  Utah 
and  California. 

House-carpenters,  masons,  cabinetmakers,  wagon-makers,  coopers, 

16 


242  DALLAS    COUNTY. 

and  farmers  are  nmcb  needed,  and  will  find  good  openings  for  busi- 
ness. 

Tliere  arc  several  district  schools  in  the  county,  also  a  college  in 
Greenville,  and  an  academy  in  Melville,  both  ably  conducted,  and 
promising  to  do  great  good.  The  principal  religious  denominations 
are  Baptists,  Methodists,  Presbyterians,  and  Christians. 

GREENFIELD,  the  county-seat,  has  a  population  of  about  300,  and 
Dadeville,  100.  There  is  a  newspaper  published  in  Greenfield,  and 
a  good  representation  of  business  houses  in  the  town. 


DALLAS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southwest  central  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Camden  and  Hickory,  south  Ijy  Greene,  east 
by  Laclede  and  "Webster,  and  west  by  Hickory  and  Polk  Counties, 
and  has  an  area  of  about  5T6  square  miles.  It  is  one  of  the  new 
counties,  and  was  formed  from  a  portion  of  Polk.  In  1850  it  had  a 
population  of  3648;  in  1856,  4620;  and  in  1860,  5914.  The  section 
now  embraced  in  the  county  was  first  settled  by  J.  IT.  Ross  and 
others,  in  1831. 

Physical  Features,  Soil,  etc. — Both  the  surface  and  the  soil  of  this 
county  are  diversiiied.  A  portion  of  the  county  is  level  or  undula- 
ting, and  some  parts  quite  broken.  The  prairies  have  generally  a 
basis  or  "subsoil"  of  red  clay,  and  upon  experiment  has  proved  to  be 
well  adapted  to  farming  purposes.  The  timber-land  is  more  rocky, 
but  the  soil  is  black  and  fertile,  especially  in  the  valleys.  The  ridges, 
which  ]>y  many  have  been  considered  as  barren  and  worthless,  we  find 
generally  covered  with  wide-spreading  arbors  of  native  grape-vines, 
yielding  largely  of  several  varieties  of  wnld  grapes,  whicli  is  con- 
clusive evidence  of  their  adaptation  to  grape  and  fruit  culture. 
The  timber  consists  principally  of  oaks,  hickory,  linn,  maple,  walnut, 
etc.,  etc.  The  county  is  drained  by  the  Niangua  River  and  its 
numerous  lengthy,  rai)id  tributaries. 

Bryce's  Spring,  prol^ably  the  largest  in  the  State,  is  located  near 
the  Isiangua,  in  tuwnship  34,  range  18  west,  near  the  line  between 
Dallas  and  Laclede.  "It  rises  in  a  secluded  valley,  where  it  forms  a 
large  basin,  then  flows  away — a  river."  It  is  stated  in  the  Geological 
Report  iliat  this  s))riiig  discharges  more  than  126  cubic  feet  of  water 
per  second,  455,326  per  hour,  and   10,927,872  cubic  feet  per  day. 


DAVIESS    COUNTY.  243 

(See  description  of  this  spring  in  Chapter  on  Natural  Curiosities.) 
Lead  ore  has  been  found  in  several  localities,  and  is  worked  upon 
township  29,  range  19,  and  when  the  Pacific  Railroad,  southwest 
branch,  is  completed,  affording  a  market,  more  attention  will  be  given 
to  mining  as  well  as  farming  and  stock  growing. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — Of  business  houses  and  professions,  there 
are  in  the  county  (principally  in  Buffalo)  1  newspaper,  2  lawyers,  3 
doctors,  4  merchants,  1  druggist,  2  blacksmiths,  1  wagon-maker,  1  sad- 
dler, 1  tailor,  1  shoemaker,  1  cabinetmaker,  2  carpenters,  and  3  hotels. 
There  is  1  M.  E.  Church,  with  50  members ;  and  23  free  schools,  be- 
sides the  High  School  of  Buffalo. 

BUFFALO,  the  county-seat,  is  the  principal  town  in  the  county. 
It  has  a  population  of  about  200,  a  spicy  newspaper,  a  high  school, 
church,  and  many  other  indications  of  "the  march  of  progress."     Of 
other  towns,  there  are  Lewisburgh  and  Andersonville,  with  about  50 
population  each. 


DAVIESS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Grundy  and  Livingston,  and  on  the  west  by  De 
Kalb  and  Gentry,  north  by  Harrison,  and  south  by  Caldwell  County. 
It  was  first  settled  in  1831,  and  organized  in  1835.  In  1840,  the 
population  of  the  county  was  2736;  in  1850,  5295;  in  1856,  7970; 
and  in  1860,  9615. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  generally  undulating,  and  some 
portions  nearly  level — one-half  prairie,  the  remainder  hard-wood  tim- 
ber. Grand  River  traverses  the  center  of  the  county,  which,  with 
its  tributaries,  Big  Creek,  Grindstone  Creek,  and  Muddy  Creek, 
afford  excellent  water-power.  (See  description  of  "(^Irand  River 
Country.") 

Soil  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  farming,  grazing,  and  fruit  grow- 
ing.   Corn,  wheat,  oats,  and  hay  are  the  staple  products. 

Cultivated  land  is  held  at  from  $10  to  $20  per  acre,  and  unculti- 
vated at  $3  to  $5.  At  a  sale  of  swamp  lands  in  this  county  several 
months  since,  the  competition  was  so  great  that  considerable  of  the 
land  sold  for  $20  per  acre,  and  the  lowest  price  that  any  was  sold  for 
was  $2  50 — the  average  price  being  about  $12  per  acre. 

GALLATIN,  the  county-seat,  is  pleasantly  situated  al)out  one  mile 
southwest  from  the  west  fork  of  the  Grand  River,  in  the  midst  of  a 


244  Di:    KALU    COUNTY. 

wealthy,  woll-tilliMl  farming  district,  and  contains  a  population  of 
about  1000.  Tlicre  is  in  (Jallatiu  1  nr\vsi)api'r  ollice,  1  cliunli 
eucli  of  tlic  I'rcsbyti'rian,  iNIet.hodist,  and  l>aptist  (Iciioniinatinns,  a 
Masonic  Lodge,  Academy,  and  a  good  representation  of  the  dilVerent 
industrial  pursuits. 

Cravensville  is  situated  on  Grand  River,  four  miles  from  Gallatin, 
contains  3  churches,  Methodist,  Cumberland  Presbyterian,  and  Baj)- 
tist,  1  woolen  factory,  2  distilleries,  and  a  number  of  stores,  ware- 
houses, hotels,  etc.  The  town  was  originally  settled  by  Mormons,  in 
1837  or  '38,  and  the  post-office  established  in  1840.  Population 
a1)out  250. 

Pattonsburg  is  situated  on  Big  Creek,  three  miles  above  its  junc- 
tion with  (irand  River,  and  seventeen  miles  from  Gallatin;  contains 
1  M.  Episcopal  church,  a  Masonic  Lodge,  and  125  inhabitants. 

Alta  Vista,  population  100;  Jamesport,  80;  Salem,  50;  Vic- 
toria, 75. 


DE  KALB  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northwest  portion  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Gentry,  south  by  Clinton,  east  by  Daviess, 
and  west  by  Andrew  and  Buchanan  Counties.  The  county  was 
formed  from  a  portion  of  Clinton  County,  in  1841,  and  the  post-office 
at  the  county-seat  established  in  1845.  Population  of  the  county  in 
1850,  2075;   and  in  18(!0,  5244. 

Soils,  Productions,  etc. — The  soils  of  this  county  are  fertile  and 
well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  hemp,  corn,  wheat,  tobacco,  etc. 
Hemp  is  regarded  as  the  most  profitable  crop — yielding  from  1000 
to  1500  pounds  to  the  acre,  which  cost  $16  per  acre  to  raise  and  pre- 
pare for  market,  and  is  worth  $90  per  ton  ready  for  shipment.  Small 
grains  yield  abundantly;  horses,  mules,  cattle,  and  sheep,  do  well,  and 
stock  raising  is  profitable.  Building  stone,  clay  for  bricks,  and  hard- 
wood timber,  abundant.  The  general  surface  is  undulating,  and 
diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands.  The  Hannibal  and  St.  Josej)h 
Railroad  passes  through  the  southern  border  of  the  county,  affording 
cheap  and  speedy  transit  to  the  best  of  markets,  at  St.  Joseph,  St. 
Louis,  or  Chicago. 

MAYSVILLE,  the  county-scat,  is  situated  cast  of  the  center  of 
the  county,  upon  the  table-lands,  between  Livingston  Creek,  which 
bears  south  into  the  Platte,  and  Grindstone  Creek,  which  runs  north, 


DENT    COUNTY.  245 

into  Grand  River.  It  contains  4  churches,  Campbellite,  Cumberland 
Presbyterian,  Methodist,  and  Missionary  Baptist — a  Masonic  Lodge, 
High  School,  and  350  inhabitants. 

Stewartsville  is  a  brisk  new  town,  situated  on  the  Hannibal  and 
St.  Joseph  Railroad,  twenty-one  miles  from  St.  Joseph;  contains  1 
newspaper  office,  1  Methodist  and  1  Presbyterian  church,  Masonic 
Lodge,  and  about  600  inhabitants. 

Third  Fork  is  situated  upon  a  tributary  of  the  Platte,  of  the  same 
name,  fourteen  miles  from  Maysville,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns 
in  the  county,  having  been  settled  in  1837.  It  is  connected  by  stage 
with  Gentryville,  23  miles;  Albany,  30  miles;  Tolo,  15  miles,  Ro- 
chester, 7,  and  St.  Joseph,  21  miles. 


DENT   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Phelps  and  Crawford, 
south  by  Shannon,  east  by  Reynolds,  Iron,  and  Crawford,  and  west 
by  Phelps  and  Texas  Counties.  It  was  formed  out  of  the  northern 
part  of  Shannon  and  southern  part  of  Crawford,  and  named  in  honor 
of  Frederick  Dent,  an  early  and  respected  citizen  of  the  State. 
Reorganized,  December  4,  1855,  and  in  185G  contained  3207  in- 
habitants, and  in  1860,  5698. 

Physical  Features. — This  county  is  centrally  situated  on  the  divid- 
ing ridge,  miscalled  the  Ozark  Mountains;  as  stated  elsewhere,  this 
ridge  has  few  of  the  characteristics  of  a  mountain.  It  is  here  a 
wide  table-land,  having  an  altitude  of  al)out  1000  feet  above 
St.  Louis.  The  top  of  the  divide  is  formed  of  the  2d  sandstone  of 
the  Missouri  Geological  Survey,  and  under  this  the  8d  magnesian 
limestone.  The  stratum  of  sandstone  is  from  sixty  to  100  feet  thick, 
and  is  covered  with  a  yellow-pine  forest.  On  the  south  side  of  the 
main  divide  and  its  branches,  between  the  water-courses,  are  some 
extensive  white-oak  groves.  "Pleasant  Valley"  is  at  the  head  of 
Maramec  River — is  principally  prairie,  interspersed  with  oak  open- 
ings, with  a  good  depth  of  clay  over  the  sandstone,  and  soil  generally 
productive.  Gadsden  valley  is  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county — 
is  a  range  of  upland  country  with  oak  o]>enings  and  small  prairies. 
Both  timber  and  prairie  lands  are  generally  fertile — the  former  pre- 
dominating. The  timber  consists  of  hickory,  oak,  black  walnut, 
yellow  pine,  etc.,  of  full  size. 


246  DENT    COUNTY. 

Minerals. — Tii  tlie  northern  part  of  the  county  is  an  extensive 
specular  iri»ii  lield,  and  iu  the  southern  portion  an  extensive  hema- 
tite iron  bank,  whore  veins  are  found  in  east  and  west  crevices.  In 
section  9,  township  34,  range  3  east,  is  the  noted  exposure  known  as 
"Copper  Uill,"  in  the  vicinity  of  which  several  copper  veins  have 
been  discovered;  and  there  is  every  evidence  of  its  being  a  rich  cop- 
]>i'r  mining  district.  Some  of  the  most  valuable  iron  deposits  are 
owned  by  John  Orchard,  C.  C.  Zeigler,  Wm.  James,  and  others. 

Antiquities. — Near  the  head  waters  of  the  Maramec,  and  iu  the 
valley,  are  hundreds  of  Indian  mounds,  stretching  up  and  down  the 
valley  and  laid  off  into  regular  squares.  These  were  probably  not 
erected  as  places  of  burial,  but  as  a  protection  against  water,  for 
tent  locations. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — In  the  county  there  are  no  newspapers,  4 
lawyers,  3  physicians,  4  merchants,  2  druggists,  3  carpenter  shops,  1 
cabinet  shop,  2  blacksmith  shops,  1  wagon -maker,  1  saddler  shop, 
1  tailor  shoj),  2  shoemaker  shops,  1  tin  shop,  1  cooper  shop,  3  saw- 
mills, 2  flouring-mills,  and  2  hotels. 

Farmers,  capitalists,  wagon-makers,  cabinetmakers,  saddlers,  and 
intelligent  industrious  citizens  of  whatever  avocation  can  here  find 
good  water,  water  power,  timber,  building  materials,  and  good  mar- 
kets. 

Churches  and  school-liouses  are  more  numerous  than  usual  in  a 
new  country.  Christian,  Baptist,  and  Presbyterian  have  each  good 
edifices — five  church  organizations.  Society  very  good,  people  in- 
telligent and  enterprising. 

Advantages. — This  county  possesses  good  soil,  a  healthy  climate, 
abundance  of  water  power,  good  pine,  oak,  hickory,  and  walnut  tim- 
ber, uiul  immense  beds  of  iron,  lead,  and  copper.  Good  openings 
are  presented  for  capitalists,  miners,  mechanics  of  all  kinds,  farmers 
and  stock  growers. 

The  Lake  Spring  Male  and  Female  Academy  is  ably  conducted 
and  liberally  patronized;  has  the  best  building  in  that  region  of 
country.  There  is  also  an  excellent  male  and  female  academy  at 
Salem. 

SALEM,  the;  county-seat,  is  situated  in  a  high  and  nioderatcly 
rolling  country;  has  a  brick  cuurt-iiouse,  churches,  five  stores,  etc., 
and  is  destined  to  be  a  good  business  center  for  this  section,  espe- 
cially when  the  mineral  deposits  are  develoi)cd.  Population  about 
200. 


DOUGLAS   COUNTY — DUNKLIN    COUNTY.  247 


DOUGLAS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  sitnated  in  the  south  central  part  of  the  State,  and 
was  formed  from  the  northern  part  of  Ozark  County,  by  an  act 
approved  October  29,  1851.     In  1860  it  contained  2461  inhabitants. 

This  new  county  embraces  about  158  square  miles,  is  gener- 
ally sterile  and  broken,  and  a  great  portion  of  the  land  unfit  for 
cultivation,  and  valua1)le  only  for  the  excellent  pine,  oak,  and 
walnut  timber  that  abound  throughout  the  county.  The  princi- 
pal streams  traversing  the  county  are  the  Big  North  Fork  and 
Bryant's  fork  of  White  River,  and  their  tributaries,  upon  which  are 
found  very  good  water  power.  There  are  already  twelve  saw-mills 
and  eight  flouring-mills,  all  l)y  water  power,  furnishing  lumber  to  a 
considerable  extent  for  the  northern  and  western  counties.  The  soil 
and  climate  is  well  adapted  to  fruit  and  grape  culture.  Improved 
land  is  worth  from  $4  to  $6  per  acre ;  unimproved,  sixty  cents  to  $2. 
Corn,  wheat,  potatoes,  turnips,  rye,  tobacco,  and  the  usual  varieties 
of  grasses  are  profitably  produced  in  the  valleys.  Of  business  houses 
in  the  county,  there  are  (no  lawyers!)  3  doctors,  1  merchants,  2 
grocers,  1  tinner,  9  blacksmiths,  3  wagon-makers,  3  saddlers,  4  cabi- 
netmakers, 8  carpenters,  2  coopers,  and  2  tobacco  manufacturers. 
More  mechanics  are  wanted,  and  persons  with  energy  and  capital  to 
engage  in  grape  culture ;  and,  above  all,  some  good  school  teachers. 
There  are  11,960  acres  of  school  lands  unsold  in  this  county. 

VERA  CRUZ,  the  county-seat,  is  a  thriving  town,  and  contains 
about  60  inhabitants. 


DUNKLIN   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  west  and  south  by  Arkansas,  and  on  the  east  by 
Pemiscot,  which  separates  it  from  the  Mississippi  River  and  from 
Tennessee.  It  is  traversed  by  Whitewater  River,  and  watered  by 
Lake  Pemiscot,  which  bounds  the  lower  part  of  the  county  on  the 
east;  also  by  the  St.  Francois  River,  which  forms  its  western  line, 
and  by  numerous  lakes  and  ponds  in  various  parts  of  the  county. 
This  county,  together  with  several  adjoining,  was  severely  injured 


248  DUNKLIN    COUNTY. 

by  tlie  earthquakes  of  1811-12,  since  which  time  a  great  portion 
of  it  has  been  what  is  termed  "swamp  land."  Man}'  of  these 
swamps  can  be  reclaimed  by  drainage  with  but  little  expense,  and 
will  then  be  the  most  fertile  lands  probably  in  the  State.  The  Legis- 
lature, in  1849-50,  passed  a  bill,  introduced  by  Hon.  J.  S.  Huston, 
making  an  ajjpropriation  for  the  reclamation  of  the  swamp  lands  of 
Southeast  Missouri,  but  nothing  of  importance  has  been  done  toward 
it.  There  are  some  very  good  farms  in  the  county,  and  the  soil  is 
everywhere  very  fertile. 

According  to  the  Surveyor-General's  Report,  the  swamp  land  in 
this  county  is  greatly  over-estimated,  there  being  several  portions  of 
it  laid  down  in  his  survey  as  lakes  which  are  now  among  the  best 
farms  in  the  county.  Whether  this  has  been  an  error  in  his  report, 
or  that  by  some  natural  causes  these  lakes  have  become  dry  land,  is  a 
question. 

Grand  Prairie  and  West  Prairie  are  fertile  and  beautiful.  How- 
ever, the  location  is  not  considered  a  healthy  one. 

Dunklin  County  embraces  an  area  of  about  700  square  miles;  was 
first  settled  by  Jacob  Taylor  and  others  in  1829;  had  in  1850  a 
population  of  1232,  and  in  1860,  of  4689. 

Business  Statistics. — There  are  in  the  county,  3  lawyers,  16  doc- 
tors, 8  merchants,  8  grocers,  12  blacksmiths,  3  wagon-makers,  T  car- 
penters, 3  saw-mills,  4  flouring-mills,  and  1  hotel. 

Churches  and  Schools. — 1  New  School  I'resbyteriau  congregation 
of  75  members;  Methodist,  350;  Baptist,  350.  Of  schools,  there 
are  15,  situated  in  various  parts  of  the  county,  with  about  650  pupils. 
The  amount  appropriated  as  school  fund  for  this  year  is  $928  74. 

KENNETT,  the  county-seat,  has  a  pleasant  situation,  fair  business 
prospects,  and  a  population  of  about  50.  It  was  laid  out  in  the 
year  1845. 

Hornersville,  a  thriving  town,  has  100  inhabitants. 

Four-Mile,  a  population  of  50. 


FRANKLIN    COUNTY.  249 


FRANKLIN   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  Missouri  River, 
which  forms  its  northern  boundary.  The  county  is  separated  from 
the  Mississippi  by  St.  Louis  and  Jefferson  Counties,  which  form  its 
eastern  boundary.     In  1860  it  contained  a  population  of  18,124. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  this  county  is  broken,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  ranges  of  hills  elevated  from  100  to  300  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  adjacent  streams,  and  often  separated  from  each  other  by 
deep  valleys — some  of  them  very  narrow,  others  wide.  The  general 
direction  of  the  main  ridges  are  northeast  and  southwest.  In  the 
southern  part  the  county  is  very  uneven.  There  are  numerous  rapid- 
running  streams  affording  an  abundance  of  water,  the  most  important 
being  the  Missouri,  Maramec,  Bourbeuse,  St.  Johns,  Boeus,  and  Ber- 
ger.  The  Maramec  meanders  through  the  county,  is  exceedingly 
tortuous,  and  in  many  places  quite  rapid.  Its  bottoms  are  in  some 
places  wide  and  fertile.  Again,  the  stream  is  confined  between  hills 
having  an  altitude  of  300  feet,  which  rise  almost  perpendicular  from 
the  water's  edge.  The  chai*acters  of  the  Bourbeuse  valleys  are  very 
similar  to  those  of  the  Maramec. 

Franklin  is  one  of  the  best-timbered  counties  in  the  State,  and 
there  is  but  one  small  prairie  in  the  whole  county. 

Mineralogical  "Wealth. — This  county  is  far  richer  in  its  mineral 
than  agricultural  resources.  There  are  about  thirty  lead  mines  in  the 
county,  and  four  Scotch  hearth  lead  furnaces.  These  mines  are  situ- 
ated principally  in  townships  41  and  42,  ranges  1  and  2  west.  There 
are  five  localities  in  townships  40  and  41,  ranges  1  and  2  east,  where 
gray  sulphuret  and  green  carbonate  of  copper  are  found  in  considera- 
ble quantities.  Brown  hematite  iron  ore  is  found  in  several  places  in 
the  southeast  part  of  the  county,  principally  in  townships  41  and  42, 
ranges  1  and  2  east.  This  mineral  region  is  traversed  by  the  south- 
west branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  and  by  the  Maramec  River, 
affording  superior  facilities  for  taking  the  mineral  to  St.  Louis. 

At  the  Virginia  and  Mount  Hope  lead  mines  are  both  north  and 
south  vertical  veins.  The  former  has  yielded  upwards  of  10,000,000 
pounds  of  ore,  the  latter  about  5,000,000  pounds.  This  ore  has  been 
taken  from  the  top  of  these  veins,  and  is  evidently  but  a  small  por- 
tion of  what  the  mines  contain  in  the  rock  below  the  water  line. 
Several  other  north  and  south  veins  have  been  discovered  and  worked. 


250  FRANKLIN    COUNTF. 

Ore  is  also  found  in  horizontal  veins  in  the  rock,  and  in  unstratifiod 
veins  in  the  clay.  Fully  one-half  of  this  county  is  a  lead  field,  and 
ore  may  he  looked  for,  in  workahle  quantities,  in  almost  every  section 
of  land  throuprhout  this  part  of  Franklin  County. 

History. — The  first  court  held  in  this  county  was  on  the  1st  of 
January,  1819.  Frederick  Bates,  Secretary  of  the  Territory,  and 
exercising  the  government  thereof,  appointed  Benoni  Sappington 
Sheriff,  and  Joseph  Reeves  and  James  Iliggins,  Justices  of  the  Peace. 
The  court  was  held  at  the  residence  of  Hartley  Sappington,  a  short 
distance  above  Washington.  On  the  sixteenth  of  April,  Governor 
William  Clarke  resumed  the  gubernatorial  chair.  On  ^larch  8,  1819, 
Wm.  Laughlin,  David  Edwards,  and  Thomas  Buckner,  who  had  been 
appointed  by  an  act  of  the  Legislature  to  lay  off  the  county  and  fix 
the  seat  of  justice,  were  sworn  in.  Isaac  Murphy  was  appointed  to 
keep  a  ferry  on  the  Missouri,  and  gave  $500  bonds  to  pass  horses  at 
fifty  cents  each,  and  foot  passengers  at  twenty-five  cents.  Edward 
Simon  was  appointed  to  keep  a  ferry  over  the  Gasconade  at  half  the 
above  rates.  Thomas  Henry  was  appointed  Surveyor,  and  ordered 
at  this  term  to  run  the  lines  of  the  county.  The  county-seat  was 
formerly  at  New  Port,  which  was  situated  on  the  high  bluffs,  about  a 
mile  from  the  Missouri,  near  tlie  mouth  of  the  Bccuf  River.  The 
seat  of  justice  was  removed  to  Union  about  the  year  1830. 

The  Soil,  along  the  bottoms  of  the  larger  streams  and  upon  some 
of  the  uplands,  is  susceptible  of  a  high  state  of  cultivation;  and 
although  it  has  generally  been  considered  a  poor  farming  region, 
there  were,  in  1850,  in  this  county,  1096  farms  under  cultivation. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — The  following  branches  of  business  are  rep- 
resented in  this  county  to  the  extent  named,  principally  in  Washing- 
ton and  Union  :  1  newspaper,  (Weekly  Advertiser,)  1  academy,  1 
bookstore,  12  attorneys,  12  physicians,  2  dentists,  3  surveyors,  2 
bankers,  22  general  stores,  5  family  groceries,  2  druggists,  1  hard- 
ware store,  1  crockery  store,  2  millinery  stores,  3  tin  and  stove 
stores,  4  agricultural  stores,  7  brick-yards,  1  rope-walk,  3  carding 
machines,  1  distillery,  2  breweries,  2  potteries,  1  soap  and  candle 
manufactory,  2  tanneries,  2  broom  manufactories,  8  tailor  shops,  2 
bakeries,  16  shoe  shops  and  stores,  3  saddler  shops,  T  saw-mills,  4 
flouring-mills,  12  carpenter  shops,  5  cabinet  slioi)S,  4  jewelers,  14 
coopers,  3  nurseries,  12  blacksmiths,  10  wagon  shops,  4  tinners,  8 
painters,  10  hotels,  2  livery  stables,  2  warehouses,  4  gunsmiths,  2 
auctioneers,  0  butchers. 

UNION,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  on  the  Bourbeuse  River,  in  the 
nortii  central  part  of  the  county,  ten  miles  from  Washington,  seventy- 


GASCONADE   COUNTY.  25l 

five  from  Jefferson  City,  and  fifty-five  from  St.  Louis.  First  settled 
about  1829.     Present  population,  500. 

Washington,  the  commercial  point  and  most  important  town  in 
the  county,  is  situated  upon  a  beautiful  site  sloping  back  from  the 
Missouri  River  and  Pacific  Railroad,  overlooking  the  valley.  It  is 
seventy-one  miles  from  Jefferson  City  and  fifty-four  from  St.  Louis 
by  railroad,  and  ten  from  the  county-seat  by  stage.  Here  are  four 
churches  —  Catholic,  Presbyterian,  Lutheran,  and  Methodist  —  one 
Lodge  each  of  Masons  and  Odd  Fellows,  one  ladies'  high  school,  etc. 
Population  about  1200. 

Pacific  (formerly  called  Franklin)  is  situated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Pacific  Railroad  and  the  southwest  branch  of  the  same,  thirty- 
seven  miles  from  St.  Louis,  eighty-eight  from  Jefferson  City,  and 
eighteen  from  the  county-seat.  It  contains  1  Catholic  Church,  1 
Masonic  Lodge.     Population  300. 

Warrensville  is  situated  on  the  southwest  branch  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad,  seven  miles  from  Franklin,  and  fourteen  from  Union.  The 
town  is  supplied  with  water  from  one  of  the  finest  springs  in  this  part 
of  the  State,  which  affords  water  power  sufficient  to  propel  mill  ma- 
chinery.    Population  125. 

Boone  is  situated  thirty  miles  from  Union,  contains  a  Baptist  Church, 
two  mills,  several  stores,  etc.     Population  150. 

Gasconade,  on  the  Gasconade  River ;  Galls  Prairie,  Mount  Stir- 
ling, Leander,  Owensville,  and  Canaan,  in  the  central ;  Delphi, 
Bern,  Oak  Hill,  and  Jakes  Prairie,  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
county,  are  each  worthy  of  note. 


GASCONADE  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Missouri  River, 
and  next  west  of  Franklin,  (last  described,)  to  which,  in  many  re- 
spects, it  is  quite  similar. 

Physical  Features. — The  north  and  east  half  of  this  county  is 
hilly  and  broken,  and  in  some  places  bald  flint-hills  or  knobs  occur, 
which  are  entirely  destitute  of  timber,  and  unfit  for  cultivation.  Lead 
ore  is  reported  to  have  been  fouud  in  some  of  the  "flint  ridges."  The 
valleys  are  very  fertile,  and  a  number  of  superior  farms,  of  bottom 
laud,  are  under  a  good  state  of  cultivation.  The  prairies  are  small, 
dry,  and  fertile.    This  county  is  washed  on  the  north  by  the  Missouri 


252  GASCONADE   COUNTY. 

River;  the  interior  is  watered  by  the  Gasconade  and  its  numerous 
tributaries,  together  with  those  of  the  Maramec,  Boeuf  River,  and 
several  smaller  streams.  Upon  the  Gasconade  and  Bourbeuse  are  good 
sites  for  mills,  ami  excellent  water-power  improvement. 

Antiquities. — There  are  a  number  of  saltpeter  caves  along  the 
banks  of  the  Ciasconade,  which  were  profitably  worked  several  years 
since.  Some  of  the  saltpeter  was  shipped  down  the  river,  to  St. 
Louis,  but  the  greater  portion  was  used  in  the  manufacture  of  gun- 
powder, of  which  there  were  at  one  time  a  number  of  manufactories 
in  the  State.  Some  of  these  caves  are  large  and  interesting,  con- 
sisting frequently  of  a  succession  of  rooms  joined  to  each  other  by 
arched  hulls  of  a  considerable  height,  with  walls  of  white  limestone, 
upon  which  as  well  as  upon  the  floors  the  saltpeter  is  deposited,  and 
is  generally  so  pure  as  tg  need  but  one  washing  to  prepare  it  for  use, 
or  export. 

In  his  excellent  and  interesting  Gazetteer,  published  in  1823,  Pro- 
fessor Beck  says :  When  these  caves  were  first  discovered,  it  was 
not  unusual  to  find  in  them  Indian  axes  and  hammers,  which  led  to 
the  belief  that  they  had  formerly  been  worked  for  some  unknown  pur- 
pose by  the  savages.  It  is  difficult  to  decide  whether  these  tools  were 
left  here  by  the  present  race,  or  by  another  and  more  civilized,  which 
preceded  them.  Although  it  is  unusual  for  savages  in  our  day  to 
take  up  their  residence  in  caves — considering  these  places  to  which 
the  Moniteau  resorts — although  they  are  not  acquainted  with  any  of 
the  uses  of  the  saltpeter,  and  would  rather  avoid  than  collect  it,  the 
circumstance  of  finding  these  tools  in  the  caves  would,  of  itself,  per- 
haps permit  slight  evidence  that  the  country  of  the  Gasconade  was 
formerly  settled  by  a  race  of  men  who  were  acquainted  with  the  uses 
of  this  mineral,  or  who  exceeded  them  in  civilization,  or  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  arts.  But  there  are  other  facts  connected  with 
these  about  which  there  can  be  no  mistake ;  near  the  old  saw-mills, 
and  at  a  short  distance  from  the  road  leading  from  them  to  St. 
Louis,  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  town.  It  ai)pears  to  have  been 
regularly  laid  out,  and  the  dimensions  of  the  squares  and  streets  and 
some  of  the  houses  can  yet  be  discovered.  Stone  walls  are  found 
in  different  parts  of  the  area,  which  are  frequently  covered  by  huge 
heaps  of  earth.  Again,  a  stone  work  exists,  as  I  am  informed  by 
General  Ashley,  about  ten  miles  below  the  mills.  It  is  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Gasconade,  and  about  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet  square ; 
and  although  at  present  in  a  dilapidated  condition,  appears  to  have 
been  originally  built  with  an  uncommon  degree  of  regularity.  It  is 
situated  on  a  high,  bold  clifl",  which  commands  a  fine  and  extensive 


GASCONADE   COUNTY.  253 

view  of  the  country  on  all  sides.  From  tins  stone-work  is  a  small 
footpath,  running  a  devious  course  down  the  cliil",  to  the  entrance  of 
a  cave,  in  which  was  found  a  quantity  of  ashes.  This  path,  commu- 
nicating with  the  sacred  cave,  shows  that  the  temple  may  have  been 
erected  to  some  imaginary  deity. 

Schools. — The  citizens  of  Hermann  contributed  about  $12,000  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  good  school  in  the  town,  and  two  good 
teachers  are  paid  from  the  interest  of  this  fund.  Besides  the  2  in 
Hermann,  there  are  some  40  district  schools  in  various  parts  of  the 
county.  The  amount  of  State  school  money  appropriated  for  1859, 
for  this  county,  is  $2331  51. 

Farm  Products. — This  county  is  principally  settled  by  Germans, 
who  devote  more  attention  to  grape  culture  than  to  farming.  There 
are  large  tracts  of  land  occupied  by  well-cultivated  vineyards,  espe- 
cially in  the  vicinity  of  Hermann,  and  we  are  assured  that  grape  cul- 
ture and  wine  making  is  more  profitable  than  any  other  branch  of 
agriculture  or  horticulture.*  Crops  are  generally  good  ;  for  instance, 
farmers  raise,  per  acre,  of  corn,  100  bushels ;  wheat,  25  to  30;  tobacco, 
1500  pounds;  oats,  30  bushels;  barley,  40  to  60  bushels.  Of  barley, 
this  county  exported  about  300,000  bushels  in  1858,  at  an  average 
price  of  80  cents  per  bushel.  Buckwheat,  hemp,  and  flax  also  do  well. 
Those  who  have  tried  the  Chinese  sugar-cane  have  succeeded  very  well. 
One  farmer  made  several  barrels  of  sirup,  which  he  sold  at  80  cents  per 
gallon.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  stock  raising  has  been 
profitably  pursued.  Cultivated  farms  can  be  purchased  at  from  $5 
to  $30,  according  to  locality,  and  unimproved  land,  at  from  $1  to 
$15  per  acre. 

History  and  Business  Statistics. — Gasconade  was  severed  from 
Franklin  in  1820,  and  was  first  settled  by  Isaac  Perkins,  John  Pryor, 
and  Owen  Shockley.  In  1840,  the  county  had  a  population  of  5330, 
and  in  1850,  it  had  decreased  to  5000.  The  population  in  1860  was 
8594. 

HERMANN,  the  county-seat,  occupies  a  charming  site  on  the  Mis- 
souri River,  and  the  Pacific  Railroad,  forty-four  miles  from  Jefierson 
City,  and  eighty-one  from  St.  Louis.  The  trains  on  the  Pacific  R.  R. 
stop  here  to  dine,  and  Mr.  Leiman's  excellent  Dining  Hotel  has  rendered 
this  a  point  of  some  interest  to  travelers.  The  town,  as  its  name  in- 
dicates, is  inhabited  principally  by  Germans.     It  was  settled  in  1837, 

*  There  are  annually  produced  from  these  vineyards  from  15,000  to  100,000 
gallons  of  wine,  (owing  to  tlie  season,)  which  sells  readily  at  from  $1  25  to  $2  00 
per  gallon.     (See  chapter  on  Grape  Culture.) 


25t  GENTRY   COUNTY. 

by  the  "German  Settlement  Society"  of  Philadelplii.a  Tlie  principal 
business  of  Hermann  and  its  vicinity  is  fruit  growing,  and  especialatten- 
tion  is  given  to  the  culture  of  grapes,  and  a  large  quantity  of  wine  of 
the  finest  (luality  is  manufactured  here.  Peaches,  pears,  etc.  also  claim 
the  attention,  and  yield  well.  Messrs.  Husmann  Sz  Manwaring  ex- 
hibited thirty-four  varieties  of  the  grape  at  the  Agricultural  Fair,  in 
18G0,  and  ten  bunches  of  the  Catawl)a  variety  weighed  eleven  pounds. 
This  place  has  1  nevvspapei' — the  "  Volksblatt,"  (German,)  a  Catholic 
and  Protestant  Church,  a  County  Savings  Institution,  2  Masonic 
Lodges,  a  fanning-raill  manufactory,  a  nursery,  3  hotels,  1  steam 
flouring-mill,  3  lawyers,  12  physicians,  15  merchants,  12  grocers,  2 
druggists,  2  silversmiths,  3  tinners,  20  blacksmiths,  5  wagon-makers, 
2  saddlers,  8  tailors,  18  shoemakers,  8  cabinetmakers,  15  carpenters, 
6  coopers,  etc.     Population  about  2000. 

Calvy,  Moselle,  Iron  Hill,  St.  Clair,  and  Stanton,  on  the  south- 
west branch  of  the  Pacific  R.  R. ;  Port  Royal,  St.  Albans,  South 
Point,  Bassora,  and  New  Port,  on  the  Missouri  River  ;  and  Beauford, 
60  miles  west  of  Union,  the  county-seat,  are  all  places  of  some  busi- 
ness and  enterprise. 


GENTRY  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northwestern  portion  of  the  State, 
bounded  by  the  Iowa  State  line  on  the  north,  and  separated  from  the 
Missouri  River  on  the  west  by  Nodaway  and  xltchison  Counties. 
Population  of  the  county,  in  1800,  was  12,043. 

Physical  Features,  Soil  and  Productions. — The  face  of  the  country 
is  undulating,  diversified  with  prairie  and  timber,  and  well  watered 
by  Grand  River  and  its  tributaries.  Indications  of  rich  beds  of  cop- 
per, and  of  an  excellent  quality  of  l)ituminous  coal  have  been  found, 
but  no  banks  or  mines  opened  yet.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  well 
adapted  to  the  production  of  all  grains  and  grasses  suitable  to  this 
climate.  The  largest  yield  we  have  heard  of  in  the  county  is,  of 
hemp,  1200  pounds  per  acre;  tobacco,  1200  pounds;  corn,  120 
bushels;  wheat,  20  bushels;  rye,  50;  oats,  05;  buckwheat,  50;  po- 
tatoes, 300;  timothy,  2  to  3  tons;  Hungarian  grass,  4  tons.  Mr.  J. 
Allen,  an  enterprising  farmer  produced  corn,  some  ears  of  which  were 
fifteen  inches  long  and  eight  inches  in  circumference.  His  crop  was 
pbnved  twice,  and  received  no  further  cultivation.  The  quantity  and 
quality  of  fruit  and  vegetables  produced  is  very  satisfactory  to  farmers 


GENTRY   COUNTY.  255 

and  fruit  growers.  The  farmers  in  the  county  set  out  upwards  of 
15,000  fruit  trees,  and  a  vast  amount  of  evergreens  and  shrubbery, 
last  year,  and  are  adding  annually  to  their  orchards. 

History. — This  county  was  first  settled  in  1840  by  persons  from 
Clay  and  Ray  Counties.  The  county-seat  was  formerly  named  Athens, 
and  although  the  name  was  changed  to  Albany  by  the  Legislature,  at 
its  next  session  after  the  town  was  incorporated,  the  county-seat  is 
still  called  Athens  on  many  of  the  maps  since  published. 

Of  Business  Houses  in  the  county  there  are  7  lawyers,  1  newspaper, 
24  stores,  2  groceries,  3  drug  stores,  1  silversmith,  1  tin  shop,  10  black- 
smith shops,  6  wagon  shops,  2  saddler  shops,  2  cabinet  shops,  100 
carpenters,  3  cooper  shops,  12  steam  and  5  water  power  saw-mills,  5 
steam  and  5  water  power  flouring-mills. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  ten  churches  in  the  county — 
Presbyterian,  0.  S.,  100  members;  N.  S.,  100:  Methodist,  about 
500  members;  Baptist,  GOO;  Christians,  600  members.  The  school 
statistics  show  that  since  1850  the  number  of  school-houses  and  num- 
ber of  teachers  employed,  and  number  of  children  entitled  to  attend 
district  schools,  have  more  than  doubled,  while  the  liberality  mani- 
fested by  the  erection  of  good  school-houses  and  churches  is  truly 
commendable.  A  high  school  is  taught  in  Albany  by  Rev.  J.  N. 
Young,  and  bids  fair  to  become  an  institution  of  importance  to 
that  section  of  country.  Within  the  past  two  or  three  years,  new 
schools,  with  latest  arrangements  for  the  studio,  have  been  opened, 
and  school-houses,  at  an  average  cost  of  $G00  or  $700,  have  been 
erected,  and  the  teachers  number  among  their  ranks  the  polished 
students  of  Southern  and  Eastern  colleges. 

Number  of  districts  in  Gentry  County 77 

♦'  male  children 2527 

"  female  children 2239 

"  males  taught 1380 

"  females  taught 1105 

"  school-houses 57 

"  male  teachers  ..> 53 

"  female  teachers 14 

Amount  paid  to  teachers  in  1859 $4987  42 

"       derived  from  State  common  school  fund 2395  24 

According  to  the  assessor's  returns  for  1859,  there  were  in  the 
county  407,430  acres  of  land,  subject  to  taxation,  valued  at  $1,832,500  ; 
89  slaves,  valued  at  §42,925;  with  the  total  value  of  taxaljle  property, 
$2,397,070. 

The  natural  advantages  possessed  by  this  county  are  a  fertile  soil, 


25G  GREENE    COUNTY. 

healthy  location,  plenty  of  good  timber,  with  prairie  and  range  for 
cattle,  and  'mast"  for  hogs;  water  power,  building  stone,  stone  coal, 
and  prospects  of  finding  rich  beds  of  copper  ore.  Unimproved  lands 
sell  at  from  $4  to  $12  per  acre  for  timber,  and  $2  to  $7  for  prairie; 
and  improved  lands  at  from  $8  to  $20  per  acre.  Capitalists,  mer- 
chants, farmers,  mechanics,  and  honest,  industrious  men  of  all  classes 
can  do  well  in  Gentry  County. 

ALBANY,  the  county-scat,  is  situated  about  one  mile  cast  from 
Grand  River,  has  a  population  of  about  600  inhabitants,  and  is  grow- 
ing rajjidly.  Among  the  most  important  institutions  may  be  named 
1  high  school,  a  Masonic  Lodge,  2  churches,  T  general  stores,  2  drug 
stores,  2  steam  flouring  and  saw  mills,  2  hotels,  1  newspaper,  (Albany 
Courier,)  and  a  good  representation  of  mechanics,  professional  men, 
etc. 

Gentryville  is  situated  upon  Grand  River,  and  her  location  for 
beauty  and  eligibility  is  second  to  none  in  the  county,  being  sur- 
rounded by  some  of  the  oldest  and  best  farms  and  farming  lands  that 
Gentry  can  afford.  This  town  has  recently  been  incorporated,  and 
bids  fair  to  become  a  place  of  importance.     Population  about  800. 

Of  other  towns,  there  are  Fairview,  population  75;  West  Point, 
75;  AUensville,  100;  Smithton,  50;  Matthew's  Grove,  30;  and 
Havana,  30. 


GREENE  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  l)y  Polk,  east  by  "Webster,  south  by  Christian, 
and  west  by  Dade  and  Lawrence  Counties.  This  county  was  first 
settled  by  John  P.  Campbell,  Robert  Patterson,  and  William  Full- 
bright.     In  1S60  it  contained  a  population  of  13,247. 

Physical  Features.  —  This  county  is,  topographically  speaking, 
higher  than  any  of  tlie  adjacent  country,  and  the  streams  are  all  clear 
and  rapid.  The  general  face  of  the  country  is  undulating,  and  some 
portions  broken  or  hilly.  The  prairies  are  large,  rich,  and  beautiful, 
skirted  by  timber  along  the  streams,  and  in  small  groves.  Occasional 
"  barrens"  intervene,  which  are  stony  and  sparsely  timbered.  Timber 
is  not  very  abundant,  but  there  is  sufficient  for  all  practical  purposes. 
The  high  ridge  erroneously  named  Ozark  Mountains  extend  through 
this  county.  (See  Topography  of  Ozark  Mountains,  in  another  chap- 
ter.)     The  southern  part  of  the  county  is  traversed  by  important 


GREENE    COUNTY.  257 

branches  of  Wliite  River,  and  tlie  northern  portion  by  the  Osage 
River,  while  large  springs  of  clear,  cold  water  are  abundant,  several 
of  which  break  forth  from  fissures  in  the  rocks,  and  are  of  sufficient 
capacity  to  propel  machinery  for  saw  or  grist  mills,  and  are  not  affected 
by  wet  or  dry  seasons. 

Soil,  Productions,  etc. — Although  the  soil  of  the  county  is  not  as 
deep  and  fertile  as  in  some  portions  of  the  State,  this  is  considered  a 
good  agricultural  district,  and  is  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  all 
kinds  of  cereals,  grasses,  and  produces  an  abundant  yield  of  fruit  of 
every  variety.  There  is  not  perhaps  in  the  State,  if  anywhere,  a 
region  of  country  better  adapted  to  grape  culture  than  this ;  and  the 
gravelly  ridges  that  are  now  entirely  neglected,  called  "the  barrens," 
contain  all  the  elements  to  insure  success  in  vine  growing,  and,  with 
proper  management,  would  yield  a  greater  profit  than  many  of  the 
farms  that  produce  twenty-five  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre.  The 
wild  grape  that  grows  here  so  abundantly  is  much  larger  and  better 
flavored  than  in  more  northern  latitudes,  which  would  indicate  that 
both  the  soil  and  climate  are  favorable  to  the  grape.  Peaches  grow 
large,  aiid  seldom  fail ;  while  apples,  pears,  and  all  other  varieties  of 
fruit  yield  well.  Considerable  attention  has  been  given  to  the  intro- 
duction of  Chinese  sugar-cane,  which  yields  well,  but  the  flavor  of 
the  sirup  is  not  considered  equal  to  that  of  the  Southern  cane,  and 
but  little  will  be  raised.  Corn  is  the  staple  product,  but  wheat,  oats, 
tobacco,  and  some  flax  and  cotton  are  produced.  The  crop  of  to-, 
bacco  last  year  exceeded  250,000  pounds,  which  was  sold  at  from 
seven  to  twelve  cents  per  pound,  in  the  leaf;  and  as  most  of  it  is 
manufactured  at  the  four  tobacco  manufactories  in  the  county,  (whose 
sales  exceed  $50,000  annually,)  the  profits  from  both  its  culture  and 
manufacture  remain  in  the  county. 

Springfield  Land  District. — One  of  the  most  important  land  offices 
in  the  State  is  located  at  Springfield. 

There  yet  remains  unsold  in  Springfield  land  district  about  3,000,000 
of  acres  of  land,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  mountainous,  but  well 
adapted  for  pasture  and  for  the  cultivation  of  the  grape. 

Stock  Growing. — As  the  following  figures  will  show,  this  is  one  of 
the  most  important  branches  of  industry  pursued  in  this  county.  In 
1858  there  were  upwards  of  1000  yoke  of  oxen  sold  from  this  county, 
principally  to  the  Santa  Fe  and  Utah  freighters,  at  from  $75  to  $85 
per  yoke;  and  of  horses  and  mules  nearly  1400,  princii)ally  to  the 
cotton  fields  and  sugar  plantations  of  Mississipi)i,  Louisiana,  and 
Texas,  at  an  average  price  of  $140,  amounting  to  some  $300,000. 
During  the   first  half  of  the   year  1859  upwards  of  7000  head  of 

17 


258  GREENE    COUNTY. 

steers  were  driven  to  the  one  point,  Independence,  and  sold  at  prices 
making  an  aggregate  of  $400,000,  and  a  net  profit  to  the  owners  of 
say  $1220,000 — costing  about  $30  per  liead,  and  selling  for  $08.  Large 
numbers  have  been  driven  to  St.  Louis  besides  the  above.  Of  horses, 
mules,  sheep,  cows,  and  calves,  the  sale  is  also  large,  but  we  have  not 
the  statistics.  SuflBce  it  to  say  that  this  is  one  of  the  best  grazing 
counties  in  the  State. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — 'Slcn  of  large  capital  can  find  here 
chances  for  prolital^le  investment,  wliile  the  honest,  industrious  me- 
chanic with  small  means  will  find  opi)ortunities  to  increase  them. 
Hundreds  and  thousands  of  acres  await  the  farmer's  plow,  and  the 
demand  for  sober,  energetic  mechanics  is  very  good.  There  is  no 
portion  of  the  State  where  industry  commands  a  more  certain  reward. 
The  variety  of  soil,  mild  and  healthy  climate,  advantageous  natural 
position,  and  certain  market,  at  good  prices,  for  all  the  farm  products, 
and  of  remunerative  wages  for  all  kinds  of  labor,  are  inducements 
which  those  seeking  a  permanent  home  in  Missouri  should  not  over- 
look. 

Churches  and  Schools.— -The  Methodist  E.  Church,  Christians, 
Baptists,  Cumberland  Presbyterians,  Reformed  Methodists,  0.  S. 
and  N.  S.  Presbyterians,  each  have  churches  that  are  well  attended  in 
the  county.  Of  high  schools  there  is  one  for  females,  and  a  male  and 
female  college  where  both  sexes  are  taught,  with  a  creditable  number 
of  other  schools  in  the  county. 

Newspaper  History. — The  first  newspaper  in  Greene  County  was 
published  in  1889  by  Cyrus  Stark  and  E.  D.  McKinney,  called  the 
Ozark  Standard,  This  was  succeeded  in  1840  by  the  Ozark  Eagle, 
published  by  R.  A.  Ilazzard,  now  of  Jefferson  City.  In  1844  the 
Springfield  Advertiser  was  commenced  by  W.  H.  Graves.  This  paper 
has  been  continued  to  this  time  by  W.  IL  &  A.  C.  Graves.  In  1840, 
the  Texas  Democrat  was  started  by  E.  D.  McKinney.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  Si»riiiglieid  Whig  in  1847,  pnlilished  by  C.  E.  Fisher, 
which  was  removed  to  Osceola  and  there  i)iil)lished  by  C.  E.  Fisher 
and  E.  C.  Davis  as  the  Osceola  Independent.  In  1849,  John  M. 
Richardson  started  the  Southwestern  Flag,  which  was  published  until 
1852,  and  then  changed  to  the  Democratic  Lancet  by  Joshua  Davis. 
In  the  spring  of  1854,  Mr.  James  W.  IJoren  commenced  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Spiingfield  Mirror,  which  is  still  continued  by  him. 

SPRINGFIELD,  the  county-seat,  is  jileasantly  and  advantageously 
situated  near  the  center  of  the  county,  surrounded  by  a  wide  expanse 
of  fertile,  agricultural  land,  bounded  on  the  west  and  south  by  two 
large,  rich  prairies,  divided  into  numerous  well-cultivated  farms.    The 


GRUNDY    COUNTY.  259 

buikliugs  are  neat  and  substantial,  especially  some  of  the  public  build- 
ings, among  which  the  Court-house  and  Methodist  Church  are  two  of 
the  finest  buildings  outside  of  St.  Louis — the  latter  having  been  built 
at  a  cost  of  $15,000.  The  streets  are  wide,  and  the  numerous  shade 
trees  add  much  to  its  beauty  and  healthfulness.  Springfield  was  in- 
corporated as  a  city,  December  13,  1855,  and  now  contains  a  popula- 
tion of  about  2000. 

There  are  in  Springfield  2  newspapers,  1  banker,  20  lawyers,  22 
physicians,  29  merchants,  4  druggists,  3  silversmiths,  2  tinners,  18 
blacksmiths,  6  wagon-makers,  2  saddlers,  4  tailors,  5  shoemakers,  4 
cabinetmakers,  25  carpenters,  5  tobacco  manufacturers,  1  steam  and 
4  water  power  saw-mills,  1  steam  and  T  water  power  flouring-mills,  3 
hotels,  etc.,  besides  manufactories  of  farming  implements,  and  tan- 
neries. 

Ozark,  situated  fourteen  miles  south  from  county-seat ;  400. 

Linden,  fourteen  miles  southeast ;  300. 

Ebenezer,  ten  miles  west;  150.    At  Ebenezer  there  is  a  fine  school. 

Distance  from  Springfield  to  Syracuse,  on  Pacific  Railroad,  130 
miles;  to  Jefi'erson  City,  130;   St.  Louis,  230. 


GRUNDY   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  north  part  of  the  State,  about  mid- 
way between  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Ilivers,  and  separated 
from  the  Iowa  State  line  by  Mercer  County,  which  bounds  Grundy 
on  the  north.     In  1860  it  contained  8202  inhabitants. 

Physical  Features. — The  general  character  of  this  county  is  un- 
dulating or  rolling.  It  is  very  well  watered  by  the  tril)utarics  of 
Grand  River.  The  table-lands  and  divides  are  generally  prairie,  and 
the  streams  are  skirted  with  timber,  affording  sufficient  for  fencing 
and  fuel.  The  soil  is  very  good  and  well  adapted  to  all  farming  pur- 
poses. Of  this  the  reader  will  find  a  more  full  description  in  the 
chapter  on  the  Grand  River  Country.  Turnips  have  been  raised  in 
this  county  by  Mr.  Osborn,  which,  after  being  closely  trimmed,  weighed 
eleven  pounds  and  three  ounces;  and  James  Wynn  has  produced  corn, 
one  ear  of  which  contained  1383  grains,  all  well  filled;  and  a  radish 
weighing  four  pounds  and  three  ounces.  Mr.  Isaac  Fronmn  raised 
in  one  season,  upon  a  piece  of  ground  two  feet  by  fifteen,  first  ten 
bushels  of  onions,  and  afterward  eight  bushels  of  turnips. 


2G0  HARRISON    COUNTY. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  ^Ictliodists,  Presbyterians,  Baptists, 
Christians,  and  Kfl'ormi-rs,  eacli  have  con^refjations.  Tiie  county 
has  good  schools  suj)])ortcd  by  the  jjublic  fund  ;  also  the  Grand  Kivcr 
College  opened  Seitteuiber  2,  1850,  which  is  a  flourishing  and  wcU- 
supportcd  institution. 

Farmers  will  Gnd  good  farming  lands  at  very  low  figures.  Mechan- 
ics and  machinists  are  wanted  to  establish  in  this  county.  Excellent 
water  power  and  good  localities  for  saw  and  grist  mills.  Capitalists 
who  wish  to  invest  iu  the  best  lands  at  the  present  low  figures,  and 
let  them  remain  uncultivated,  are  not  wanted.  Men  of  energy  and 
industry,  from  whatever  country  or  clime,  will  receive  a  hearty  wel- 
come, and  cannot  but  reap  a  rich  reward  for  their  labor. 

TRENTON,  the  county-seat,  is  pleasantly  situated  upon  the  upland, 
on  the  east  side  of  Grand  River,  and  bids  fair  to  become  a  town  of 
importance.  It  was  incorporated  February  2t,  1857,  and  contains 
a  population  of  about  900. 

Edinburgh  was  first  settled  in  April,  1851,  is  situated  on  the  west 
side  of  Grand  lliver,  some  seven  miles  from  Trenton,  and  owes  its 
existence  principally  to  the  success  of  Grand  Kiver  College.  Popu- 
lation 200. 

Lindlay  contains  a  population  of  200. 

Nevada,  a  i)opulation  of  75. 

Nearest  point  to  railroad  is  at  Chillicothe,  which  is  twenty-one 
miles  from  Trenton.  These  towns  are  generally  well  supplied  with 
business  houses. 


HARRISON   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  north-n6rthwestern  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Iowa  State  line,  south  by  Daviess 
County,  east  by  Mercer  and  Grundy,  and  west  by  Gentry  County. 
Area  750  square  miles.  Population  in  18(')0,  10,640.  First  settled 
in  1837  by  Wm.  Mitchell,  Jno.  Conditt,  and  Reuben  Macey. 

Physical  Features. — The  northeast  part  of  the  county  is  traversed 
by  the  Crooked  Fork  of  Grand  River,  and  Big  Creek,  an  affluent  of 
Grand  River,  traverses  the  middle  of  the  county  from  north  to  south. 
Besides  these,  the  county  is  traversed  by  Sugar,  Cypress,  and  Samson 
Creeks.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  principally  prairie,  but  in 
some  instances  broken.     The  timber  is  mostly  confined  to  the  mar- 


HARRISON    COUNTY.  261 

gins  of  water-courses,  and  consists  of  white,  black,  pine,  and  bur 
oak,  walnut,  sugar-tree,  maple,  linn,  sycamore,  birch,  cherry,  cotton- 
wood,  hackberry,  ash,  hickory,  etc.,  which  skirt  the  streams  and  stand 
here  and  there  in  groves.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  has  in 
some  instances  produced  per  acre,  of  tobacco,  1000  pounds;  flax, 
500  pounds;  corn,  85  busliels;  wheat,  30  bushels;  rye,  40  bushels; 
oats,  40  bushels;  buckwheat,  50  bushels;  potatoes,  250  bushels; 
onions,  100  bushels;  beets,  150  bushels;  carrots,  100  bushels;  tur- 
nips, 100  bushels;  timothy,  2  tons;  Hungarian  grass,  3  tons;  and 
an  abundant  yield  of  fruit  and  grasses.  Chinese  sugar-cane  thrives 
well,  and  large  quantities  of  molasses  and  sirup  are  made  for  home 
consumption  and  for  exportation.  There  are  15  saw-mills  and  8 
flouring-mills  on  Grand  River  and  Big  Creek.  There  is  other  fine 
water  power  on  these  streams  unimproved.  There  are  good  State, 
county,  and  neighborhood  roads  through  the  county. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  Presbyterians,  Methodists,  Baptists, 
Episcopalians,  and  Christians  each  have  places  of  worship  in  this 
county.  There  are  80  free  schools,  besides  several  fine  high  schools 
for  both  sexes. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — Rich  soil,  good  timber,  healthy 
climate,  clear  rapid  streams,  and  good  demand  for  all  articles  pro- 
duced.    Fine  country  for  stock  growing. 

BETHANY,  the  county-seat,  is  a  thrifty,  healthy  town,  situated 
about  a  mile  east  of  Big  Creek,  in  the  center  of  a  beautiful  and  fer- 
tile country.  The  town  was  first  settled  by  Tennesseeans  in  1845, 
and  now  contains  three  churches — Christian,  Methodist,  and  Baptist — 
a  Masonic  Lodge,  High  School,  steam  saw  and  grist  mill,  two  hotels, 
a  variety  of  stores,  mechanics,  etc.,  and  600  inhabitants.  To  the 
east  and  north  of  Bethany  there  is  a  vast  body  of  timber  sufiQcient  to 
supply  it  for  coming  ages.  On  the  west  there  is  one  vast  and  bound- 
less prairie,  which  extends  far  beyond  the  reach  of  the  eye,  nearly 
all  of  which  is  yet  unsettled.  From  Bethany  to  Hamilton,  on  Han- 
nibal and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  42  miles,  to  St.  Joseph,  65  miles. 

Trail  Creek  is  situated  on  the  upland,  between  Trail  aiid  Panther 
Creeks;  contains  a  Methodist  Church,  steam  saw  and  grist  mill, 
several  stores,  etc.  This  place  is  the  residence  of  Hon.  J.  T.  Craig, 
U.  S.  Senator,  Jas.  McFarran,  State  Senator,  and  James  Nevil, 
representative.     Population  about  300. 

Eagleville  is  a  new  town,  on  Shawnee  Creek,  sixteen  miles  from 
Bethany;  was  first  settled  in  1842,  but  the  town  is  of  more  recent 
origin.     Here  are  1  Baptist,  1  Christiiin,  and  2  Methodist  Churches, 


2G2  HENRY    COUNTY. 

2  hotels,  4  steam  saw-mills,  2  grist  or  flouring-raills,  broom  manufac- 
tory, several  stores  and  other  business  houses.     Population  150. 

The  population  of  the  following  towns  are  stated  to  be:  (?)  Cains- 
ville,  12J;  Snellsville,  25;  Martinsville,  30;  Mt.  Moriah,  50; 
Mitchellsville,  30 ;  Harrison  City,  35 ;  Akron,  25. 


HENRY   COUNTY. 

Tliis  county,  formerly  called  Bivrs,  is  situated  in  the  w^estern  part 
of  the  State,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Johnson,  east  by  Benton, 
south  by  St.  Clair,  and  west  by  Bates  and  Cass,  which  separates  it 
from  the  Kansas  line.  The  first  settlements  in  this  section  were  made 
in  1831.  The  name  was  changed  from  Rives  to  Henry  in  1841. 
The  population  of  the  county  in  1850  was  4052;  1856,  6642;  and 
in  1860,  9805. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  nndulating ;  neither 
level  nor  broken.  There  is  about  one-third  timber  and  the  remainder 
prairie.  The  timber  consists  of  oak,  hickory,  walnut,  linn,  etc.  The 
early  settlers  hesitated  about  settling  upon  the  larger  prairies,  on 
account  of  the  lack  of  timber  for  fuel;  but  there  have  since  been 
found  extensive  banks  of  excellent  coal,  and  all  objections  are  re- 
moved. So  in  many  parts  of  this  State,  it  will  be  seen  that  where  a 
superficial  examination  indicates  the  absence  of  some  important  native 
element  of  wealth,  deep  research  and  thorough  investigation  generally 
prove  the  existence  of  hidden  treasures  which  more  than  compensate 
for  the  seeming  deficiency.  The  county  is  watered  by  Grand  River 
and  Big  Creek,  Deepwater  in  the  western  and  Thibault  (pronounced 
Tebo)  and  its  sixteen  tributaries  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county. 
Nearly  all  of  these  streams  have  very  fine  mill  sites  upon  them. 

Soil  and  Productijns. — The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  well  adapted 
to  all  farming  purposes.  Some  farms  have  yielded  of  hemp,  800 
pounds  to  the  acre ;  tobacco,  IGOO ;  flax,  2000  pounds,  (in  the  straw ;) 
corn,  80  bushels;  wheat,  35  bushels;  rye,  40;  barley,  30;  oats,  50; 
buckwheat,  50  ;  potatoes,  250;  onions,  320;  beets,  320;  carrots,  320; 
turnips,  500;  timothy,  8000  pounds;  clover,  2000  pounds;  Hungarian 
grass,  8000  pounds,  etc.;  with  an  abundance  of  all  kinds  of  fruit.  Un- 
improved lands  are  worth  from  $2  50  to  $8 ;  and  improved,  from  $5  to 
$25.  This  county  is  very  well  adapted  to  stock  growing,  as  timothy, 
blue-grass,  clover,  and  native  prairie  grass  grow  finely.  Here  are 
good  openings  for  farmers,  mechanics,  and  capitalists.     Stone  coal 


HICKORY    COUNTY.  263 

and  iron  ore  are  the  only  minerals  of  any  practical  value  in  the 
county. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  It  churchevS  in  the  county. 
Of  schools,  there  are  55  district  schools  and  2  private.  The  High 
School  at  Clinton,  and  Male  and  Female  Academy  at  Calhoun ;  the 
latter  was  incorporated  in  1855.  Both  these  schools  are  well  con- 
ducted and  liberally  patronized. 

The  Osage  Valley  and  Southern  Kansas  Valley  Railroad,  now  in 
course  of  construction,  will  pass  directly  through  the  county-seat, 
and  secure  to  the  citizens  of  the  county  an  outlet  to  market  which 
they  have  long  needed. 

CLINTON,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  on  Grand  River,  which 
flows  through  the  county  from  the  northwest  to  the  southeast  corner. 
It  contains  one  Methodist  Church,  a  newspaper,  (the  Clinton  Journal,) 
one  Masonic  Lodge,  brickyard,  steam  flouring-mill,  two  hotels.  High 
School,  several  stores,  mechanics'  shops,  etc.     Population  about  300. 

Calhoun  is  on  Thibault  Creek,  twelve  miles  from  Clinton,  contains  a 
Male  and  Female  Seminary,  Masonic  and  Good  Templars'  Lodges, 
one  church,  carding  machine,  two  hotels,  several  stores  and  shops, 
and  about  350  inhabitants. 

Shawnee  Mound  is  on  Henry  Creek,  twelve  miles  from  the  county- 
seat,  and  first  settled  in  1850,  by  A.  D.  Gillespie  and  others.  Here 
are  four  churches :  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Baptist,  and  Christian. 
Population  50.     This  is  in  the  center  of  a  rich  farming  district. 

Of  other  towns,  there  are  Bellemont,  population  100  ;  Leesville, 
100;  and  Germantown,  30. 


HICKORY  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the  southwest  quarter  of 
the  State ;  bounded  on  the  north  by  Benton,  south  by  Polk  and  Dal- 
las, east  by  Camden  and  Dallas,  and  west  by  St.  Clair  County.  Con- 
tains an  area  of  nearly  400  square  miles;  had  a  population  in  1856 
of  3312;  in  18G0,  of  4820. 

Physical  Features. — The  land  is  generally  fertile,  undulating,  and 
in  some  places  broken,  with  about  an  equal  amount  of  prairie  and 
timber  land.  In  this,  as  in  most  other  counties  in  the  State,  the 
forests  are  growing  up  rapidly  since  the  Indians  have  been  driven 
away,  and  the  annual  fires  kept  out.  But  little  attention  has  been 
paid  to  the  culture  of  grapes,  hemp,  flax,  or  tobacco.     An  average 


264  UOLT   COUNTY. 

crop  of  wlieat  is  about  30  bushels  to  the  acre;  corn,  100  bushels;  rye, 
25,  (very  little  raised;)  oats,  30;  buckwheat,  12  to  15;  potatoes,  50  to 
60;  turnips,  300.  Timothy,  clover,  and  Iliiiijrarian  grass  do  well. 
There  is  water  power  on  tlie  Niaii<;ua  and  Pumnie  de  Tcrre,  but  is 
unimproved.  Lead  is  found  in  various  localities,  but  no  attention 
paid  to  mining.  Unimproved  land  worth  about  $3 ;  improved,  $8 
to  $10. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  county  contains  3  churches — 1  each 
of  New  School  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  and  Baptist.  There  are 
28  i)ublic  schools  located  in  the  diflerent  townships,  and  of  1435 
children,  between  5  and  20,  there  were  but  GOG  taught,  in  1857. 
Amount  of  school  money  apportioned  to  this  county  in  1859, 
$1190  65. 

HERMITAGE,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the 
county,  east  of  the  Pomrae  de  Terre  River,  upon  a  pleasant  and 
commanding  location.  The  place  was  first  settled  in  1843,  and  now 
contains  a  Methodist  Church,  steam  flouring-mill,  steam  saw-mill,  2 
hotels,  and  numerous  stores,  shops,  etc.     Population  about  125. 

ftuincy  is  on  the  Syracuse  and  Springfield  Stage  route,  about 
midway  l)etween  the  two  points,  sixty-seven  miles  from  Syracuse,  and 
eleven  miles  from  the  county-seat.  It  contains  a  church.  Masonic 
Lodge,  woolen  factory,  flouring-mill,  2  hotels,  etc.    Population  150. 

Preston,  (Black  Oak  Point  Post-Oflice)  is  six  miles  from  Her- 
mitage.    I'opulatiou  75. 


HOLT  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  one  of  the  six  that  compose  the  Platte  Purchase. 
It  is  situated  near  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Nodaway  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Andrew  and  Nodaway  Counties,  on  the  north  by  Atchison,  (which 
extends  to  the  Iowa  State  line,)  and  on  the  west  and  south  by  the 
Missouri  River,  and  contains  an  area  of  470  s(juare  miles. 

History. — This  county  was  first  settled  in  1835,  by  Joseph  Kenzie, 
James  Miller,  and  Dr.  G.  B.  Tiuirp,  from  Tennessee,  Colonel  Kelly, 
from  Virginia,  and  S.  C.  Collins,  from  Indiana.  It  was  named  iu 
honor  of  Dr.  Holt,  a  former  member  (jf  the  Legislature.  Population 
in  1X50,  3955;   in  1S5(;,  5404;   in  ISGO,  fcMlO. 

Physical  Features,  Soils,  and  Productions. — The  general  surface 


HOLT  county/"  265 

of  the  county  is  undulating — prairie  and  timber  about  equal.  It  is 
watered  by  the  Nodaway,  Big  and  Little  Tarkeo,  Mill  Creek,  Kenzie 
Creek,  Davis  Creek,  and  numerous  springs  throughout  the  county. 
Bank's  Big  Spring,  on  section  29,  township  16,  range  38,  two  miles 
west  from  Oregon,  has  a  capacity  sufficient  to  propel  machinery. 
The  Missouri  bottom  varies  in  width,  from  three  to  ten  miles,  and  is 
exceedingly  fertile,  being  an  alluvial  formation,  and  the  soil  in  some 
places  is  twenty-three  feet  deep.  The  prairies  are  also  exceedingly 
fertile.  Taking  the  county  at  large,  it  is  adapted  to  the  production  of 
all  kinds  of  grain,  grasses,  fruit,  and  vegetables,  that  are  cultivated  in 
this  latitude.  There  has  been  produced,  several  seasons  in  succession, 
of  corn,  125  bushels  to  the  acre;  hemp,  1500  pounds;  oats,  40  bushels, 
etc.  In  the  season  of  1859  there  were  1900  bales  of  hemp  shipped 
from  Forest  City.  Hemp  is  the  most  profitable  as  well  as  most  cer- 
tain crop,  and  the  farmers  seem  inclined  to  devote  their  farms  to  the 
culture  of  hemp  and  tobacco,  and  the  raising  of  stock. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county  two  newspapers, 
(Holt  County  News  and  Forest  City  Monitor;)  lawyers,  9;  physi- 
cians, 7;  merchants,  44;  druggists,  3;  carpenter  shops,  5;  jewelers, 
2 ;  gunsmiths,  2 ;  blacksmiths,  2 ;  wagon  shops,  4 ;  saddler,  1 ;  tailors, 
4;  shoemakers,  5;  tinners,  2;  cooper,  1;  carding  machine,  1;  steam 
saw-mills,  6 ;  steam  flouring-mill,  1 ;  water  saw-mills,  7  ;  water  flour- 
ing-mills,  5  ;  hotels,  5. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — A  correspondent  of  the  Republican 
writes  :  "Between  the  Missouri  and  Nodaway  Rivers  is  a  high  rolling 
prairie,  dotted  by  numerous  groves  of  timber — as  healthy,  fertile,  and 
beautiful  country  as  is  to  be  found  on  the  globe."  The  inhabitants 
are  generally  intelligent,  industrious,  and  contented.  The  county  is 
settling  up  rapidly,  and  is  soon  to  receive  a  new  impetus  by  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Platte  County  Railroad.  Industrious,  skillful  farmers, 
coopers,  wagon-makers,  carpenters,  and  merchants  are  needed.  Sad- 
dlers will  here  find  one  of  the  best  openings  in  the  State. 

Schools. — Teachers  who  are  well  qualified  and  wish  to  enter  the 
field  in  earnest  will  here  find  an  ample  scope  for  labor,  and  an  abund- 
ance of  capital  and  willing  hands  to  aid  them.  This  county  has  a 
school  fund  of  over  $100,000,  and  last  year  appropriated  more  toward 
the  repair  and  erection  of  school-houses,  in  proportion  to  her  popu- 
lation, than  any  other  county  in  the  State.  Only  two  counties  ap- 
propriated more — St.  Louis  and  Howard,  the  latter  exceeding  Holt 
only  $31.  There  are  2598  children  in  the  county,  33  school-houses, 
and  $0116  appropriated  for  new  school-houses. 

OREGON,  the  county-seat,  has  an  elevated  and  handsome  situation, 


266  HOWARD    COUNTY. 

south  from  the  center  of  the  county,  and  about  twenty  miles  above 
St.  Joseph.  It  was  first  settk'(l  in  1845,  incorporated  as  a  city 
November  '),  1857,  and  now  contaiii.s  a  population  of  about  700. 

Forest  City,  the  commercial  point  of  the  county,  is  a  thrifty  new 
town,  on  the  Missouri  Uiver,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  west  from 
the  county-seat,  and  fifty  miles  above  St.  Joseph.  The  principal 
business  done  here  is  pork  packing,  and  the  manufacture  of  hemp. 
In  the  season  of  1859,  one  firm  packed  and  shipped  $65,000  worth  of 
pork.  Tiiere  are  three  large  hemp  warehouses,  with  hemp  presses. 
Poi^ulation  about  600. 

Lowell  is  situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  thirty  miles  from  Oregon. 
Population  300. 

Mound  City  is  situated  on  Davis  Creek,  twelve  miles  from  Oregon, 
on  the  St.  Joseph  and  Council  Bluffs  stage  line.  The  name  was 
changed  from  North  Point  to  Mound  City,  by  the  Legislature,  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1857 — the  post-oflBce  is  still  called  "  North  Point."  Popu- 
lation 150. 


HOWARD  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  in  the 
north  central  part  of  the  State,  bounded  on  the  east  by  Boone,  north 
by  Randolph,  and  west  by  Chariton  and  Saline  Counties — being 
separated  from  the  latter  by  the  Missouri  River,  which  bears  south, 
at  this  point,  for  a  distance  of  some  eighteen  miles,  forming  a  part  of 
its  western,  and  all  of  its  southern  boundary.  The  county  has  an  area 
of  432  square  miles,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Benjamin 
Howard,  (at  that  time  Governor  of  Missouri,)  of  Kentucky.  In 
1860  it  contained  16,077  inhaliitants. 

The  first  settlement  made  in  this  section  of  country  was  in  1807-8, 
by  Colonel  Benjamin  Cooper,  Daniel  Boone,  the  Hancocks,  and 
Barkleys. 

Boon's  Lick,  near  Boonesborough,  was  in  early  times  a  noted  center, 
and  "the  Boon's  Lick  country"  was  considered  as  embracing  all  the 
county,  and  in  some  directions  even  more.  A^ery  few  came  to  the 
State  in  that  day  who  had  not  heard  of  "Boon's  Lick,"  and  it  was 
deemed  headquarters  for  all  who  wished  to  settle  in  the  country,  to 
meet  there,  compare  notes,  get  bearings  from  the  old  pioneers,  and 
look  about  for  a  location.  The  early  settlement  of  this  part  of  the 
State  was  attended  with  great  hazard  as  well  as  severe  hardships, 


HOWARD    COUNTY.  267 

and  was  effected  by  iadividual  exertion  and  intrepidity,  on  the  part 
of  small  associations  in  conflict  with  the  uncivilized  and  savage  in- 
habitants of  the  forest.  The  early  pioneers  were  obliged  to  erect 
stockade  forts,  for  their  own  safety,  to  which  they  fled,  in  cases  of 
extreme  emergency.  Those  at  Boon's  Lick  were  Fort  Hempstead, 
Cooper's  Fort,  and  Kinkead's  Fort.  These  three  forts  for  a  time 
contained  all  the  white  inhabitants  of  the  upper  country,  on  the  north 
side  of  Missouri  River,  and,  owing  to  the  hostility  of  the  Indians, 
they  did  not  dare  live  outside  the  forts  until  1816.  The  following 
list  embraces  the  names  of  those  who  settled  at  Boon's  Lick,  March  10, 
1810,  with  their  places  of  nativity:  Colonel  Benjamin  Cooper,  Vir- 
ginia; Francis  Cooper,  Kentucky;  William  Cooper,  do.;  *David 
Cooper,  do.;  John  Hancock,  Virginia;  Abbot  Hancock,  John 
Busby,  William  Berry,  John  Ferrell,  Henry  Ferrell,  Peter  Popenow, 
Captain  Sarshell  Cooper,  Virginia;  Braxton  Cooper,  senior,  Ken- 
tucky ;  *Joseph  Cooper,  do. ;  Stephen  Cooper,  do. ;  Gray  Bynum, 
North  Carolina ;  Robert  Erwin,  Kentucky ;  *Robert  Brown,  do. ; 
James  Cile,  Virginia;  Joseph  Wolfscale,  Kentucky;  James  Ander- 
son, Middleton  Anderson,  William  Anderson,  Steven  Jackson, 
Georgia;  Reverend  William  Thorp,  Baptist  Minister,  Kentucky; 
Josiah  Thorpe,  do. ;  Job  Thorpe,  do. ;  James  Thorpe,  do.  ;  Amos 
Ashcraft,  do. ;  Otho  Ashcraft,  do.  ;  *Jesse  Ashcraft,  do. ;  Gilliard 
Rupe,  do. ;  William  Brown,  do. ;  James  Jones,  do. ;  James  Alex- 
ander, do. ;  Braxton  Cooper,  junior,  do. ;  Robert  Cooper,  tjo. ; 
John  Peak,  do.  ;  and  Benjamin  Cooper,  do. 

The  Territorial  Legislature,  at  the  session  of  1815-16,  passed  an 
act  creating  the  settlement  at  Boon's  Lick  into  a  count)',  by  the 
name  of  Howard  County,  allowing  them  in  the  Assembly  two  repre- 
sentatives and  one  counselor.  This  county  was  from  the  west  part 
of  St.  Louis  and  St.  Charles  Counties,  and  included  all  the  settle- 
ments above  the  Osage  River,  on  both  sides  of  the  Missouri,  all  of 
which  settlements  had  been  made  after  the  year  1809.  The  first  set- 
tlement was  made  south  of  the  Missouri,  above  the  Osage,  in  the 
year  1812.  Previous  to  the  year  1809,  the  forests  appeared  in  all 
their  primeval  wildness,  untouched  by  the  pioneer's  axe,  and  inhabited 
only  by  the  savage  hunters  and  their  prey,  the  wild  beasts.  Although 
the  pioneers  above  named  were  surrounded  by  hordes  of  savages,  and 
were  obliged  to  live  in  forts,  and  be  constantly  armed,  whether  in  the 
field  or  the  clearing,  through  their  energy  and  perseverance  they  soon 

*  Those  marked  with  a  *  are  all  that  were  living  on  the  24th  day  of  August, 
1859,  of  the  above  list  of  forty  pioneers. 


208  HOWARD    COUNTY. 

clianp:oil  the  wilderness  into  cultivated  farms  and  civilized  homes; 
and  where  they  liad  found  the  deep,  dark  gloom  of  the  forest  un- 
broken, in  less  than  eight  years  villages  and  towns  had  sprung  up, 
with  eliurches  and  schools,  and  many  of  the  elements  of  an  intelligent 
and  refined  society.  During  the  year  1817,  between  300  and  400 
families  immigrated  to  the  county,  principally  from  Tennessee,  Ken- 
tucky, North  Carolina,  and  Virginia.  In  1818  Cooper  was  taken 
from  Howard,  and  in  1820  three  others — Chariton,  Boone,  and  Ray — 
were  formed  from  her  limits.  ^More  votes  were  polled  in  Howard 
County  in  1823  than  in  any  other  county  in  the  State,  not  even  ex- 
cepting St.  Louis. 

Franklin  had  been  for  some  years  the  county-seat,  and  was  con- 
sidered the  "Metropolis  of  the  Upper  Missouri."  It  was  during  the 
year  1721  that  the  county-seat  was  moved  to  its  present  location — 
Fayette;  and  now  scarce  a  vestige  remains  of  old  Franklin. 

Physical  Features. — The  general  surface  of  the  county  is  undula- 
ting, and  some  portions  are  quite  broken,  principally  covered  with  a 
good  growth  of  timber,  consisting  of  hickory,  black  and  white  walnut, 
oaks  of  various  kinds,  black  and  blue  ash,  maple,  sugar-tree,  syca- 
more, mulberry,  elm,  linn,  Cottonwood,  cofl'ee-bcan,  hackberry,  and 
honey  locust. 

There  are  but  four  natural  prairies  in  the  county — Spanish 
Needle  and  Foster's  on  the  upland,  and  Cooper's  and  the  Weedy 
Prairie  on  the  bottom-land  ;  but  through  the  industry  and  enterprise 
of  the  pioneers,  thousands  of  acres  of  nature's  dense  forest  have  been 
transformed  into  cultivated  farms,  now  graced  by  the  commodious 
farm-house,  and  yielding  abundant  croi)s  of  all  kinds  of  agricultural 
products.  The  western  and  southern  boundaries  of  the  county  are 
washed  by  the  Missouri  River,  wdiilc  the  interior  is  traversed  by  the 
Bonne  Ferame,  Salt  and  Moniteau  Creeks  and  their  tributaries,  running 
in  a  southerly  direction. 

The  Hurricane  Hills  (so  called  from  the  course  of  a  tornado  that 
swept  across  their  rugged  brows  and  sheltered  valleys)  are  truly 
beautiful  and  ijicturescjue;  and  although  years  have  gone  by  since 
the  leveling  blast  passed  over  them,  many  of  the  branchless  trunks  of 
the  mighty  monitors  of  the  forest  still  stand  as  monuments  to  mark 
the  track  of  the  raging  tempest. 

Minerals. — Lead  has  been  found  upon  the  surface  in  several  locali- 
ties, Ijut  no  prospecting  done.  Stone  coal  is  abundant  throughout 
the  county.  Limestone  grit  and  sandstones  exist  in  immense  quarries, 
beautifidly  stratified,  and  easily  quarried  for  building  purposes. 

Of  Saline  Springs  there  are  a  number  in  this  county,  the  largest 


HOWARD    COUNTY.  2C9 

of  which  is  Boon's  Lick.  Coh)nel  Nathan  Boone,  and  Daniel  Boone, 
son  of  "Colonel  Daniel  Boone,  Hunter,  of  Kentucky,"  came  to 
Boon's  Lick  and  made  salt  in  180G,  and  continued  until  1810,  when 
the  works  were  taken  by  James  Morrison  and  Wm.  Becknell,  who 
made  thousands  of  bushels  of  salt  annually  from  this  spring,  from 
1810  to  1821,  when  Becknell  sold  his  interest  to  Morrison,  who  con- 
tinued the  business  till  about  1832,  when  he  sold  out  to  Lindsey  P. 
Marshall,  who  worked  the  springs  three  years  and  then  suspended  the 
works  for  four  years,  when  they  were  rented  to  Mr.  Ainsley,  of  Boon- 
ville,  who  worked  them  three  years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time 
L.  P.  Marshall  sold  them  to  John  T.  Marshall,  the  present  owner. 
Nothing  has  been  done  at  salt  making  here  since  Ainsley  left  the 
Lick  in  1842 — nineteen  years  ago. 

A  few  of  the  choice  spirits  whose  names  are  enrolled  above  still 
survive  to  relate  the  particulars  of  the  thrilling  events  that  transpired 
upon  the  spot  now  sacred  to  them  and  their  children.  Tomahawks 
and  scalping-knives,  with  other  instruments  of  Indian  warfare,  are 
still  preserved  in  the  families  of  those  hardy  pioneers  who  endured 
hardships  only  known  to  the  early  settlers  of  this  country ;  and  their 
bloody  blades  and  battered  edges  indicate  but  too  plainly  the  manner 
in  which  they  were  last  used.  Each  surviving  member  has  some  his- 
tory or  bloody  incident  to  relate  associated  with  those  sad  mementoes 
of  the  excitement  and  dangers  that  surrounded  the  pioneers  of  Mis- 
souri. 

Besides  Boon's  Lick, there  are  Burckhardt's  saltworks,  Buffalo  Lick, 
near  old  Fayette,  and  the  Moniteau  salt  springs,  each  of  which  were 
profitably  worked  for  some  years,  but  are  now  abandoned. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  this  county  is  exceedingly  fer- 
tile, and  produces  an  abundant  yield  of  all  kinds  of  grain,  grasses, 
fruit,  and  vegetables  that  grow  in  this  latitude,  farmers  having  gath- 
ered as  high  as  1500  pounds  of  hemp,  2000  pounds  of  tobacco,  100 
bushels  of  corn,  400  bushels  of  wheat,  50  of  oats,  etc.,  to  the  acre. 

Tobacco  Culture. — As  tobacco  is  one  of  the  staple  products  of  this 
county,  as  well  as  of  the  State,  we  deem  it  not  out  of  place  to  insert 
the  following  article  relative  to  its  culture  and  manufacture,  contrib- 
uted to  this  work  by  B.  W.  Lewis,  Esq.,  of  tlie  firm  of  B.  W.  Lewis 
and  Bros.,  the  most  extensive  manufacturers  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains. 

Glasgow,  Mo.,  August  29,  18G0. 
Messrs.  IIuyett  &  Parker  : — 

Gentlemen — In  reply  to  your  letter  of  this  date,  making  inquiries 
relative  to  the  growth  and  culture  of  tobacco,  together  with  the  i>roper 


270  HOWARD    COUNTY. 

• 

period  for  sowing  the  seed,  setting  the  plants,  and  the  preparation  of 
the  hind  in  Missouri,  I  beg  to  say,  that  the  seed  should  be  sown  broad- 
cast, in  beds  situated  in  a  warm  location,  which  should  be  well  burnt 
to  dcstroj-  any  indigenous  seeds  that  may  be  in  the  ground;  then  the 
earth  well  pulverized  and  nicely  prepared  to  receive  the  seed,  which 
should  be  sown  in  February  or  ^farcli,  and  as  early  as  the  weather 
will  permit  the  proper  preparation  of  the  beds.     The  usual  and  best 
time  for  setting  the  plants  in  this  latitude  is  between  the  twentieth  of 
May  and  the  twentieth  of  June.    The  land  intended  for  setting  should 
be  fresh,  (new  land  lately  cleared  is  prefcralde,)  thoroughly  and  deeply 
plowed,  evenly  laid  off  in  hills,  or  drilled  three  feet  each  way.     "When 
thus  prepared,  the  plants  may  be  drawn  from  the  beds  immediately 
after  a  reasonable  rain,  and  set  in  the  hills  in  the  same  manner  as 
cabbage  plants.     The  ground,  after  being  planted  and  until  the  ma- 
turity of  the  plant,  should  be  well  cultivated  and  kept  perfectly  clear 
of  weeds  and  grass.    As  the  plant  approaches  maturity,  it  should  be 
topped,  leaving  from  eight  to  twelve   leaves   to    each  plant  —  the 
grower  being  governed  in  this  operation  by  the  size  and  strength  of 
the  plant  and  the  richness  of  the  soil  as  to  the  proper  time  that  this 
should  be  performed.    After  topping,  with  favorable  weather  the  plant 
rapidly  approaches  maturity,  and  ripens  usually  in  September;  but  in 
all  cases  the  plant  should  stand  in  the  field  until  it  fully  ripens,  when 
it  should  be  cut  and  housed.     In  this  process  great  care  should  be 
taken,  as  the  best  crops  are  frequently  ruined  by  neglect  and  im- 
proper handling  at  this  time,  such  as  getting  sunburnt,  bruised  and 
broken.     As  soon  as  it  can  be  carried  to  the  tobacco  barn,  which 
building  should  be  without  floors,  and  throughout  the  interior  of  the 
house  poles  some  four  or  five  inches  in  diameter  should  be  placed 
across  in  tiers,  about  four  feet  apart,  horizontally,  and  the  tiers  so 
placed  as  to  leave  a  space  between  them  of  four  or  five  feet ;  the 
plants  are  now  hung  on  small  sticks,  four  feet  long  and  one  inch  in 
diameter,  from  six  to  eight  on  each  stick.     The  sticks  so  hung  are 
then  placed  with  either  end  resting  on  the  poles.     In  this  manner  the 
house  is  now  filled,  and,  should  the  weather  be  wet,  fires  should  be  kept 
under  the  tobacco  until  cured,  but  if  dry,  and  the  house  well  ventilated, 
it  will  cure  without  fire.     When  properly  cured,  which  will  require 
until  about  the  first  of  November,  the  tobacco  will,  after  a  warm 
rain,  absorb  suflieient  moisture  to  permit  its  being  handled ;  it  may 
then  be  taken  down  ;  placed  in  the  house;  the  leaves  strii)ped  from 
the  stalk;  assorted  and  tied  up  in  hands  of  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
leaves;  tied  at  the  stem  with  a  leaf  of  indifierent  (piality.     When 
this  is  completed  and  the  "order"  is  not  too  high,  that  is,  the  tobacco 


HOWARD    COUNTY.  271 

does  not  contain  too  much  water  so  as  to  cause  mould  and  damage, 
it  may  be  nicely  put  in  bulks  ready  for  delivery  when  sold ;  but 
should  the  order  be  too  high,  it  should  again  be  hung  up  until  the 
proper  order  is  obtained.  It  is  now  ready  to  pass  into  the  hands  of 
dealers  and  manufactures,  and  if  these  are  not  judges  of  the  article 
and  familiar  with  its  growth,  and  aware  of  the  causes  that  injure  it, 
may  suffer  heavy  pecuniary  loss,  as  many  know  by  sad  experience, 
for  the  article  of  tobacco  is  subject  to  injury  and  damage  from  mul- 
titudinous causes,  from  the  period  of  planting  until  it  is  manufactured 
and  ready  for  market. 

Your  obedient  servant, 

BEN.  W.  LEWIS. 

P.S. — The  average  yield  of  tobacco  in  the  vicinity  of  Howard 
County  is  1000  pounds  per  acre — but  as  high  as  2000  pounds  have 
been  raised  on  an  acre  in  several  instances. 

B.  W.  L. 

To  give  the  reader  a  more  correct  idea  of  this  celebrated  manu- 
factory, we  present  to  them  a  view  of  the  works,  drawn  and  engraved 
expressly  for  this  work ;  deeming  its  magnitude  and  extensive  busi- 
ness as  entitling  it  to  the  place  it  occupies  in  these  pages. 

B.  W.  Lewis  &  Brothers,  tobacco  manufacturers,  Glasgow,  Mis- 
souri. Firm  composed  of  Benjamin  W.  Lewis,  James  W.  Lewis,  and 
Thomas  J.  Bartholow,  in  connection  with  the  firm  of  Lewis,  Perry 
&  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  which  latter  firm  is  composed  of  William 
J.  Lewis,  John  D.  Perry,  and  Benjamin  W.  Lewis.  The  Glasgow 
house  handles  annually  about  1,-500,000  pounds  of  leaf  tobacco, 
which  in  the  main  is  purchased  direct  from  the  planters  and  de- 
livered by  them  loose,  in  wagons,  at  the  factory,  during  the  months 
of  January,  February,  March,  and  April,  principally ;  the  price 
paid  to  the  planters  varies,  of  course,  with  the  relative  value 
of  the  article  in  the  Eastern  and  Southern  cities,  and  also  in  the 
markets  of  Europe.  The  quality  also  of  different  planters'  produc- 
tions varies,  and  is  purchased  according  to  quality,  and  its  adapta- 
tion, whether  for  export  to  foreign  markets  or  suited  for  chewing 
tobacco  for  home  consumption,  the  latter  article  generally  being  the 
most  valuable;  but  the  great  difference  in  quality  frequently  makes  a 
wide  range  of  prices.  As  an  instance,  this  firm,  the  present  year,  has 
))ur(;hased  tobacco  at  prices  ranging  from  throe  to  thirty  dollars  per 
100  pounds;  the  latter,  however,  is  selected  leaves,  adapted  to  wrap- 
ping fine  chewing  tobacco,  and  was  purchased  at  the  warehouses  in 
St.  Louis,  prized  in  hogsheads,  where  they  also  purchased  at  the 


272  HOWARD    CODNTY. 

preiiiiuin  sales,  held  in  June  last,  the  two  premium  hogsheads  at  the 
extraordinary  prices  of  $102  GO,  and  $125  per  100  pounds — the  highest 
prices  ever  i)aid  for  an  equal  (juantity  of  tobacco  in  the  United 
States.  This  firm  manufactures,  at  the  Glasgow  factory,  into  chewing 
tobacco,  annually,  about  1,000,000  pounds;  the  remainder  is  worked 
into  strips  and  dry  leaf,  and  exported  direct  from  the  factory  to 
Great  Britain  and  the  continent  of  Europe.  The  chewing  tobacco  is 
sold  principally  to  dealers  and  jobbers,  in  Missouri,  Iowa,  Nebraska, 
Kansas,  and  Arkansas.  They  employ  in  the  working  of  this  amount 
of  tobacco  an  average  of  about  125  hands,  principally  negroes,  and 
a  capital  of  about  $250,000. 

The  business  was  commenced  in  a  small  way,  by  the  senior  partner, 
Mr.  B.  W.  Lewis,  about  twenty-two  years  ago,  with  a  capital  of  less 
than  $1000,  and  has  been  gradually  increased  until  it  is  now  the 
largest  manufacturing  establishment  of  the  kind  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains, 

The  St.  Louis  house  of  Lewis,  Perry  &  Co.  are  exclusively  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  chewing  and  fine-cut  smoking  tobacco; 
they  work  from  700,000  to  800,000  pounds  of  leaf  tobacco,  and  em- 
})loy  from  80  to  lOO  hands,  and  a  cai)ital  of  $150,000. 

Population  and  Business  Statistics. — For  an  interesting  account 
of  the  early  settlement  of  this  county  from  the  lips  of  the  participants, 
see  "Incidents  in  the  Early  Settlement  of  Howard  County,"  in  Book 
II.  of  this  work.  The  population  of  Howard  County  in  1860  was 
10,120  whites,  71  free  colored,  and  5886  slaves.  The  taxable  property 
amounts  to  $16,950,020. 

Of  business  houses  in  the  county,  there  are  banks,  3 ;  newspapers, 
2;  lawyers,  11;  physicians,  22;  merchants,  20;  grocers,  6;  druggists, 
6;  silversmiths,  3;  tinners,  3;  blacksmiths,  15;  wagon-makers,  12; 
saddlers,  3;  tailors,  10;  shoemakers,  9;  cal)inet-makers,  2;  carpen- 
ters, 25;  tobacco  manufacturers,  8;  saw-mills,  15,  (steam,  water,  and 
horse  power;)  flouring-mills,  6,  (5  steam  and  1  water  power;)  hotels, 
7  ;  coopers,  5. 

FAYETTE,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  upon  an  elevated  site,  suffi- 
ciently undulating  to  give  it  a  line  appearance.  The  buildings  are 
principally  of  wood,  and  painted  white,  which  contrast  handsomely 
with  the  green  foliage  of  shade  trees  that  grace  and  beautify  the 
town.  The  Court-house  and  educational  edifices  are  fine  buildings, 
both  in  architectural  beauty  and  capacity,  and  reflect  much  credit  upon 
the  taste,  judgment,  and  liberality  of  the  citizens  who  erected  them. 
The  society  of  Fayette  is  refined  and  intelligent,  and  has  many  of  the 
peculiarities  and   much  of   the   hospitality  of   Virginians  and   Ken- 


HOWELL   COUNTY.  273 

tuckians,  many  of  the  present  inhabitants  having  emigrated  from 
those  States. 

Fayette  was  incorporated  December  T,  1855,  and  contains  about 
800  inhabitants.  Distance  from  Fayette  to  Glasgow,  on  Missouri 
River,  12  miles;  to  Renick,  on  North  Missouri  Railroad,  22  miles; 
to  Jefferson  City,  60  miles;  to  St.  Louis,  160  miles. 

The  population  of  Glasgow  is  about  1200;  Franklin,  200;  Boons- 
horough,  50 ;  Bunker's  Hill,  50 ;  Landmark,  20 ;  Roanoak,  350. 

Glasgow,  the  commercial  city  of  the  county,  was  incorporated  Feb- 
ruary 27,  1845;  is  situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  TO  miles  from 
Jefferson  City;  180  by  land,  and  264  by  water,  from  St.  Louis.  Of 
business  houses  in  Glasgow,  there  are  of  bankers,  2 ;  newspaper,  1 ; 
lawyers,  2 ;  physicians,  5 ;  merchants,  4  ;  grocers,  4 ;  druggists,  3  ; 
silversmiths,  2 ;  tinners,  2 ;  blacksmiths,  3 ;  wagon-makers,  2 ;  sad- 
dlers, 2 ;  tailors,  2 ;  shoemakers,  3  ;  cabinetmakers,  2 ;  carpenters,  3 ; 
tobacco  manufactories,  5;  steam  saw-mill,  1;  steam  flouring-mills,  2; 
churches,  3 — Old  School  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  and  Christian. 


HOWELL  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  south  by  the  Arkansas  State  line,  on  the  east  by  Oregon 
County,  (from  which  it  was  formed,  in  185*7,)  on  the  west  by  Douglas 
and  Ozark,  and  on  the  north  by  Texas  County.  Area  about  650 
square  miles,  and  is  the  smallest  tax-paying  county  in  the  State, 
except  Shannon.      Population  in  1860,  3251. 

For  a  general  description  of  this  county,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
Oregon  and  Texas  Counties. 

Spring  River,  which  rises  in  this  county,  was  named  by  Captain 
John  Shaw,  now  of  Wisconsin,  who  explored  the  country  in  the 
spring  of  1809,  and  tracing  this  stream  to  its  source,  found  there  a 
very  large  spring,  and  accordingly  named  it  Spring  River. 

The  lands  in  this  county  are  broken  and  hilly,  some  portions  being 
high  table-land,  and  well  adapted  to  fruit  and  grape  culture.  The 
valleys  are  generally  very  fertile. 

King's  Mount  is  a  high  central  point,  or  water-shed,  from  which 
streams  run  in  every  direction.  The  scenery  in  some  portions  of  the 
county  is  truly  grand  and  picturesque.  The  streams  are  clear  and 
rapid,  and  the  narrow,  deep,  rocky  ravines  and  chasms,  shaded  by 

18 


274  IRON    COLNTV. 

lieavy  forests  of  piiic,  render  it  a  i)lace  of  some  attraction   to  the 
admirers  of  wild  and  romantic  scenery. 

"WEST  PLAINS  is  the  county-seat,  and  only  town  of   any  im- 
portance in  tlie  county. 


IRON  COUNTY 


This  county  is  situated  in  tlie  southeast  portion  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  St.  Fran9ois  and  Madison,  on  the  west  by 
Reynolds,  Dent,  and  Crawford,  on  the  north  by  Washington  and  St. 
Fran9ois,  and  on  tlie  south  by  Reynolds  and  Wayne  Counties. 
Population  of  the  county  in  1860,  5723.  Total  value  of  taxable  prop- 
erty, as  assessed,  $1 0,756.  The  increase  during  the  year  1859  was 
$206,025,  on  the  following  items :  Increase  in  value  of  mills  and 
furnaces,  $24,705;  lands,  $17,829;  town  lots,  $134,308;  notes  and 
bonds,  $18,463;  money  on  hand,  $1428;  personal  property,  $9292; 
decrease  in  slaves,  14;  total  value  of  the  226  slaves  in  county, 
$98,350. 

Physical  Features. — The  principal  portion  of  this  county  is  broken 
and  mountainous,  and  much  of  the  land  unfit  for  cultivation,  but 
generally  heavily  timbered  with  oaks,  hickories,  elm,  ash,  black  wal- 
nut, hackbcrry,  locust,  red  cedar,  and  yellow  pine.  The  Arcadia 
Yalley  is  a  beautiful  and  fertile  tract  of  land,  well  watered,  having  a 
good  supply  of  timber,  and  soil  adapted  to  all  farming  purposes. 
Some  of  the  best  farmers  and  fruit  growers  in  Southeast  Missouri 
have  farms  that  now  produce  well,  although  they  have  been  bearing 
crops  for  more  twenty  ^years  past.  Those  wonderful  formations, 
Pilot  Knob,  Shepherd  Mountain,  Arcadia  Mountain,  and  Bogy 
Mountain,  each  of  which  contains  immense  deposits  of  iron  ore,  are  in 
this  county.     (Sec  fJcological  chapter,  also  Natural  Curiosities.) 

Minerals — Pilot  Knob — The  Furnaces,  etc. — This  is  emphatically 
the  Iron  County  of  the  Union,  possessing  probably  a  greater  quantity 
of  iron  ores,  of  purer  qualities,  than  the  same  area  of  territory  any- 
where else  on  the  face  of  the  globe.  Hence  the  appropriateness  of 
the  name  given  the  county  by  its  projector,  Hon.  James  Lindsay. 
Pilot  Knob  is  a  cone-shaped  hill,  rising  in  a  valley  to  a  height  of  581 
feet  al)(jve  the  Ijloomery  at  its  base.  Owing  to  its  height,  isolation, 
and  prominent  position,  it  is  seen  in  some  directions  for  a  great  dis- 
tance, and  having  served  as  a  jaudmark  to  hunters  and  travelers. 


IRON   COUNTY.  275 

was  long  since  named  "Pilot  Knob."  This  monntaiii  (which,  as  be- 
fore stated,  is  581  feet  high,  or  1118  feet  higher  than  the  level  of  the 
Mississippi,  at  St.  Louis)  covers  an  area  of  360  acres,  and  is  princi- 
pally of  iron  ore,  which  yields  in  working,  about  65  per  centum. 
Mr.  Ulflers,  who  made  a  survey  of  this  mountain  for  the  Geological 
Corps,  estimates  the  upper  141  feet  of  the  knob  to  contain 
31,299,012,554  pounds,  or  13,972,772  tons  of  iron  ore,  independent  of 
the  soil  and  rock  intermixed.  Then  there  is  440  feet  of  ore  below, 
widening  as  it  descends,  upon  which  he  made  no  estimate.  The 
reader  can  satisfy  himself  that  the  quantity  is  sufficient  to  last  for 
ages,  and  the  quality  for  many  purposes  is  inferior  to  none. 

Shepherd  Mountain  is  situated  6987  feet  (about  1^  miles)  west 
of  south  from  Pilot  Knob.     This  formation  is  79  feet  higher  than 
Pilot  Knob — being  660  feet  above  the  valley.     It  is  of  an  oblong 
shape,  lying  northeast  and  southwest,  nearly  2  miles  in  length,  by 
1  in  width,  and  covers  an  area  of  800  acres.     The  ores  found  in  this 
mountain  are  magnetic  and  specular  oxide,  and  a  mixture  of  the 
two.     Some  specimens  have  such  a  polarity  that  they  are  taken  by 
visitors  to  various  parts  of  the  world,  and  are  frequently  called  "load- 
stone."    Some  specimens  have  been  found  which  would  attract  the 
needle  of  a  pocket  compass  at  a  distance  of  two  feet.     The  ore  from 
Shepherd  Mountain  has  been  worked,  and  found  to  be  very  pure,  and 
by  being  mixed  with  that  of  Pilot  Knob,  makes  superior  iron.     Be- 
sides these,  are  the  Buford  ore  bank,  the  Big  Bogy  Mountain,  the 
Russell  ore  bank,  and   the  Arcadia  Mountain,  each  of  which  con- 
tains large  deposits  of  iron  ore ;  but  there  being  such  an  abundance 
in  the  two  first  named,  so  much  nearer  established  works,  that  nothing- 
is  done  toward  developing  the  others.     Lead  ore  has  been  found  in 
several  localities,  and  it  is  thought  immense  deposits  will  be  developed 
at  an  early  day  in  the  western  and  southern  portions  of  the  county. 
Gold-bearing  sand,  it  is  said  by  many,  has  been  found  in  some  of  the 
streams  of  the  county,  and  as  the  same  rock  formations  exist  in  the 
hills  here  as  at  Pike's  Peak,  it  is  more  than  probable,  if  that  be  true, 
that  rich  leads  of  gold-bearing  rock  or  quartz  will  be  discovered  by 
prospecting,  for  which  parties  of  miners  from   California  and  the 
Rocky  Mountain  Mines  are  about  forming.    We  have  but  little  faith, 
however,  in  their  success.     Marble,  of  a  variety  of  kinds  and  colors, 
exists  in  immense  and  inexhaustible  quantities  in  this  county — one 
bank  being  from  fourteen  to  fifteen  miles  in  length,  with  an  average 
width  of  one  mile.     This  marble  is  already  attracting  the  attention  of 
capitalists,  and  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  it  will  be  used  through- 


276  IRON    COUNTY. 

out  the  AVest,  to  the  exclusion  of  imported  marbles  for  building  and 
crnnniontarpurposes. 

Kaolin,  from  which  "ironstone  china"  is  manufactured,  is  al)undant 
in  this  county,  and  although  much  of  it  has  been  wasted,  by  the  manu- 
fucturc  of  stoneware,  jars,  jugs,  etc.,  there  is  an  immense  bed  of  it 
left,  and  the  proper  material  for  glazing  is  also  near  at  hand.  Should 
some  capitalist  establish  here  a  manufactory  of  porcelain  ware,  it 
would  save  to  the  State  and  the  Western  country  thousands  of  dol- 
lars annually  sent  to  foreign  countries  for  ware  no  better  than  can  be 
manufactured  here  in  Iron  County. 

History. — The  first  settlement  upon  the  territory  now  embraced 
within  this  county  was  made  by  Ephraira  Stout  and  Robin  Sinclair, 
early  in  the  present  century.     In  1812,  fearing  the  Indians,  who  were 
then  so  numerous  as  to  "have  their  own  way  about  everything,"  Sin- 
clair removed  down  to  the  Creek  Nation,  now  Madison  County,  but 
Stout  remained,  and  for  a  number  of  years  the  neighborhood  where 
Ironton,  Arcadia,  and  the  "  Russell  Settlements"  now  are,  was  called 
Stout's  Settlement;  and  the  small  stream  crossing  the  valley  between 
Ironton  and  Arcadia  still  perpetuate  Stout's  name,  and  ever  will.    In 
181G,  iron  ore  was  first  found  in  what  is  called  "  Shut-in  Mountain," 
two  miles  east  from  Ironton,  and  taken  to  St.  Genevieve  to  be  tested. 
A  flouring-mill  and  smelting  furnace  were  soon  erected  to  be  propelled 
by  the  excellent  water  power  afforded  by  Stout's  Creek,  at  the  Falls. 
These  works  were  erected  by  Mr.  James  Tong,  in  1816,  and  were 
probably  the  first  in  the  State.     The  mechanical  work  was  done  by 
Corbin  Ashabrand,  and  the  castings  brought  from  I'ittsburg.   In  1818, 
James    Brown   settled   on   the    place  now   owned  and    occupied   by 
Hon.  James  liindsay,  and  during  the  same  year,  Anthony  Shoep  set- 
tled where  Cyrus  Russell  now  resides.     In  1838  or  1839,  a  man  by 
the  name  of  Powell  offered  William  Huff,  now  of  Ironton,  eighty 
acres  of  land  where  the  present  thriving  and  important  town  of  Iron- 
ton  now  stands,  for  a  horse,  and  the  offer  was  declined.     Now  the 
aggregate  valuation  of  town  lots  upon  "that  80"  is  probably  not  less 
than  $50,()UU.     Although  not  directly  connected  with  the  early  his- 
tory of  this  county,  we  will  mention  that  Captain  John  Ilall,  an  old 
revolutionary  soldier,  resides  here,  who  is  100  years  of  age.    He  was 
born  in  North  Carolina,  in  ITGO.    His  wife  is  still  living — they  having 
lived  together  upwards  of  seventy  years.     This  old  veteran  moved  to 
Missouri  several  years  ago,  and  until  he  was  severely  injured  by  the 
falling  of  a  tree  four  years  ago,  he  made  it  a  rule  to  cut  two  cords 
of  wood  a  day,  regularly.     This  he  did  until  he  was  upwards  of 
ninety-six  years  of  age. 


'  IRON    COUNTY.  277 

Iron  County  was  organized  by  an  act  approved  February  17, 
1857.  The  honor  of  getting  the  bill  in  shape,  and  securing  the 
formation  of  the  county,  is  due  to  lion.  James  Lindsay,  for  a  number 
of  years  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  and  the  editor  of  the  "  Ironton 
Furnace." 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  Iron  County  3  newspapers — 
the  Ironton  Register  and  Arcadia  Prospect,  weekly,  and  Ironton 
Baptist  Journal,  semi-monthly — 15  merchants,  12  grocers,  4  bakers, 
2  confectioneries,  13  liquor  saloons,  3  drug  stores,  4  physicians,  1 
dentist,  6  lawyers,  3  land  agencies,  3  tin  and  stove  stores,  4  boot  and 
shoe  shops,  2  saddlers,  4  tailors,  1  silversmith,  14  carpenter  shops,  2 
cabinet  shops,  3  painters,  9  plasterers,  6  stone  and  brick  masons,  2 
livery  stables,  3  blacksmith  and  wagon  shops,  4  butcher  shops,  1  High 
School,  1  brewery,  6  hotels,  1  Masonic  Lodge,  1  Odd  Fellows'  Lodge, 
1  Good  Templars'  Lodge,  7  district  schools,  and  6  church  organi- 
zations. 

IRONTON,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  on  the  southwest  half  of  the 
southwest  quarter  of  section  32,  township  34  north,  range  4  east ;  is  1 
mile  south  from  Pilot  Knob,  7  miles  south  from  Iron  Mountain,  87 
by  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad  from  St.  Louis,  and  20  miles  from 
Fredericktown,  by  the  turnpike  road.  It  was  incorporated  as  a 
city  February  1,  1859,  and  has  now  a  population  of  about  500. 
This  place  is  delightfully  situated  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Shep- 
herd Mountain,  and  extends  into  the  valley  at  its  base.  The  town  plat 
is  everywhere  shaded  by  a  natural  growth  of  large,  thrifty  forest  trees, 
and  watered  by  springs  of  pure  cold  water,  some  of  which  are  chaly- 
beate, and  others  sulphur.  Situated  in  the  midst  of  high  hills,  and 
being  550  feet  higher  than  St.  Louis,  this  locality  is  justly  entitled  to 
the  wide-spread  reputation  it  bears,  of  being  one  of  the  most  healthy 
locations  in  the  State. 

Soon  after  the  formation  of  the  new  county,  H.  N,  Tong,  Esq., 
offered  to  donate  to  the  county  every  alternate  lot  on  the  town  plat, 
if  the  seat  of  justice  was  permanently  located  in  Ironton.  By  a  vote 
of  the  citizens  of  the  county,  held  in  August,  1857,  Ironton  was 
selected  as  the  county-seat.  The  lots  were  transferred,  and  sold;  and 
the  fine,  substantial  brick  Court-house,  recently  erected  at  a  cost  of 
some  $14,000,  was  built  from  the  sale  of  these  lots.  Messrs.  Tong  & 
Carson,  the  present  proprietors,  have  ever  manifested  great  liberality 
toward  those  who  wished  to  locate  here,  and  the  rapidity  with  which 
the  town  has  grown  to  its  present  size,  and  the  sober  and  industrious 
class  of  citizens  forming  the  community,  prove  not  only  the  correct- 
ness of  their  judgment  in  selecting  this  as  a  town  site  and  business 


278  IRON    COUNTY. 

center,  but  that  their  efforts  have  been  rewarded.  The  buihling:s  are 
generally  of  wood.  The  Ironton  llouse,  N.  Aubnchon,  proprietor, 
builtby  11.  X.  Tong,  in  1858-9,  is.acoramodious  hotel,  can  accommodate 
150  persons,  and  is  generally  full,  especially  in  the  summer  season, 
when  families  and  individuals  from  St.  Louis  and  the  Soutliern  cities 
come  to  Ironton  as  a  summer  resort,  to  escape  the  heat,  dust,  and  un- 
healthy atmosphere  of  cities  in  warm  weather.  Attracted  by  its 
romantic  beauty,  (embosomed  among  the  mountains,)  and  the  health- 
fulness  of  the  locality,  as  well  as  its  accessibility  to  St.  Louis,  many 
persons  have  purchased  residence  sites  here,  and  will  soon  build  upon 
them.  The  topography  of  the  country  shows  this  to  be  the  proper 
location  for  one  of  the  largest  cities  between  St.  Louis  and  Memphis, 
and  being  the  commercial  center  of  the  richest  mineral  region  in  the 
world,  one  need  not  look  far  into  the  future  to  see  the  hillsides  and 
valleys  graced  by  handsome  residences  built  of  the  Ozark  marbles, 
and  the  gold,(?)  platina,(?)  nickel,  lead,  and  iron,  brought  here  from 
a  thousand  mines  in  the  vicinity,  to  be  sent  to  Memphis  or  St.  Louis 
by  railroad.  Then  the  "gravel  ridges"  will  l)e  productive  vineyards, 
and  the  "Arcadia  valley  wine"  will  become  a  favorite  brand,  and 
the  "Ironton  ironstone  Avare"  will  be  sought  and  used  throughout 
the  entire  Mississippi  valley.  Iron  County  has  all  the  natural  ele- 
ments to  cause  this  result — all  that  is  needed  beside  is  energy  and 
capital,  neither  of  which  will  be  long  wanting,  when  the  natural 
resources  and  advantages  are  seen  and  appreciated. 

Aicadia,  situated  one  mile  south  from  the  county-seat,  is  pleasantly 
located  at  the  base  of  a  beautiful  range  of  hills  to  the  south  of  the 
"Arcadia  valley."  The  town  was  laid  out  in  1849,  by  Josias  and 
Jerome  C.  Berryman.  In  1840  they  established  the  Arcadia  High 
School,  which  may  be  considered  the  nucleus  around  which  the  town 
has  grown  up.  The  "Harris  House,"  built  and  kept  by  Z.  J.  Har- 
ris, Esq.,'is  thronged  with  visitors  in  the  summer  season.  Upon  this 
town  plat  are  two  very  large  springs  of  pure  cold  water,  each  of  which 
has  been  estimated  to  discharge  twenty-five  barrels  of  water  an  hour. 

Pilot  Knob. — The  first  step  taken  toward  developing  the  iron  de- 
posit at  this  i)lace  was  in  June,  1847,  when  the  "^ladison  Iron  and 
Mining  Company"  was  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $500,000. 
The  company  erected  a  furnace  that  same  year,  which  was  put  in 
operation  in  1848,  and  in  1849  they  erected  a  steam  forge.  In  1854 
a  second  furnace  was  erected.  In  November,  1855,  the  name  of  the 
company  was  changed,  by  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  to  that  of  the 
"Pilot  Knob  Company," and  the  capital  stock  increased  to  $1,000,000. 
J.  B.  Bailey,  Esq.,  has  the  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  company 


JACKSON   COUNTY.  279 

at  the  works.  This  place  was  settled  entirely  by  persons  connected 
with  the  iron  works,  until  the  completion  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Rail- 
road, since  which  time  the  population  has  increased  to  about  800, 
including  persons  of  various  callings. 

Middlebrook  is  on  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  three  miles  north 
of  Pilot  Knob.  It  was  laid  out  by  Benjamin  F.  Johnson,  in  1857, 
and  has  now  a  population  of  about  250. 


JACKSON   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  west-northwest  portion  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Missouri  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Clay  and  Ray,  on  the  east  by  Lafayette  and  Johnson,  on  the  south 
by  Cass,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Kansas  line. 

Physical  Features. — This  county  has  an  undulating  surface,  with 
a  desirable  division  of  prairie  and  timber,  underlaid  with  limestone 
well  adapted  to  building  purposes,  and  is  well  watered  by  the  Big 
Blue,  Little  Blue,  and  Big  Sniabar,  with  their  numerous  tributaries. 

History. — Jackson  County  was  organized  in  1827;  the  territory 
taken  from  Lafayette  (then  Lillard  County.)  Independence  has 
always  been  the  county-seat,  160  acres  having  been  donated  by  Con- 
gress for  the  site  at  the  organization.  After  Major  Sibley,  the  first 
settlers  were  Abram  McClelland,  Joel,  John,  and  Joseph  Walker, 
who  settled  near  Sibley ;  several  families  named  Hitchcock,  and 
Russell,  also  Isaac  Drake,  David  Daily,  Aaron  Overton,  and  several 
families  named  Patton,  who  settled  below  Blue.  L.  W.  Boggs 
(afterward  governor)  and  S.  C.  Owens  were  first  clerks  of  the  cir- 
cuit and  county  courts,  and  Jos.  Walker  the  first  sheriff.  Ilenry 
Bnrriss,  Abram  McClelland,  and  Richard  Tristoe  were  first  judges, 
and  Hon.  David  Todd  the  first  circuit  judge.  In  1808,  Major  G.  C. 
Sibley  established  a  military  post  and  government  trading-house 
where  the  present  town  of  Sibley  stands;  and  it  was  occupied  as 
such,  under  Major  Sibley,  until  1822,  when  it  was  abandoned  by 
government,  and  the  town  laid  out  upon  the  old  site  was  named  in 
honor  of  the  pioneer  patriot  who  for  so  many  years  served  the 
government  at  the  most  western  post  on  the  Missouri  River.  There 
are  many  thrilling  incidents  connected  with  Major  Sibley's  sojourn 


280 


JACKSON    COUNTY. 


at  Fort  Osftge,  some  of  which  arc  given  in  Book  II.  of  this  volume. 
See  "Incidents  in  the  History  of  Fort  Osage."  At  the  session  of 
1824-25,  the  Counties  of  Jackson  and  Clay  were  organized,  and 
boundaries  defined.  The  first  settlers  were  principally  from  Ken- 
tucky ;  hence  the  name  often  applied  to  this  section  "New  Ken- 
tucky." In  1830  this  county  had  a  i)opulation  of  2823;  in  1840, 
1612;  in  1850,  14,001;  in  185G,  17,071 ;  and  in  18G0,  23,191. 

The  Soil,  Productions,  etc. — The  soil  of  this  county  is  exceedingly 
fertile,  producing  the  heaviest  yields  of  all  kinds  of  agricultural  pro- 
ducts. Although  the  most  western  county  in  the  State,  south  of  the 
Missouri  River,  and  being  the  shipping  point  of  the  five  fertile  Coun- 
ties of  Cass,  Bates,  Vernon,  Johnson,  and  Henry,  this  was  in  1859 
the  third  largest  tax-paying  county  in  the  State,  her  tax  amounting 
to  $19,032;  and  only  St.  Louis  and  Lafayette  paying  more  tax.  By 
reference  to  the  statistical  tables  of  counties,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
agricultural,  manufacturing,  and  commercial  resources  of  Jackson 
County  are  second  to  but  one  or  two  in  the  State,  and  in  some 
respects  it  has  no  equal.  The  following  will  indicate  its  growth, 
business,  wealth,  and  population: — 


Years. 

AoroR  in 
I'iirnid. 

Value. 

Value  of 

live  stock 
sold. 

Manufac- 
torie.f. 

Capital 
invested. 

$107,903 

Annual 
product 

Merchandise 
sold. 

1850 

1859 

129,f<88 
293,913 

$1,723,995 
3,824,082 

$4.5n,.364 
*2,198,200 

78 
*93 

$270,553 

*3,1S3,502 .34 

This  county  is  increasing  in  wealth  and  population,  probably  as 
rapidly  as  any  county  in  the  State.  The  amount  of  taxable  property 
in  the  county  for  the  year  1859  is  as  follows : — 

Polls 2752 

Land— acres,  342,023 valuatiou  $3,870,759 

Town  lots "  1,007,000 

Negroes,  3042 "  1,481,700 

Insurance  companies "  17,000 

Other  personal  property '♦  881,755 

Cash  notes,  etc "  1,181,271 

Steamboat  slock "  20.000 

Bank  stock ♦'  90,000 

Total $9,539,075 


*  These  estimates  apply  to  Kansas  Tity  alone  for  the  year  1857.     Some  other 
important  statistics  will  be  I'ouud  under  the  head  of  "Kansas  City." 


JACKSON    COUNTY.  •  281 


n5 


state  fax $19,930 

County  tax i24,887  18 

Railroad  tax 24,887  18 

State  Asylum 1.589  94 

State  interest  fund  tax 9,430  28 

Whole  amount  of  taxes  paid $80,724  89 

It  will  be  observed  that  there  is  no  State  tax  assessed  upon  the 
$90,000  bank  stock,  as  the  banks  pay  a  bonus  to  the  State. 

INDEPENDENCE,  the  county-seat,  has  a  population  of  about 
4030,  and  is  very  happily  situated  upon  high  rolling  land,  with  a 
gentle  declivity  in  all  directions,  connected  with  the  densely  popu- 
lated and  well-tilled  agricultural  district  surrounding  it,  by  Mac- 
adamized streets  and  roads.  The  city  is  bounded  on  the  east, 
south,  and  west  by  natural  groves  of  forest  trees,  which  add  much  to 
the  beauty  and  healthfulness  of  the  location.  The  project  of  estab- 
lishing a  town  here,  as  a  town,  we  believe  is  due  the  first  New  Mexico 
traders ;  and  the  exportation  of  goods  to  the  Mexican  war,  first  by 
government,  and  afterward  by  Brown,  Waldo  &  Co.,  added  much  to 
the  wealth  and  business  of  the  place.  (The  last-named  firm  lost  3000 
head  of  stock  and  a  large  number  of  wagons  by  one  of  those  severe 
storms  which  occasionally  sweep  over  the  plains.)  However,  among 
the  earliest  permanent  settlers  may  be  named  Col.  John  Bustleson, 
L.  W.  Boggs,  former  governor  of  the  State,  J.  R.  Swearingen, 
Major  Robt.  Rickman,  James  and  Daniel  King,  Russell  Hicks,  J. 
Aull,  S.  C.  Owens,  S.  D.  Lucas  and  others.  The  town  was  laid  out 
in  1824,  but  was  a  trading  point  for  the  mountain  river  and  the 
traders  of  the  plains,  Utah,  and  New  Mexico  for  long  years  before. 
In  1827  some  Mormons  came  from  Kirtland,  Ohio,  under  "Prophet 
Joe  Smith,"  and  settled  around  the  then  village,  and  eventually 
selected  a  site  for  their  Temple,  near  Independence.  About  the 
year  1831  the  citizens  drove  them  away  on  account  of  the  obnoxious 
character  of  their  creed.  They  then  retired  to  Grand  River,  where 
they  were  again  expelled,  and  still  later  to  Nauvoo,  Illinois,  where 
the  ruins  of  their  Temple  mark  their  last  resting-place  in  the  States, 
they  having  immigrated  to  Salt  Lake  City,  where  they  still  remain. 
(See  chapter  devoted  to  this  subject  in  Book  II.) 

Independence  was  incorporated  March  1,  1849,  and  under  a  new 
act  of  incorporation,  February  23,  1853,  which  extends  the  limits  of 
the  town  to  the  Missouri  River — a  distance  of  two  and  a  half  miles 
from  the  public  square.  The  Court-house  is  a  substantial  brick 
building,  with  porches,  supported  by  Roman-Doric  columns  on  its 
north  and  south  sides.       The   public  square  embraces  about  three 


282  .  JACKSON    COUNTY. 

acres,  and  is  inclosed  bj  a  handsome  iron  fence.  Three  hotels  and  a 
number  of  extensive  mercantile  houses,  several  large  and  substantial 
churches,  some  possessing  much  architectural  beauty,  arc  situated 
in  various  parts  of  the  city.  The  Independence  Female  College, 
established  in  1854,  has  an  average  of  about  100  pui)ils;  Rev.  W.  II. 
Lewis,  President  and  Principal.  The  Male  and  Female  High  School 
is  also  liberally  supported.  Several  of  the  finest  private  residences 
are  surrounded  by  tall  forest  trees  and  handsomely-arranged  grounds. 
The  different  industrial  pursuits  are  well  represented;  and  extensive 
manufactories,  warehouses,  stores,  and  trading-houses  do  a  business 
with  the  interior,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  several  millions  of 
dollars.  The  first  railroad  in  the  State  was  one  built  and  put  in 
operation  (at  a  cost  of  some  $30,000)  between  Independence  and 
the  river  before  Kansas  City  was  projected.  An  excellent  turnpike 
road  has  taken  its  place.  Two  weekly  newspapers  are  published 
here* — (see  names  of  papers  and  publishers  in  another  chapter.) 

Kansas  City  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  Missouri,  a  short 
distance  below  the  mouth  of  Kansas  River,  from  which  it  derives  its 
name.  In  early  days  this  stream  was  called  the  Kaw  River,  and  the 
"Kaw's  Mouth"  was  a  noted  place  among  the  Indian  traders  and 
mountain  trappers  who  came  here  to  exchange  their  furs  and  pelt- 
ries for  provisions,  stores,  etc.  Kansas  City  was  first  regularly 
laid  out  by  the  survey  of  J.  C.  McCoy,  Esq.,  in  1846,  from  which 
date  its  first  permanent  growth  may  be  dated.  The  original  plat 
embraced  256  acres,  but  since  that  time  "additions"  have  been  made 
to  the  city  by  Messrs.  McGce,  Swope,  Ross  and  Scarritt,  Holmes, 
King,  Lykins,  Coates,  Boulton,  Ranson,  Lawrence,  Guinotte,  and 
McDaniel,  which  have  increased  the  area  of  the  city  probably  ten- 
fold. McGee's  addition  embraces  nearly  1300  lots,  some  of  which 
are  among  the  most  beautiful  and  eligible  residence  sites  in  the  city. 
About  half  the  entire  number  have  been  sold  and  improved  by  the 
erection  of  handsome  residences,  extensive  business  blocks,  and  neat 
cottages.  Col.  E.  M.  McGce  is  one  of  the  most  wealthy  and  enter- 
prising men  in  this  section  of  the  State,  and  has  done  much  to  ad- 
vance the  wealth  and  permanent  prosperity  of  the  city  and  the 
county.  The  population  of  McGee's  addition,  January  1,  1857,  was 
twenty-one.  On  the  1st  of  June,  1858,  it  was  1392,  and  is  steadily 
increasing.     Cost  of  buildings  erected  to  June  1,   1858,  $247,400. 

*  AVe  are  under  special  obligations  to  IT.  At.  McCarty,  of  the  Wesfport  "  Border 
Star,"  and  R.  T.  Van  Horn,  of  (lie  Kansas  City  "Journal  of  Commerce,"  for 
valuable  information. 


9  a*  > 

'V\ 

■»  *  » 
s  -*         * 


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■'ilijlllllll 


JACKSON   COUNTY. 


283 


In  1859  over  250  buildings  were  erected  in  Kansas  City.  As  will 
be  seen  by  the  illustration,  Kansas  City  is  situated  upon  broken 
ground,  and  but  a  portion  of  either  the  business  or  residence  part  of 
the  city  can  be  seen  from  any  one  point.  It  was  incorporated  Feb- 
ruary 22,  1853;  however,  several  important  amendatory  acts  have 
since  been  passed.  The  "Chamber  of  Commerce"  was  incorporated 
November  9,  185Y.  The  population  of  Kansas  City,  in  185T,  was 
5185;  in  December,  1859,  it  was  over  8000. 

The  following  table,  prepared  by  G.  M.  B.  Mauglis,  M.D.,  shows 
the  climate  of  Kansas  City,  as  compared  with  that  of  St.  Louis  and 
Cincinnati : — 


<o 

1.2 

It 
=  = 

11 

.3 

Cities. 

.13 

1 
^5 

a 

•a 

W 

■*^ 

to 

a 

1 

a 
'u 

o, 
to 

u 

s 

3 

a 

3 
< 

Altitude  a 
ide  Water. 

2 

U 

C  s 

cH 

390  6' 

1^ 

o 

o 

o 

S^ 

S 

Kansas  City. 

53-300 

lO-lO 

-28 

1230 

55-360 

75-200 

54-100 

28-000 

33  in. 

810  ft. 

St.  Louis. 

38   37 

55-57 

109 

-25 

133 

5555 

7010 

54-34 

3400 

42  in. 

450  ft. 

Cincinnati. 

39     6 

53-36 

100 

-17 

117 

73  50 

73-19 

53-15 

3321 

47  in. 

514  ft. 

Trade  of  Kansas  City— 1857. 

Total  value  of  mercliandise  sold  in  Kansas  City $3,183,502  34 

Number  of  packages  received  at  -warehouses  in  Kansas  City 381,628  GO 

Number  of  wagons           "         "             "         "         "         "    1,172  00 

Pounds  of  Mexican  -wool  received  at  -warehouses  in  Kansas  City...  865,000  00 

Number  of  buffalo  robes         "         "             "         "         "         "    ...  70,400  00 

Bales  of  furs  and  skins           "         "             "         "         "         "    ...  2,580  00 

Amount  of  gold  and  silver  in  boxes  rec'd     "         "         "         "    ...  1,139,661  00 

Pounds  of  silver  ore  from  Gadsden  purchase         "         "         "    ...  2,000  00 

No.  of  wagons  loaded  -with  goods  rec'd         "         '♦         "         "    ...  9,884  00 

Freight  charges  and  commission  paid  on  goods  rec'd  at  do 545,020  00 

Horses,  mules,  and  oxen  sold  (average  $86  per  head) 14,700  00 

Stock  cattle  sold  (averaging  $18  per  head)  52.000  00 

Total  of  trade  of  Kansas  City $6,011,300  34 

We  have  not  the  statistics  of  any  year  since  1857,  but  the  business 
of  the  city  is  increasing  very  rapidly.  In  1859  there  were  $346,770 
worth  of  buildings  erected. 

These  statistics  show  Kansas  City  to  be  the  heaviest  commercial 
point  west  of  St.  Louis,  and  prove  the  correctness  of-  the  statements, 
as  to  its  advantageous  location,  made  by  the  explorers,  Fremont  and 
Beale,  and  by  Dr.  Gregg,  in  his  "Commerce  of  the  Prairies,"  and 
the  realization  of  the  prediction  of  its  future,  made  by  Hon.  Thomas 


284:  JACKSON    COUNTY. 

H.  Benton  twenty-five  years  ago.  If  such  be  the  trade  and  commerce 
of  Kansas  City  now,  with  not  a  mile  of  railroad  leadin<^  in  any  direc- 
tion, what  will  be  her  commercial  importance  when  her  great  iron 
arms  of  commerce  are  extended  to  the  East,  Northeast,  North,  West, 
Southwest  and  South  1 

Westport  has  a  pleasant  and  healthy  location,  four  miles  from 
Kansas  City,  and  before  the  last-named  city  was  projected  was  an 
important  outfitting  point  for  traders  and  trains  starting  to  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Much  of  this  trade 
has  since  been  diverted  to  Kansas  City.  Around  Westport  is  an 
excellent  agricultural  country,  well  settled  by  experienced  farmers ; 
and  the  neat  and  substantial  character  of  the  business  blocks,  churches, 
and  residences,  the  tone  of  society,  and  the  spicy  newspaper — ("The 
Border  Star") — so  ably  conducted  and  liberally  supported,  all  indi- 
cate that  Westport  is  a  desirable  situation,  and  the  citizens  intelligent 
and  industrious.  This  place  was  incorporated  February  12,  1857, 
and  has  a  population  of  2800;  Sibley,  800;  Lone  Jack,  500;  New 
Santa  Fe,  500;  Pink  Hill,  100;  Ray,  100. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  this  county,  of  newspapers,  7 ; 
banks,  6 ;  lawyers,  44  ;  doctors,  36  ;  merchants,  60  ;  grocers,  25 ;  drug- 
gists, 15;  silversmiths,  15;  tinners,  10;  blacksmiths,  12;  wagon- 
makers,  40 ;  saddlers,  20 ;  tailors,  20 ;  shoemakers,  25 ;  cabinet- 
makers, 10;  carpenters,  40;  tobacco  manufacturers,  3;  saw-mills, 
25,  (steam  power;)  coopers,  10;  flouring-mills,  (steam,)  20; 
hotels,  10. 

The  number  of  churches,  20,  numbering  as  follows :  Episcopal,  200 
members;  0.  S.  Presbyterians,  500;  Methodists,  1200;  Baptists, 
500  ;  Catholics,  500. 

The  schools  number  about  50,  and  the  pupils  are  estimated 
at  2000. 

For  particulars  respecting  railroads  being  constructed  to  connect 
with  various  towns  in  this  county,  see  chapter  on  "  Railroads." 


JASPER   COUNTY.  285 


JASPER   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  eastern  line  of  Kansas,  and  separated 
from  the  Arkansas  line  by  Newton  and  McDonald  Counties. 

Population  in  1850,  4223;   and  in  1860,  6914. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  the  county  is  gently  undulating, 
with  about  two-thirds  prairie,  and  the  remainder  timber  land.  The 
prairies  are  very  fertile,  interspersed  with  streams  of  pure  running 
water,  the  courses  of  which  are  skirted  with  oak,  walnut,  ash,  hickory, 
sycamore,  etc.  The  southern  part  of  the  county  is  underlaid  with 
mountain  limestone,  containing  numerous  and  extensive  deposits  of 
lead  and  zinc. 

As  an  agricultural  region,  this  stands  high.  The  largest  yield 
named  is  of  corn,  100  bushels  to  the  acre;  wheat,  40;  oats,  45; 
potatoes,  125;  timothy,  1^  tons;  Hungarian  grass,  6  tons;  pears, 
apples,  peaches,  etc.,  abundant.  Onions,  beets,  carrots,  etc.,  not 
raised  to  any  extent.  Prairie  grass,  blue-grass,  and  timothy  yield 
heavy  crops ;  this  fact,  with  the  abundance  of  clear,  cold,  spring 
branches,  and  the  luild  climate,  renders  this  county  well  adapted  to 
stock  raising.  Improved  lands  are  worth  from  $5  to  $25  per  acre  ; 
unimproved,  from  $2  to  $5.  The  present  market  for  this  county  is 
Southern  Kansas  and  the  Indian  country.  Several  thousand  dollars' 
worth  of  furs  and  buffalo  robes  are  annually  bought  at  Carthage, 
and  shipped  to  the  East  and  North. 

History  and  Business  Statistics. — The  first  settlement  made  in 
the  county  was  probably  at  Sarcoxie,  in  1834,  by  Thacker  Vivian, 
Esq.,  who  laid  out  a  town,  and  from  its  central  location  on  Center 
Creek,  called  it  Centerville.  In  1889,  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
Hon.  Jas.  S.  Rains,  the  name  was  changed  to  "  Sarcoxie,"  in  honor 
of  an  old  and  friendly  Indian  Chief  of  the  Six  Nations.  For  some 
time  before  the  town  was  laid  out,  the  present  site  was  occupied  by  a 
farm  and  a  store  ;  the  latter  owned  and  kept  by  John  Jewett,  whose 
trade  was  principally  with  the  Senecas,  Shawnees,  and  other  neigh- 
boring tribes  of  Indians.  This  is  noted  as  being  one  of  the  oldest 
towns  in  the  Southwest,  and  of  having  a  moral  community,  excellent 
schools,  and  a  delightful  situation  in  the  very  heart  of  the  Spring 
River  valley.  The  town  contains  6  merchants,  2  druggists,  2  wagon 
Bhops,  3  blacksmiths,  1  cabinet,  1  tin,  and   1  saddler  shop.     And 


286  JASPER   COUNTY. 

althougli  Sarcoxie  is  making  no  effort  toward  improvements,  yet,  like 
an  old  pioneer,  with  his  gray  hairs  loaded  with  honor,  is  looked  up  to 
with  a  sort  of  rt-vercntial  fot'ling  and  respect. 

Churches  and  Schools. — Methodist  E.  Church  South,  and  Metliodist 
Protestant,  Cuniherhuul  Presbyterians,  and  Baptists  have  each  organi- 
zations. M.  E.  Church  South  are  most  numerous  and  influential.  This 
denomination  has  a  good  edifice  at  Cave  Spring,  and  there  are  other 
commodious  meeting  houses  in  other  parts  of  the  county,  open  to  all 
religious  societies.  There  are  high  schools  at  Carthage  and  Sarcoxie. 
At  Carthage  is  a  good  brick  scliool-house,  thirty  by  sixty,  two  stories 
high,  witii  two  acres  laid  off  into  pleasure-grounds.  This  county  has 
a  permanent  school  fund  of  nearly  $150,000,  at  ten  per  cent,  interest, 
and  about  $15,000  annual  income  for  distribution.  Both  teachers  and 
school-houses,  however,  are  very  inferior,  we  should  infer  from  the 
State  Superintendent's  Report  of  Public  Schools. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — Farmers  will  here  find  a  healthy 
climate,  fertile  farming  lands  at  a  low  price,  on  long  credit,  and  a  re- 
munerative price  for  all  they  produce.  Stock  growers  will  find  large 
yields  of  native  and  cultivated  grasses,  pure  running  water ;  very  im- 
portant considerations  with  them.  Manufacturers  and  capitalists  will 
find  in  Spring  River  alone  at  least  fifty  sites  furnishing  good  water 
power,  unimproved.  This  stream,  for  ra})idity  of  current,  regularity 
of  water,  and  adaptation  to  machinery,  has  no  superior  in  this  part  of 
the  State.  Its  banks,  though  low,  are  seldom  overflowed,  and  the 
beds  of  the  streams  are  gravel  or  solid  stone,  and  the  current  varies 
but  little  during  the  entire  year.  Woolen  factories  and  flouring-mills 
could  be  erected  to  good  advantage.  Excellent  blue  limestone,  and 
a  very  fine  quality  of  sandstone,  admirably  adapted  for  building  pur- 
poses, are  abundant.  JNIiners  will  find  inexhaustible  beds  of  lead  ore, 
and  carpenters,  cabinetmakers,  tinners,  brick  and  stone  masons,  silver- 
smiths, and  shoemakers  will  find  good  openings  for  business. 

CARTHAGE,  the  county-seat,  is  on  the  edge  of  a  large  prairie, 
extending  south  and  east;  while  on  the  north  and  west  are  the  out- 
skirts of  timlicr.  The  court-house  and  jail  are  among  the  best  public 
buildings  in  the  Southwest. 

Carthage  has  a  population  of  300  ;  Sarcoxie,  250  ;  Fidelity,  IGO  ; 
Sherwood,  50  ;  Avilla,  30.  Distance  from  Carthage  to  nearest  point 
on  P,  11.  R.,  Syracuse,  1G5  miles;  to  St.  Louis,  350;  to  Jefferson 
City,  200  miles. 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY.  287 


JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  east  central  part  of  the  State ; 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi  River,  on  the  west  by  Frank- 
lin and  Washington  Counties,  north  by  St.  Louis,  and  south  by 
Washington,  St.  Fran9ois,  and  St.  Genevieve  Counties ;  and  has  an 
area  of  654  square  miles. 

The  population  of  Jefferson  County  in  18.30  was  2592  ;  in  1840, 
4296;  in  1850,  6928;  in  1856,  8501;  and  in  1860,  9365.  Acres  of 
land  subject  to  taxation  in  1859,  348,895,  valued  at  $1,523,300  ;  and 
451  slaves,  valued  at  $208,585.  Total  valuation  of  property, 
$2,282,197. 

Physical  Features. — In  the  northern  and  eastern  portions  of  the 
county  the  land  is  generally  undulating  and  fertile  ;  and  in  the  west- 
ern and  southern,  hilly  and  sterile.  A  great  proportion  of  the  county 
is  heavily  timbered,  and  the  land  more  valuable  for  mineral  than  for 
agricultural  purposes.  The  best  farming  lands  are  found  along  the 
Maramec  and  Big  Rivers,  and  Platin,  Sandy,  and  Joaquim  Creeks. 
Big  River  is  the  largest  stream  that  traverses  the  county,  which,  in 
ordinary  seasons,  would  be  considered  a  creek;  but  having  its 
source  in  a  hilly  country,  rises  rapidly  till  it  becomes  emphatically  a 
"Big  River,"  but  does  not  retain  its  maximum  height  but  a  few 
hours — running  out  very  rapidly.  The  county  is  drained  by  the  Ma- 
ramec, which  forms  part  of  its  northern  boundary,  and  by  Platin, 
Joaquim,  and  Sandy  Creeks. 

The  scenery  along  some  of  the  streams  is  beautiful,  and  the  lime- 
stone bluffs  of  the  Mississippi  about  Selma  and  Rush  Tower  have  an 
elevation  of  from  250  to  300  feet,  which,  at  a  distance,  bear  a  remark- 
able resemblance  to  artificial  towers.  Formerly  there  were  shot 
towers  on  the  perpendicular  cliffs  at  Selma  and  Herculaneura.  Along 
the  line  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad  are  solid  masses  of  white  lime- 
stone, deposited  in  horizontal  strata,  overhanging  the  track.  The 
scenery  along  this  route  is  grand  and  picturesque,  especially  interest- 
ing to  the  geologist. 

The  soil  in  the  northern  and  eastern  portions  of  the  county  is 
adapted  to  farming  i)urposes,  while  there  is  scarcely  any  of  the  "gra- 
velly ridges"  but  would  produce  excellent  fruit  of  most  kinds,  and 
especially  peaches  and  grapes.  More  attention  is  being  given  to  this 
branch  than  formerly.    Mr.  Baker,  near  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad, 


288  JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 

has  now  9000  peach-trees  in  one  orclianl,  and  we  have  seUlom  seen 
better  peaches  anywhere  than  arc  produced  in  Jefferson  and  Wash- 
infjtoM  Couiitios. 

Minerals. — This  county  appears  to  contain  an  inexhaustible  amount 
of  lead  ore ;  and  some  extensive  deposits  of  brown  hematite  iron  ore, 
which  in  township  39,  range  4  E.,  projects  in  large  masses  above  the 
surface  of  the  ground.  There  have  been  upwards  of  50  lead  mines 
or  "  diggings"  opened  in  the  county,  where  more  or  less  galena  has 
been  taken  out,  and  about  half  the  number  of  mines  (say  27)  are 
now  being  worked.  There  are  three  extensive  steam  lead  furnaces — 
Sandy,  Mammoth,  and  Yalle's — but  we  are  unable  to  give  the  amount 
of  lead  smelted  at  each  for  any  given  time.  The  principal  mines  are 
in  township  38,  ranges  4  and  5  E.  ;  township  39,  ranges  3,  4,  and  5 ; 
township  40,  range  3  ;  township  41,  ranges  4,  5,  and  6  E. ;  and  the 
ores  are  of  the  sulphuret  variety. 

There  is  on  the  Platin  Creek,  extending  from  its  mouth  several 
miles  up  that  stream,  al)luff,  30  to  100  feet  high,  of  white  sand,  (pure 
silex,)  which  has  within  the  last  year  attracted  the  attention  of  flint- 
glass  manufacturers  of  Pittsburg  and  Wheeling.  In  1859  there  was 
2000  tons  sold  to  Pittsburg,  and  in  18G0  a  still  greater  amount  was 
contracted  for  by  the  same  parties.  The  sale  this  season  will  doubt- 
less double  that  quantity. 

This  sand  has  navigation  from  the  bluffs  most  of  the  year  by 
barges,  which  renders  it  so  easy  of  access  as  to  defy  competition. 

There  are  no  large  towns  in  this  county. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  situated  south  from  the  cen- 
ter of  the  county,  upon  the  high  lands  between  the  Mississippi  and  Big 
River,  about  4^  miles  from  Victoria,  on  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad, 
and  30  miles  from  St.  Louis.  The  town  was  first  settled  by  John 
Carver  and  others,  in  the  spring  of  1828,  and  contains  one  church,  a 
Masonic  Lodge,  school-house,  hotel,  and  about  150  inhabitants. 

De  Soto  is  a  promising  new  town,  on  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad, 
42  miles  from  St.  Louis,  and  6  from  the  county-seat.  It  has  grown 
to  its  present  size  as  rapidly  as  any  other  town  in  the  State.  It  now 
contains  Methodist  church,  3  stores,  steam  saw  and  grist  mill,  2 
hotels,  and  a  large  female  seminary  is  in  course  of  erection.  Popu- 
lation about  275. 

Selina  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  35  miles  below  St. 
Louis,  and  5  miles  east  from  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  and  ren- 
dered noted  by  "  Selma  Hall,"  the  residence  of  Col.  Ferd.  Kennet, 
which  is  the  finest  residence  in  the  State. 


JOHNSON    COUNTY.  289 

Victoria,  39  miles  from  St.  Louis,  is  a  new  town.  T.  M.  Espy  has 
here  an  excellent  hotel,  and  the  only  railroad  eating-house  on  this 
road. 


JOHNSON  COUNTY. 

This  county,  situated  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Lafayette,  which  separates  it  from  the  Missouri  River, 
and  on  the  west  by  Cass,  a  county  bordering  on  the  Kansas  line. 
Population  in  1860,  14,985. 

Physical  Features. — A  great  proportion  of  this  county  is  fertile 
prairie  land,  level  or  slightly  undulating,  interspersed  here  and  there 
with  forest  trees ;  while  in  the  valley  of  Clearfork  Creek,  and  of  some 
other  streams,  is  found  most  excellent  timber,  consisting  of  hickory, 
oak,  and  walnut,  principally.  In  the  early  settlement  of  this  county, 
the  extent  of  the  prairies  was  considered  an  objection  by  persons 
from  densely-timbered  countries;  but  since  the  prairie  fires  have  been 
kept  out,  groves  are  growing  up  rapidly;  besides,  immense  beds  of 
stone-coal  have  been  found  convenient,  which  remove  all  those  objec- 
tions. The  county  is  well  watered  by  the  Blackwater  and  its  trib- 
utaries, many  of  which  originate  in  never -failing  springs.  The  saline 
springs  in  this  county  are  highly  prized  by  stock  growers.  On  the 
south  half  of  section  6,  township  44,  range  24  W.,  is  found  a  stratum 
or  vein  of  plumbago,  or  black  oxyde  of  manganese,  which  is  suscep- 
tible of  a  fine  polish,  makes  a  clear  black  mark,  and  is  used  by  the 
citizens  for  pencils.  On  the  same  section  is  excellent  hydraulic  lime- 
stone ;  and  some  of  the  best  bituminous  coal  in  the  State  exists  in 
this  region,  some  strata  being  nearly  five  feet  thick.  The  limestone 
through  the  county  embraces  several  varieties,  some  of  which  contain 
numerous  fossils.  Several  specimens  of  petrifactions  have  been  found 
in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  county — principally  of  wood. 

Soil  and  Productions. — A  very  great  proportion  of  the  soil  is 
rich  and  well  adapted  to  agriculture,  producing  a  large  yield  of  all 
kinds  of  grain,  grasses,  fruits,  and  vegetables.  Stock  growing  would 
be  a  profitable  business  in  this  county,  and  the  early  completion  of  the 
Pacific  Railroad  through  the  county  will  afford  a  cheap  and  speedy 
transit  to  market. 

Natural  Advantages. — Johnson  County  is  an  exceedingly  fertile 
body  of  land,  well  watered  with  springs  and  streams,  with  an  abund- 
ant supply  of  limestone  and  timber,  and  immense  beds  of  stone  coal. 

19 


290  JOIIXSON    COUNTY. 

Most  kinds  of  mochanics  are  in  demand,  especially  "house-builders," 
carpenters,  masons,  and  plasterers.  Unimproved  land  is  worth  from 
$10  to  $10,  and  iniproved,  from  $12  to  $50  per  acre. 

Churches  and  Schools.- — The  Methodist,  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  and 
Christian  denominations  all  have  organizations,  and  there  are  many 
excellent  schools,  both  public  and  private,  in  the  county. 

WARRENSBURG,  the  county-seat,  is  near  the  center  of  the 
county,  has  a  pleasant  site,  watered  by  clear,  cool  springs,  and  sur- 
rounded by  an  excellent  and  well-settled  farming  country.  The  town 
was  incorporated  November  23,  1855,  and  now  contains  2  newspapers, 
(Weekly  Union  and  Western  Missourian,)  a  branch  of  the  "Union 
Bank  of  Missouri,"  an  excellent  male  and  female  institute,  several 
good  common  schools,  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Baptist  and  Christian 
organizations,  with  2  churches,  several  saw-mills,  2  steam  flouring- 
mills,  and  all  kinds  of  mechanics,  professional  men,  etc.  Population 
1500. 

Knobnoster  is  situated  in  the  east  central  part  of  the  county,  10 
miles  from  the  county-seat,  upon  the  Pacific  Railroad.  The  town 
derives  its  name  from  a  prominent  mound  or  knob  that  stands  isolated 
in  the  plain.  Knobnoster  was  first  settled  in  1854,  and  now  contains 
a  church.  Masonic  Lodge,  seminary,  flouring-mill,  and  about  300 
inhabitants. 

Kingsville  is  situated  upon  a  high  table-land,  from  which  the 
streams  to  the  north  empty  into  the  Missouri,  and  the  triljutaries  to 
the  Osage  bear  to  the  south.  The  town  is  on  the  Pacific  Bailroad, 
and  connected  by  stage  with  the  following  points :  Warrensburg,  20 
miles;  Georgetown,  50;  Otterville,  G3 ;  Pleasant  Hill,  12.  The 
town  is  surrounded  by  a  high,  fertile  prairie,  interspersed  with  groves 
of  timber,  with  coal  banks  open  in  the  town,  and  limestone  and  clay 
for  brick  near  at  hand.  The  town  was  laid  out  by  General  William 
M.  King  &  Sons,  in  1858,  and  now  contains  a  church,  academy,  news- 
paper olTice,  and  numerous  business  houses.     Population  200. 

Of  other  towns,  there  are  Columbus,  population  250;  Fayetteville, 
250;  Rose  Hill,  150;  and  Cornelia,  150. 

Holden  is  a  thrifty  new  town  on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  10  miles  from 
the  county-seat,  surrounded  by  a  good  farming  country,  prairie  and 
timber,  and  a  very  superior  quality  of  stone  coal  convenient.  Popu- 
lation 150. 


KNOX    COUNTY — LACLEDE    COUNTY,  291 


KNOX  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State,  separated  from 
the  Mississippi  River  by  Lewis  County,  from  the  Iowa  line  by  Scot- 
land County,  and  bounded  on  the  west  by  Clarke  and  Macon,  and  on 
the  south  by  Shelby  County,  and  contains  an  area  of  504  square  miles. 
Population  in  1850,  2895;  in  1856,  5484;  in  1860,  1761. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  undulating,  with  a 
desirable  division  of  prairie  and  timber  land.  It  is  intersected  by 
North,  Middle,  and  South  Fabius,  and  by  the  north  fork  of  Salt 
River,  and  several  of  their  tributary  creeks  and  branches. 

EDINA,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the 
county,  on  the  South  Fabius  River,  and  contains  about  300  inhabit- 
ants.    It  was  incorporated  February  16,  1857. 

Newark  is  situated  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  county,  near  the 
South  Fabius,  and  18  miles  from  the  county-seat.  It  was  first  located 
and  settled  in  1835,  and  a  post-office  established  in  1841.  It  is  con- 
nected by  stage-lines  with  Paris,  36  miles ;  Lagrange,  27  ;  Palmyra, 
31 ;  and  Monticcllo,  18  miles.  It  contains  4  churches — Methodist, 
Baptist,  Christian,  and  Presbyterian — 1  Lodge  each  of  Masons  and 
Odd  Fellows,  a  good  representation  of  business  houses,  and  300 
inhabitants. 

The  name  of  Prairie  City  was  changed  to  Jeddo,  March  10,  1859; 
and  that  of  Centreville  changed  to  Colony,  February  14,  1857. 


LACLEDE   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  south  central  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Camden,  south  by  Wright  and  Webster, 
east  by  Pulaski  and  Texas,  and  west  by  Dallas  County ;  was  formed 
in  1849,  from  a  portion  of  Pulaski,  and  named  in  honor  of  Pierre 
Laclede  Liguest,  the  founder  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  organized  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1849.     Population  in  1860,  5200. 

Physical  Features. — This  county  is  situated  upon  the  high  table- 
lands of  the  Ozark  range,  and  presents  a  groat  variety  of  surface, 


202  LACLEDE    COUNTY. 

from  the  level  or  moderately  undulating  prairie,  to  rugged  hills  and 
miniature  mountains.  In  the  vicinity  of  Big  Niangua  Gasconade,  and 
Osage  Fork,  the  hills  range  from  155  to  500  feet  in  height,  separated 
from  each  other  by  deep  and  narrow  valleys.  From  tliis  elevation  to 
the  west  throe  streams — Spring  Hollow,  the  Mountains,  and  Sweet 
Hollow — flow  into  the  Niangua.  Goodwin  IIullow  extends  north  to 
the  Auglaize,  a  tributary  of  the  Osage;  the  eastern  and  southern 
parts  of  the  county  are  drained  by  the  Osage  Fork,  Gasconade,  Bear, 
Brush,  Cobbs,  and  several  smaller  creeks  and  tributaries.  An  erro- 
neous impression  is  generally  formed  of  these  elevated  table-lands,  from 
the  manner  in  which  they  are  represented  upon  many  of  the  maps. 
An  article  is  devoted  to  the  correction  of  these  errors.  (See  "Topo- 
graphy of  Ozark  Mountains.") 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  the  upland  is  various;  the 
light  and  gravelly  portions  are  well  adapted  to  fruit  culture,  and  par- 
ticularly favorable  for  grapes ;  while  in  the  post-oak  flats,  the  subsoil 
of  clay  comes  nearer  the  surface.  For  many  purposes  this  soil  is 
superior  to  that  of  the  alluvial,  and  has  produced  as  high  as  55 
bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre,  from  800  to  1200  pounds  of  tobacco,  and 
most  excellent  timothy  and  other  grasses.  There  is  in  the  county 
probably  100,000  acres  of  rich,  alluvial  bottom-land,  much  of  which 
is  under  a  good  state  of  cultivation.  Farmers  have  realized  of  hemp, 
1500  pounds  to  the  acre  ;  tobacco,  1200  pounds;  corn,  100  bushels; 
wheat,  50  ;  rye,  30 ;  barley,  30  ;  oats,  40 ;  buckwheat,  20 ;  potatoes, 
200;  onions,  100;  beets,  150;  carrots,  150  ;  turnips,  300  ;  timothy, 
4  tons;  clover,  3;  Ilungarian  grass,  3;  also,  of  apples,  peaches,  and 
cherries,  an  abundant  yield.  These  figures  are  above  the  average 
product.  One  farmer  had  a  few  acres  in  cotton,  and  reports  favor- 
ably of  the  experiment. 

Minerals. — Brown  hematite  and  specular  iron  ores  were  reported 
by  the  State  Geologist  to  exist  in  township  36,  ranges  14  and  16  W., 
and  sulphuret  lead  ore  in  the  last-named  locality. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county,  of  newspapers,  1  ; 
lawyers,  5;  physicians,  10;  merchants,  11;  grocers,  3;  druggist,  1; 
silversmith,  1;  tinner,  1;  blacksmiths,  10;  wagon-makers,  4;  sad- 
dler, 1  ;  tailors,  2  ;  shoemakers,  2  ;  cabinetmakers,  2  ;  carpenters,  10  ; 
tobacco  manufacturer,  1;  saw-mills,  6,  (1  water,  5  steam  power;) 
flouring-mills,  7,  (1  steam  and  6  water  power.) 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  2  churches — 1  Union  and  1 
Free,  where  the  several  denominations  worship.  Of  schools,  there  is 
a  high  school,  located  at  Lebanon,  and  34  district  school-houses. 

The  soil  and  climate  adapt  it  to  agricultural  or  manufacturing  pur- 


LAFAYETTE    COUNTY.  203 

poses,  stock  raising,  or  vine  growing.  The  southwest  branch  of  the 
Pacific  Railroad  will  soon  be  completed,  traversing  the  county,  and 
affording  speedy  and  cheap  transit  to  St.  Louis,  there  connecting  with 
water  and  rail  communication  to  all  parts  of  the  Union. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  growth  of  the  county  since  1851 : 

1857.  1859. 

Land  assessed acres     48,625  122,092 

Valuation $194,223  $449,000 

Polls 707  796 

Slaves 223  250 

And  this,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  there  are  over  130,000 
acres  of  railroad  lands  in  this  county  that  are  not  in  market,  and  the 
same  amount  has  been  raised  to  double  the  usual  government  price. 

Natural  Advantages. — -Laclede  County  has  within  her  borders 
many  of  the  elements  of  agricultural  and  mineral  wealth :  a  great 
variety  of  soil  adapted  to  the  various  purposes  of  the  farmer,  nur- 
seryman, or  stock  grower;  an  abundance  of  timber;  a  profusion  of 
clear,  rapid  streams,  and  strong  crystal  springs;  fine  water  power  for 
manufacturing  purposes  upon  the  Osage  Fork,  Gasconade,  and  other 
streams  ;  iron  and  lead  in  several  parts  of  the  county,  which  may  be 
found  in  paying  quantities ;  a  good  demand  for  farmers,  mechanics, 
and  manufacturers,  with  the  prospect  of  an  early  completion  of  the 
southwest  branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  which  will  pass  through 
the  center  of  the  county,  affording  a  cheap  and  speedy  transit  with 
the  best  market  in  the  West,  and  to  St.  Louis,  thus  securing  railroad 
and  water  communication  with  all  parts  of  the  world. 

LESANON,  the  county-seat,  has  a  beautiful  situation  upon  the 
table-lands,  near  the  center  of  the  county,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  fine 
agricultural  region.  It  is  the  only  town  of  note  in  the  county,  and 
has  a  population  of  400,  and  a  fair  representation  of  business  houses. 


LAFAYETTE  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Missouri  River, 
and  separated  from  the  Kansas  line  by  Jackson  County,  which  bounds 
it  on  the  west.     Population  in  18G0,  20,440. 

Face  of  the  Country. — The  general  character  of  tlie  land  in  this 
county  is  level  or  gently  undulating;  however,  some  portions  are 
broken  and  rough.     Passing  over  the  country  between  Marshall  and 


294  LAFAYETTE    COUNTY. 

Lexington,  the  traveler  sees  some  as  fine  country  as  there  is  in  Mis- 
souri. The  landscape  is  beautiful  and  imposing.  In  summer,  the  prai- 
ries resemble  a  vast  carpet  of  green  spread  out  before  him,  dotted  here 
and  there  with  herds  of  cattle,  that  crop  the  luxuriant  native  grasses, 
amid  flowers  of  every  hue  and  color  of  the  rainbow,  which  perfume 
the  atmosphere  while  they  dazzle  the  eye  of  the  beholder,  and  he  can 
hardly  dismiss  the  idea  that  the  cattle  are  trespassers  upon  this  arti- 
ficial parterre,  which  seems  to  have  been  cultivated  and  carefully 
dressed,  and  set  in  groves  and  skirted  along  the  streams  with  beauti- 
ful parks.  Some  of  the  finest  prairies  in  the  county  are  east  of  Dover. 
This  town  was  settled  a  number  of  years  ago,  and  is  situated  in  a 
grove  named  Terre  Beau,  (beautiful  land.)  Terre  Beau  Creek  and 
Big  Sniabar  furnish  water  power.  The  county  contains  a  numljcr  of 
fine  springs  and  rapid  streams.  Oak,  hickory,  mulberry,  ash,  wal- 
nut, and  Cottonwood  timbers  are  abundant  along  the  streams,  and 
appear  in  groves  throughout  the  county.  In  the  southern  part  of  the 
county  are  several  elevations,  called  Wagon  Knob,  Buck  Knob,  etc. 
The  former  is  on  the  head  of  Big  Sniabar  Creek,  and  has  an  elevation 
of  about  150  feet  above  the  level  of  the  prairie,  affording  an  exten- 
sive view  of  the  surrounding  country,  of  the  towns  of  Chapel  Hill  in 
Lafayette,  Columbus  in  Johnson,  etc. 

History. — The  following  list  of  county  officers,  compiled  by  Morris 
E.  R.  Locke,  Esq.,  may  be  relied  upon  as  correct: — 

List  of  Circuit  Judges. 

Hon.  David  Todd from  1820         to         1831 

Hon.  Jolin  F.  U^^land "      18:51  "  1849 

Hon.  Henderson  Young "      1849  until  his  death, 

which  took  place  in  the  year  1854. 

Hon.  William  T.  Wood from  18-54         to         1856 

Hon.  llussell  Micks "      1856  Sept.  26,  1859 

IIou.  Hobert  G.  Smart "      1850  to  till  the  va- 
cancy occasioned  by  the  resignation  of  Hon.  Russell  Ilicks. 

List  of  Circuit  Clerks. 

Young  Ewing from  1821  to  1836 

William  Rpratt "     1836  "  1848 

Lewis  W.  Smallwood "     1848  "  1860 

John  r.  Bowman "     1860  "  1866 

List  of  Sheriffs. 

William  R.  Cole from   1821  to  1824 

Markham   Fristoe "      1824  "  1826 

James  Bounds '•      1826  "  1830 

James  Fletcher "       1830  "  1834 


LAFAYETTE   COUNTY.  295 

Daniel  McDowell from   1833  to  1836 

James  Bounds "      1836  "  1837 

Daniel  McDowell "      1837  "  1842 

William  Anderson "      1842  "  1846 

Thomas  G.  Smith "      1846  "  1848 

James  Clowdsly "      1848  "  1850 

Alfred  Nichols "      1850  "  1852 

M.  W.  Withers •*      1852  "  1856 

John  P.  Bowman "      1856  "  1860 

Oliver  Anderson,  to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  resignation 
of  John  P.  Bowman. 

Hamilton  R.  Gamble,  first  circuit  court  attorney  for  this  district. 

The  first  grand  jury  for  this  county  (then  Lillard)  was  composed  of 
the  following  persons :  William  Lillard,  (foreman,)  William  F.  Sim- 
mons, John  J.  Heard,  John  Lillard,  Thomas  Linwell,  David  Gen- 
nings,  Jesse  Coxe,  James  Bounds,  Jr.,  Isaac  Clark,  William  Wallace, 
Christopher  Mulkey,  Jacob  Catron,  John  Howman,  George  Parker- 
son,  Thomas  Hopper,  Jacob  Lowrie,  John  Robison,  Thomas  Fristoe, 
William  Fox,  and  Samuel  Weston. 

The  first  indictment  was  against  John  Salady,  for  trespass,  assault 
and  battery. 

The  following  are  the  names  of  the  first  attorneys  admitted  to  prac- 
tice in  this  county :  Hamilton  R.  Gamble,  Fayton  R.  Hayden,  and 
John  J.  McKinney. 

Judge  John  F.  Ryland,  who  is  still  practicing  at  the  bar,  was 
admitted  in  1823. 

Edward  Stratton,  the  present  county  clerk,  was  the  first  county 
court  clerk,  as  also  the  first  probate  judge.  Walter  M.  Smallwood 
is  the  present  probate  judge. 

Lexington  was  incorporated  as  a  city  March  8,  1845. 

Soil,  Productions,  etc. — The  soil  in  this  county  is  generally  very 
productive,  and  well  adapted  to  all  the  purposes  of  the  farmer  or 
stock-grower.  We  have  statistics  from  farms  which  have  produced, 
to  the  acre,  of  hemp,  2200  pounds;  tobacco,  800  pounds;  corn,  100 
bushels  ;  wheat,  25  bushels ;  barley,  80  bushels  ;  timothy,  2  tons  ; 
Hungarian  grass,  3  tons ;  and  fruit  and  vegetables  in  proportion. 
The  average  price  of  improved  lands  is  from  $15  to  $50  per  acre ; 
of  unimproved,  $8  per  acre.  As  will  be  seen,  by  reference  to  the 
table  showing  the  full  statistics  of  each  county,  in  another  chapter, 
Lafayette  is  the  largest  tax-paying  county  in  the  State,  excepting 
St.  Louis.  The  wealth  of  the  county,  however,  as  shown  by  the 
tax-books,  exhibits  a  falling  off  from  the  estimate  of  1858  of  $800,370. 
la  1858  it  was  $10,205,878.  This  decrease  is  in  land  and  slave  prop- 
erty ;  there  having  been  a  decrease  of  some  200  slaves  in  one  year. 


296  LAFAYETTE    COUNTY. 

Inducements  to  Immigration.  —  Of  niercliants  and  professional 
men,  this  county  l)as  a  full  sujiply  for  the  present.  The  class  of 
people  most  needed  are  qualified  school  teachers,  practical  farmers 
and  mechanics,  who  have  capital,  to  improve  land  or  establish  manu- 
factories ;  also  carpenters,  plasterers,  and  masons.  They  will  find 
here  good  schools  and  churches,  good  society,  fertile  farming  land, 
licalthy  climate,  wood  and  stone  coal  abundant,  springs  and  rapid 
streams  of  water,  etc. 

LEXINGTON,  the  county-seat,  has  a  beautiful,  high,  and  healthy 
situation  upon  the  river,  and  is  the  shipping  point  for  a  large  and 
fertile  agricultural  district.  This  was  formerly  an  outfitting  point  for 
the  Santa  Fe  and  Xew  Mexico  trade,  and  the  land  office  having  been 
located  here  for  a  number  of  years,  has  also  added  to  the  importance 
of  the  city  as  a  business  point.  Lexington  now  contains  2  ably-con- 
ducted newspapers,  2  banks,  15  lawyers,  9  physicians,  22  merchants, 
7  grocers,  4  druggists,  3  silversmiths,  2  tinners,  8  blacksmiths,  2 
wagon-makers,  3  saddlers,  6  tail9rs,  4  shoemakers,  5  cabinetmakers,  9 
carpenters,  3  tobacco  manufacturers,  1  saw-mill,  and  3  flouring-mills, 
(steam  power,)  2  hotels,  etc.  (We  are  unable  to  give  full  statistics 
of  Lexington.) 

It  appears,  by  an  assessment  and  census  recently  taken  of  Lexing- 
ton, that  the  total  number  of  inhabitants  is  5200.  The  value  of  tax- 
able property  iu  llie  town  is  $2,882,410,  of  which  $947,219  is  real 
estate,  $308,G57  slaves,  and  $1,573,544  money  and  notes.  The  value 
of  buildings  erected  in  1859,  and  completed,  was  $140,300;  those  not 
completed,  $14,100.  Value  of  public  institutions,  etc.  not  taxable, 
$224,000.  The  number  of  slaves  is  5737,  valued  at  $2,191,451. 
Slaves  have  decreased  171  since  the  last  assessment,  at  which  time 
59G6  were  reported,  valued  at  $2,433,015, 

The  total  amount  of  manufactures  and  produce  shipped  from 
Waverly  and  St.  Thomas,  in  1859,  was  $256,615;  total  im})orts  for 
same  time,  $102,000.  Bricks  made  and  sold,  1,136,000.  Value  of 
improvements,  $71,000.  There  are  of  business  houses  in  Waverly 
and  St.  Tliomas  the  following:  attorneys,  3  ;  physicians,  5;  Lodge 
Good  Templars,  1;  Lodge  Masons,  1;  Lodge  Odd  Fellows,  2; 
Young  Men's  Lyceum,  1  ;  post-office,  1  ;  printing-office,  1 ;  dry-goods 
houses,  6  ;  grocery  stores,  3  ;  drug  stores,  2  ;  tin  and  stove  store,  1 ; 
cabinet  wareroom,  1 ;  commission  merchants,  3;  watch  and  clock,  1; 
liotcl,  1  ;  schools,  2  ;  churches,  3 ;  flouring-mill,  1  ;  livery  stable,  1  ; 
blacksmith  shops,  2  ;  plow  factories,  2  ;  wagon  sliops,  2  ;  hemp  brake 
shops,  2;  steam  rope  factory,  1  ;  cabinet  shop,  1  ;  saw-mills  in  vicinity, 
2 ;  warehouses,  5  ;  carpenters,  20  ;  painters,  2 ;  milliners,  2  ;  saddler 


LAWRENCE    COUNTY.  297 

and  harness  maker,  1  ;  tailors,  2  ;  boot  and  slioe  shops,  2  ;  brick  ma- 
sons, 6  ;  plasterers,  3  ;  coal  yard,  1 ;  pork  house,  1  ;  brick  yards,  6  ; 
and  United  States  express  office. 

The  population  of  the  principal  towns  in  the  county  is  as  follows  : 
Lexington,  the  county-seat,  5200 ;  Waverly,  (name  changed  from 
Middletown,  March  2,  1849,)  2000;  Wellington,  400;  Dover,  200; 
Chapel  Hill,  200  ;  Napoleon,  (incorporated  November  21,  1857,) 
300. 


LAWRENCE   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Dade,  east  by  Greene  and  Christian,  south 
by  Barry,  and  west  by  Jasper  and  Newton,  which  separate  it  from 
the  Kansas  line,  and  contained,  in  1850,  a  population  of  4851  inhab- 
itants;  in  185B,  T613;  and  in  1860,  9062. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  undulating,  and  in 
some  sections  broken,  with  prairie  and  timber  well  diversified.  The 
principal  streams  are  Spring  River,  Turnback-Sac,  Honey  Creek, 
Clear  Creek,  and  Stahl's  Creek.  These  streams  have  their  sources 
at  large  springs,  and  are  peculiarly  clear,  and  flow  over  gravel  and 
rocky  beds.  The  valleys  are  fertile,  well  timbered,  and  susceptible 
of  the  highest  degree  of  cultivation,  while  the  high  prairies,  with 
their  broad  acres  of  grass,  are  unsurpassed  for  grazing.  The  mild- 
ness of  the  climate,  bountiful  supply  of  living  water,  etc.,  render  this 
a  desirable  portion  of  the  State  for  stock  growing  and  fruit  culture, 
especially  the  grape.  The  natural  advantages  of  the  county  are  very 
great,  but  there  is  a  deplorable  lack  of  energy  manifest  among  many 
of  the  leading  men;  consequently  the  various  industrial  pursuits  are 
not  represented  in  a  manner  corresponding  with  their  advantageous 
location  and  natural  resources. 

History. — Lawrence  County  was  formed  from  Dade  and  Barry, 
and  organized  in  1844-5.  The  organization  of  the  county  was 
celebrated  by  a  "Bran  Dance,"  on  the  4th  of  July,  1845,  which  we 
will  speak  of  more  particularly  to  "show  how  the  people  do  up  such 
matters  out  West."  In  preparing  for  this  celebration  and  sale  of 
lots,  invitations  were  sent  to  neighboring  counties,  and  promptly 
responded  to  by  hundreds  who  came  to  celebrate  the  national  anni- 
versary, and  the  birth  of  a  new  county.  Where  the  court-house  now 
stands  was  a  dense  piece  of  woodland,  and  an  arbor  was  made  from 


298  LAWRENCE   CODNTY. 

the  black  jacks,  and  other  forest  trees,  beneath  which  the  sale  was 
held,  and  afterward  a  grand  barbecue  served  up,  speeches  made,  and 
a  spirited  time  was  enjoyed  by  all.  After  the  business  and  the  bar- 
becue had  received  proper  attention,  the  arbor  was  cleared  away,  and 
bran  strewn  over  the  ground  to  prepare  it  for  dancing.  We  are 
assured  by  !Major  Wear,  that  tliis  was  one  of  the  most  pleasant  cele- 
brations, and  most  heartily  enjoyed,  by  old,  middle  aged,  and  young, 
that  had  ever  been  held  in  this  section  of  country.  All  joined  in  the 
dance,  and  everything  passed  off  harmoniously. 

Minerals. — Lead  and  iron  ore  have  been  discovered  —  the  former 
in  several  localities  near  Mount  Vernon,  the  latter  four  miles  from 
Mount  Vernon,  on  the  place  of  William  Davis,  on  Honey  Creek. 
Copper  ore  was  found  by  the  State  Geologist  on  section  2,  township 
29,  range  25  W. 

The  water  power  is  an  important  feature  in  Lawrence,  and  springs 
abound  in  various  parts  of  the  county. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  the  county-seat,  was  laid  out  in  1845,  by  the 
county,  as  a  seat  of  justice,  and  the  first  court  was  held  in  October  of 
the  same  year,  at  the  house  of  George  White,  Esq.,  and  presided  over 
by  lion.  Chas.  S.  Yancy;  Thomas  Ash  was  the  first  clerk;  Washing- 
ton Smith,*  first  sheriff;  Jno.  Williams,  one  of  the  oldest  settlers, 
was  foreman  of  the  first  grand  jury  held  in  this  county.  Mount  Ver- 
non occupies  an  elevated  site  near  the  center  of  the  county,  on  a  clear, 
bold  stream,  a  tributary  of  the  Neosho  or  Grand  River  of  the  South. 
Mount  Vernon  was  incorporated  as  a  city,  November  4,  184T,  and 
now  contains  350  inhabitants. 


*  A  good  fighting  story  is  told  of  Smith.  It  appears  that  in  1838  Smith  had 
a  sharp  fight  with  an  Osage  Indian  about  a  trap.  The  Indian  had  set  the  trap 
for  a  wolf,  and  the  wolf  broke  the  chain  and  ran  away  wiih  it.  The  Indian 
accused  Smith  of  stealing  the  trap;  a  fight  ensued,  which  lasted  about  two  hours, 
as  the  story  goes,  neither  proving  to  be  victor,  when  they  made  a  draw  game  of 
it  and  both  wont  together  to  hunt  the  trap;  they  found  it  where  the  wolf  had 
released  himself  from  it,  and  returned  home  mutual  friends. 


LEWIS    COUNTY.  299 


LEWIS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northeast  corner  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi  River,  and  on  the  north  by  Clarke 
County,  which  reaches  the  Iowa  line.  The  first  settlement  made  here 
was  by  John  Bogarth  in  1824,  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  1860 
was  11,G81. 

This  county  is  watered  by  the  Waconda,  North,  South,  and  Middle 
Fabius,  furnishing  numerous  good  mill  sites.  There  are  also  numerous 
springs  of  pure  water,  which  are  invaluable  to  farmers.  The  surface 
is  undulating  and  diversified,  about  half  of  the  county  being  well 
timbered  with  forests  or  groves  distributed  along  the  water-courses, 
and  separated  by  beautiful  upland  meadows  or  prairies,  the  soil  of 
which  is  deep,  fertile,  and  easily  cultivated.  The  largest  yields,  per 
acre,  that  we  have  note  of,  are  wheat,  25  bushels ;  corn,  80  ;  rye,  12; 
barley,  20;  oats,  50;  buckwheat,  40;  potatoes,  150;  onions,  200; 
beets,  200  ;  turnips,  500  ;  timothy,  3  tons  ;  clover,  2  tons ;  Hunga- 
rian grass,  5  tons;  tobacco,  1200  pounds.  Unimproved  lands  sell  at 
from  $3  to  $15  per  acre,  and  improved  at  from  $6  to  $15,  depending 
upon  location.  Coal  has  been  discovered  near  Monticello,  and  in 
some  other  portions  of  the  county.  Limestone  abounds  in  various 
localities  in  the  county. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  principal  denominations  represented 
are  Protestant  Episcopal,  organized  in  1830,  Methodist  Episcopal, 
Baptist,  and  Catholic.  Of  Schools,  there  are  4  academies,  1  college, 
and  36  public  schools  in  the  county.  The  Canton  Female  Seminary 
and  the  Christian  University  (College)  are  represented  as  being  well 
conducted,  and  in  prosperous  circumstances.  The  number  of  scholars 
taught  in  1857,  in  the  36  schools,  by  the  72  teachers,  (who  received 
$7145  93,)  was  1672.  Amount  raised  same  year  to  build  and  repair 
school-houses,  $1661  53.  Amount  apportioned  to  the  county  for 
school  purposes  in  1859,  from  the  State  School  Fund,  $2441   91. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — Of  business  houses  in  the  county  there  are 
lawyers,  14;  physicians,  20;  merchants,  30;  grocers,  7;  druggists, 
5;  silversmiths,  3;  tinners,  3;  blacksmiths,  17;  wagon-makers,  6; 
saddlers,  7 ;  tailors,  8;  shoemakers,  11;  cabinetmakers,  2;  carpen- 
ters, 30 ;  tobacco  manufacturers,  2 ;  saw-mills,  8 ;  coopers,  9 ;  and 
flouring-mills,  6. 

MONTICELLO,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  situated  near  the  center  of 


300  LINCOLN    COUNTY. 

the  county,  on  North  Fahius  River,  contains  2  churches,  a  Masonic 
Lodge,  high  school,  2  hotels,  a  variety  of  business  houses,  and  250 
inliabitants. 

Canton,  the  shipping  point  for  the  county,  is  on  the  Mississippi, 
175  niiU's  above  St.  Louis,  and  11  miles  from  the  county-seat.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1827  by  Messrs.  Sinclair,  Hawkins,  Pritchard, 
Bogarth,  and  Myers.  The  town  contains  churches  of  the  Methodist, 
Presbyterian,  Lutheran,  German  Methodist,  and  Christian  denomin- 
ations; a  female  seminary,  (Methodist;)  a  Christian  university,  with 
an  endowment  of  $150,000  ;  2  Lodges  of  Masons,  and  1  of  Odd 
Fellows;  a  branch  of  the  Bank  of  Missouri,  and  a  full  representation 
of  business  houses.     Population  about  2500. 

La  Grange  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  12  miles  from 
the  county-seat,  and  contains  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Methodist,  Chris- 
tian, and  Lutheran  Churches;  a  Lodge  of  each.  Masons  and  Odd 
Fellows;  branch  of  Union  Bank;  a  weekly  newspaper;  Baptist 
Female  Seminary;  an  academy;  several  saw-mills  and  grist-mills; 
manufactories,  stores,  shops,  etc.;   and  about  2000  population. 


LINCOLN   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  .situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  bounded  on 
the  east  by  the  Mississippi  River,  north  by  Pike  County,  west  by  Pike, 
Montgomery,  and  Warren,  and  south  by  Warren  and  St.  Charles 
Counties. 

Physical  Features. — This  county  possesses  both  prairie  and  timber, 
level  bottom-land,  and  undulating  and  broken  upland.  It  is  drained 
by  Cuivre  (or  Copper)  River  and  its  lengthy  branches,  and  by  several 
small  creeks  which  empty  into  the  Mississippi.  A  wide  bottom  extends 
along  the  river,  which  is  exceedingly  fertile;  and  in  seasons  of  very 
high  water,  portions  of  it  are  subject  to  overflow.  Hard-wood  timber 
and  godd  building  stone  are  abundant  throughout  the  county. 

History. — After  the  massacre  in  the  Gilbert's  Lick  Settlement,  (now 
in  Marion  County,)  by  the  Upper  Mississippi  Indians,  in  1812,  the 
settlers  in  St.  Charles  District  erected  some  seven  or  eight  forts,  to 
which  a  portion  of  the  inhabitants  resorted  ;  while  others  held  them- 
selves ready  to  flee  there,  in  case  it  should  be  thought  necessary. 
Four  of  these  forts  were  in  what  is  now  Lincoln  County,  namely, 
Stout's  Fort,  Wood's  Fort,  Fort  Howard,  and  Fort  Cape  au  Gris. 


LINCOLN    COUNTY.  301 

Troy,  the  county-seat,  now  occupies  the  former  site  of  "Wood's  Fort, 
and  Monroe  that  of  Fort  Howard,  which  was  a  large  and  commodious 
fort,  requiring  three  weeks'  labor  of  seventy  men  to  erect  it.  Fort 
Cape  au  Gris  derived  its  name  from  a  promontory  or  cape  of  fine  grit 
sandstone  directly  opposite,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river.  The 
present  village  and  shipping  point,  some  ten  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
Cuivre  River,  occupies  the  site  of  the  old  fort.  The  two  last  named 
were  the  most  important  forts  or  stockades  in  this  county,  and  the  last 
ones  in  use.  Lincoln  County  was  formed  from  a  part  of  St,  Charles 
County  in  1818,  and  a  portion  of  it  was  at  an  early  day  covered  with 
Spanish  grants,  which  retarded  its  settlement.  Monroe  and  Alex- 
andria were  formerly  seats  of  justice,  but  have  now  ceased  to  exist. 
The  former  was  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  Riviere  au  Cuivre,  18 
miles  from  St,  Charles,  and  5  miles  west  from  the  Mississippi  River. 
In  1823  the  Cuivre  was  considered  navigable  to  this  place,  Alexan- 
dria was  the  county-seat  in  1823,  situated  in  the  northern  part  of  town- 
ship 49,  range  1  W.,  12  miles  from  the  Mississippi,  and  1^  west  from 
the  Cuivre.  It  was  laid  off  in  the  autumn  of  1821,  and  was  once  a 
populous  village.  Near  Fort  Howard,  at  the  chain  of  rocks  on  the 
Cuivre,  a  battle  was  fought  between  some  of  Black  Hawk's  warriors 
and  the  rangers.  The  first  American  settlers  were  from  Kentucky 
and  Virginia.  In  September,  1821,  Lincoln  County  contained  16t-4 
inhabitants;  in  1830,  4059  ;  in  1840,  T449  ;  in  1850,  9422;  in  1856, 
11,630;   and  in  1860,  14,251. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county,  of  merchants,  20  ; 
printing-office,  1;  lawyers,  11  ;  physicians,  17;  grocers,  6;  druggists, 
2;  carpenter  shops,  9;  cabinet,  2;  jeweler,  1  ;  blacksmith  shops,  10; 
wagon  shops,  3 ;  saddler  shops,  3  ;  tailor  shops,  4  ;  shoe  shops,  4  ; 
painters,  6  ;  architects,  3 ;  brickmakers  and  masons,  8  ;  hotels,  4  ; 
school  teachers,  8  ;  flouring-mills,  7  ;  saw-mills,  3, 

TROY,  the  county-seat,  is  2  miles  north  from  Cuivre  River,  14  miles 
from  the  Mississippi,  and  is  surrounded  by  an  excellent  farming  dis- 
trict, well  settled  by  planters  and  stock-growers.  It  was  located  and 
settled  in  1816,  by  Deacon  Cottle  and  Zadock  Woods,  and  occupies 
the  former  site  of  Wood's  Fort.  It  contains  4  churches,  (Presby- 
terian, Baptist,  Methodist,  and  Christian,)  a  Masonic  Lodge,  news- 
paper printing-office,  good  school-houses,  brick  court-house,  and  about 
600  population. 

Louisville  is  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  county,  24  miles  from 
Troy.  It  is  said  to  have  been  settled  by  M.  Cox  and  others  as  early 
as  1819.     Population  200. 

New  Hope  is  iu  the  north  central  part  of  the  county,  contains  a 


302  LINN   COUNTY. 

Baptist  Church,  hiph  school,  and  a  good  representation  of  business 
men.     Population  175. 

Cape  au  Gris  is  situated  on  the  Mississi])pi  River,  and  the  princi- 
pal sliii)pin<i:  point  of  the  county.      Population  100. 

Auburn  is  in  the  north  central  part  of  the  county,  on  the  Cuivre 
River,  12  miles  from  Troy,  and  20  from  Bowling  Green,  Pike  County. 
This  town  contains  Methodist  and  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Churches, 
a  Masonic  Lodge,  an  academy,  etc.     Population  250. 

Milwood  is  a  post  village  in  the  western  part  of  the  county. 


LINN  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northwest  portion  of  the  State,  north  of 
Chariton,  which  is  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Missouri  River.  The 
county  has  an  area  of  650  square  miles,  has  a  large  proportion  of  roll- 
ing prairie,  interspersed  with  woodland.  It  is  watered  by  upwards 
of  twelve  streams,  traversing  the  county  from  north  to  south,  and 
emptying  into  Grand  River.  The  larger  streams  are  Locust  Creek, 
West  Fork  Locust  Creek,  Elk,  Turkey,  Yellow,  and  Little  Yellow 
Creeks,  some  of  which  afford  excellent  water  power. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  the  county  is  generally  very 
fertile — principally  prairie,  with  a  good  supply  of  woodland  well  dis- 
tributed. All  kinds  of  grain,  grasses,  and  fruit  of  this  latitude  pro- 
duce well  here.  Unimproved  lands  are  worth  from  $5  to  $15  per  acre, 
and  improved  from  $10  to  $20. 

Timber. — The  following  embraces  the  kinds  of  timber  most  abund- 
ant in  this  county:  walnut,  elm,  hackberry,  oaks,  ash,  cherry,  hickory, 
mulberry,  sycamore,  linn,  maple,  birch,  and  Cottonwood. 

This  county  was  first  settled  in  1832  by  William  Boycr  and  others. 
In  1840  it  contained  a  population  of  2245;  in  1850,  4060;  and  in 
1860,  9152. 

Churches  and  Schools, — There  are  5  private  schools  and  60  free 
schools,  well  conducted  and  lil)erally  patronized.  In  1857  there  were 
48  school-houses,  and  $3131  raised  to  build  and  repair  school-houses. 
The  amount  of  State  school  money  apportioned  to  the  county  for  1859 
was  $2085  78.  Of  church  members,  there  are  100  N.  S.  Presby- 
terians, 500  Methodists,  500  Baptists,  and  150  Reformers. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  this  county  1  newspaper,  10 


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LIVINGSTON    COUNTY.  303 

lawyers,  12  physicians,  IG  merchants,  6  grocers,  5  druggists,  1  sil- 
versmith, 1  tinner,  IT  blacksmiths,  3  wagon-makers,  2  coopers,  5 
flouring-mills,  (2  water,  and  3  steam  power,)  20  saw-mills,  (6  water, 
and  14  steam  power,)  and  8  hotels. 

Natural  Advantages. — The  principal  inducements  to  settlement 
here  are  fertile  soil,  an  abundance  of  timber,  water,  and  good  building 
stone,  inexhaustible  beds  of  stone  coal  throughout  the  county,  good 
society,  and  rapid  and  easy  communication  to  all  points  east  and  west, 
by  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  which  traverses  the  county. 
-  LINNETJS,  the  county-seat,  is  pleasantly  situated  near  the  center  of 
the  county,  6  miles  north  from  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad, 
in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and  well-settled  farming  district.  The  town 
was  first  settled  in  1856,  incorporated  March  2d,  1859,  and  has  now 
about  1000  inhabitants;  and  more  energetic,  wide-awake  business  men 
than  those  of  Linneus  are  seldom  found.  This  place  contains  3 
churches — Methodist,  Presbyterian,  and  Christian — 1  Lodge  of  Ma- 
sons and  1  of  Odd  Fellows,  a  weekly  newspaper,  high  school,  and  a 
variety  of  stores,  shops,  etc. 

Laclede  is  a  brisk  new  town  on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Rail- 
road, 97  miles  from  St.  Joseph,  109  from  Hannibal,  about  7  from  the 
county-seat.  The  town  possesses  many  natural  advantages,  which  the 
citizens  will  not  fail  to  make  the  most  of. 

"Wyandotte,  on  the  railroad,  18  miles  from  the  county-seat,  first 
settled  in  1856,  has  a  population  of  200. 

Of  other  towns,  there  are  Brookfield,  Franklin,  St.  Catherine, 
Thayer,  Buckland,  North  Salem,  and  Enterprise. 


LIVINGSTON   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  north-northwestern  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Linn  and  Chariton,  west  by  Daviess  and  Cald- 
well, north  by  Grundy,  and  south  by  Carroll  County,  and  contains  an 
area  of  530  square  miles.  Named  in  honor  of  Edward  Livingston, 
Secretary  of  State  under  President  Jackson.  The  population  of  this 
county  in  1840  was  4325;  in  1850,  4229,  (76  decrease;)  in  1856  it 
was  6495  ;  and  in  1860,  7462. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  the  county  is  generally  level 
or  slightly  undulating,  and  principally  prairie.  (See  illustrations, 
"Prairie   Farms  iu  Missouri,"  and  "View  in  Grand  River  Valley," 


304  LIVINGSTON   COUNTY. 

also  the  chapter  devoted  to  a  description  of  tlie  "Grand  River  Coun- 
try.") The  county  is  well  watered  by  Grand  River,  which  traverses 
the  center  of  the  county,  and  several  of  its  important  tributaries, 
which  puss  through  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 

The  Soils  of  this  county  are  very  rich,  and  well  adapted  to  all  pur- 
poses of  the  farmer  or  stock  grower.  This  may  be  considered  as  an 
excellent  agricultural  section . 

Coal  has  been  found  in  several  localities,  and  banks  are  already 
opened  near  Utica,  and  at  other  points  in  the  county,  which  will  in 
some  measure  compensate  for  the  scarcity  of  timber. 

CHILLICOTHE,  the  couuty-seat,  was  first  settled  in  1837,  by  John 
Graves  and  others,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  places  on  the 
line  of  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad.  Being  on  the  high 
lands,  or  divide,  which  extends  north  into  Iowa,  accessible  by  good 
roads  from  all  directions,  its  advantageous  locality  and  the  liberality 
and  enterprise  of  its  business  men  have  made  it  a  wholesale  point  for 
an  extensive  region  of  country,  reacliing  to  the  second  and  third  tiers 
of  counties  in  Iowa.  The  Blue  Mounds,  or  dividing  lands  between 
the  waters  of  Grand  River  and  the  Missouri,  lie  off  some  10  miles  to 
the  southwest ;  and  the  landscape  view  from  the  town  is  extensive  and 
beautiful.  This  place  contains  5  churches — Methodist,  Baptist,  Epis- 
copal, and  2  Presbyterian — a  Baptist  college,  female  seminary,  Ma- 
sonic and  Odd  Fellows'  Lodges,  1  newspaper,  etc.    Population  3000. 

Utica  is  a  brisk  new  town,  5  miles  west  from  Chillicothe,  on  the 
railroad,  and,  like  Chillicothe,  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and  fertile 
region  of  country.  The  town  is  on  the  west  side  of  Grand  River, 
"at  the  head  of  navigation,"  and  occupies  a  site  elevated  and  healthy. 
The  view  in  Grand  River  Valley  was  taken  from  Utica.  This  place 
contains  1  newspaper,  (see  list  of  newspapers,)  4  churches — Baptist, 
Episcopal,  Methodist,  and  Presbyterian  —  a  high  school,  Masonic 
Lodge,  Lodge  of  Good  Templars,  and  several  stores  and  mechanics' 
shops.     Population  about  1000. 

Bedford  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Grand  River,  18  miles 
from  the  county-seat,  and  6  miles  south  from  the  railroad,  and  is  in 
township  5fi,  range  22  W.  Small  steamboats  can  navigate  Grand 
River  to  Bedford  from  four  to  six  months  of  the  year.  Bedford  was  first 
settled  in  1857,  by  A.  Alexander,  Dr.  John  Wolfskill,  George  Monroe, 
and  others,  and  now  contains  a  Methodist  church,  several  business 
houses,  and  150  inhabitants. 

Dawn,  a  post  village,  is  situated  in  Blue  Mound  Township,  11  miles 
from  Chillicftthe,  and  4  from  the  railroad.     Population,  50. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  Livingston  County  2  newspa- 


MACON   COUNTY.  305 

pers,  25  merchants,  11  lawyers,  9  physicians,  10  school  teachers,  3  book 
and  stationery  stores,  1  architect,  25  carpenters  and  builders,  4  cabinet 
shops,  3  druggists,  3  dentists,  1  occulist,  6  family  groceries,  3  jewelers, 
3  bakers,  4  hotels,  10  blacksmiths,  1  wagon  shops,  3  plow  and  agricul- 
tural implement  makers,  3  coopers,  3  shingle  manufactories,  7  saw- 
mills, 4  flouring-mills,  3  saddlers,  6  tailors  and  clothiers,  6  shoemakers 
and  dealers,  2  tin  and  stove  dealers,  4  hotels,  3  painters,  5  brick- 
makers,  and  3  tobacco  manufactories. 


MACON   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  about 
equidistant  from  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Rivers  and  the  Iowa 
State  line,  and  has  an  area  of  830  square  miles.  This  county  was 
first  settled  in  1832  by  James  Cawhon,  Thomas  Williams,  James 
Low,  and  William  Huckaby.  In  1860  it  contained  a  population  of 
14,375. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  this  county  is  undulating,  and 
in  many  places  what  is  termed  "broken."  There  are  some  singularly 
formed  knobs,  thus  described  in  the  Preliminary  Survey  Report  of 
the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad  Company: — 

"  The  peculiar  features  of  this  section  consist  of  short  conical  ridges 
formed  by  irregular  ravines,  several  of  which  head  in  a  point  common 
to  each,  and,  after  running  in  opposite  directions,  curve  abruptly  and 
unite,  thus  forming  what  is  generally  termed  the  'Knobs,' some  of 
which  are  so  regular  in  contour  that  they  resemble  more  the  works  of 
art  than  those  of  nature.  The  summit  of  the  Knobs  seems  to  have 
been  a  common  level,  in  some  instances  200  feet  above  the  general 
surface.  A  tendency  to  this  conformation  is  first  observed  in  town- 
ship 60,  and  extends  down  into  township  56;  but  they  are  seen  in  all 
their  prominent  characteristics  in  townships  58  and  59.  They  are 
drained  by  the  Muscle  Fork.  The  causes  operating  in  producing 
these  distinctive  features  must  have  acted  differently  upon  the  surface 
on  cither  side  of  this  particular  locality ;  for  while  the  '  Knobs'  exhibit 
the  effect  of  the  action  of  subsiding  waters,  the  former  indicate  that 
of  a  violent  current,  producing  extensive,  well-defined  valleys  and 
ravines.  Indeed  the  whole  surface,  from  'Elk  Knobs'  west  to  Grand 
River,  seems  to  have  undergone  the  process  of  what  is  termed  by 

20 


306  MACON    COUNTY. 

geologists  denudation,  by  which  all  the  superior,  and  a  portion  of  the 
inferior  strata  have  been  carried  off.  The  effect  of  this  denudation 
has  been  to  expose  and  render  available  an  immense  bed  of  bitumin- 
ous coal,  with  which  a  greater  portion  of  the  country  is  underlaid;  it 
extends  a  distance  of  70  miles,  probably  terminating  in  the  dividing 
ridge  a  few  miles  east  of  Bloomington." 

From  the  base  of  the  delta,  between  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri  Rivers,  rises  a  table-land  or  water-shed,  narrow  at  first, 
but  gradually  widening  out  until  it  loses  itself  in  the  rich  table-lands 
of  Minnesota.  The  "land  of  Hiawatha"  giitlicrs  a  large  amount  of 
its  marvelous  and  far-famed  beauty  from  the  same  great  "water-shed" 
that  constitutes  much  of  the  agricultural  wealth  of  Macon  County. 

Geology,  Minerals,  etc. — This  county,  or  a  great  portion  of  it,  is 
underlaid  by  a  stratum  of  bituminous  coal,  which  is  exposed  in  the 
banks  of  eight  different  streams  along  the  line  of  the  Hannibal  and 
St.  Joseph  Railroad,  (going  West  from  Bloomington,)  namely.  Mid- 
dle Fork,  Chariton  River,  Muscle  Creek,  Little  Yellow  Creek,  Yel- 
low Creek,  Locust  Creek,  Medicine  Creek,  and  Grand  River.  This 
bed  of  coal  varies  in  thickness  from  one  to  nine  feet,  the  maximum 
occurring  near  Bloomington,  the  county-seat.  On  Grand  River  it 
appears  at  a  depression  of  ninety  feet  below  the  Missouri  River  at  St. 
Joseph,  (as  shown  by  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad  Surveys ;) 
in  the  valley  of  Locust  Creek,  at  a  depression  of  seventy  feet ;  in  the 
Muscle  Fork,  at  a  depression  of  thirty  feet;  and  on  the  Middle  Fork 
of  the  Chariton,  near  Bloomington,  at  an  elevation  of  five  feet  above 
the  Missouri  River  at  St.  Joseph,  showing  a  uniform  rise  to  the  north- 
east of  about  one  foot  per  mile.  Galena  or  lead  ore  has  been  found 
in  the  vicinity  of  Grand  River,  but  no  thorough  investigations  ever 
made  as  to  its  extent.  Crude  copperas  (sulphate  of  iron)  is  found 
on  one  of  the  tributaries  of  Muscle  Fork,  and  hydraulic  limestone  in 
several  localities. 

Rivers  and  Streams. — The  principal  streams  traversing  this  county 
are  the  Chariton  River  and  its  tributaries.  The  county  is  very  well 
watered. 

Soil  and  Productions. — This  county  seems  to  possess  most  of  the 
elements  of  native  wealth  and  prosperity.  It  embraces  a  variety  of 
soil,  which  produces  abundantly  all  kinds  of  grain,  grass,  fruit,  and 
vegetables  grown  in  this  latitude,  and  is  well  adapted  to  stock  grow- 
ing. For  instance,  the  following  figures  have  been  furnished  as  a 
yield  of  one  farm  in  the  county:  wheat,  25  bushels  to  the  acre;  corn, 
100  bushels;  oats,  40  bushels;  potatoes,  150  bushels;  onions,  200 
bushels;    beets,   200   bushels;    carrots,   200  bushels;    turnips,  350 


MACON    COUNTY.  307 

bushels ;  timothy,  2  tons ;  clover,  2  tons ;  Hungarian  grass,  2  tons ; 
apples  and  peaches  a  good  yield. 

Internal  Improvements. — This  is  the  only  county  in  the  State 
traversed  by  both  the  North  Missouri  and  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph 
Railroads.  The  latter  is  completed,  and  running  between  Hannibal 
and  St.  Joseph,  and  doing  a  heavier  business  than  any  other  railroad 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  North  Missouri  connects  with  the  Han- 
nibal and  St.  Joseph  at  Hudson,  where  it  will  cross,  and  is  now  under 
contract  to  the  Iowa  State  line,  then  to  connect  with  other  roads 
extending  north  into  Minnesota.  The  Keokuk  and  Kansas  City 
Railroad  is  projected  to  pass  through  this  county. 

Education. — McGee  College,  at  College  Mound,  a  post  village,  9 
miles  south  of  Bevier  station,  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  and 
5  miles  west  from  Jacksonville  on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad,  was 
incorporated  February  23,  1853,  is  under  the  auspices  of  the  Cum- 
berland Presbyterians,  with  J.  Dysart,  President  of  Board  of  Trustees. 
Macon  High  School  was  incorporated  November  21,  1857;  and  an 
academy  in  Bloomington,  all  in  a  prosperous  condition,  well  patron- 
ized, and  each  conducted  by  an  able  corps  of  teachers.  There  are  85 
free  schools  in  the  county,  and  5019  pupils. 

Religious  Denominations. — Of  churches  in  this  county,  there  are 
20,  but  we  have  the  particulars  of  only  11,  as  follows:  Methodist,  4; 
Baptist,  5;  Presbyterian  O.  S.,  1,  and  N.  S.,  1.  We  understand  a 
Presbyterian  or  Congregational  minister,  who  wishes  to  build  up  a 
school  and  church,  would  receive  encouragement  at  Hunnewell,  in  this 
county,  on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  a  new  town  of  con- 
siderable promise,  in  a  good  agricultural  country,  which  is  well  set- 
tled by  intelligent  people. 

BLOOMINGTON,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  situated  near  the  center  of 
the  county,  on  the  middle  fork  of  the  Chariton  River,  3  miles  from 
Bevier  station,  on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  is  the  busi- 
ness center  for  a  very  fertile  and  well-settled  country;  has  good 
society,  2  newspapers,  a  good  representation  of  business  houses,  and 
about  1000  population.     Incorporated  November  21,  1857. 

Macon  City  and  Hudson  were  separate  and  distinct  towns  until 
November  28,  1859,  when,  by  a  vote  of  the  citizens  of  the  two  towns, 
the  two  were  united  in  one  under  the  name  of  Macon  City.  This 
place  is  very  pleasantly  situated  at  the  crossing  of  the  Hannibal  and 
St.  Joseph  and  the  North  Missouri  Railroads,  contains  Presbyterian, 
Christian,  and  Methodist  organizations,  a  Masonic  Lodge,  newspaper 
office,  3  schools,  4  hotels,  (of  which  tlie  Harris  House  is  the  principal 
railroad  house,)  a  full  representation  of  energetic  business  men,  and 
1500  inhabitants. 


r>08  MADISON    COUNTY. 

There  are  several  new  towns  in  the  county,  wliicli  are  all  p;rowing 
80  rapidly  we  lianlly  dare  estimate  their  population,  among  which  are 
Carbon,  population  about  100;  Bevier,  75;  Calleo,  100;  New  Bos- 
ton, 20(1;  La  Plata,  200;  Newbury,  To;  Vienna,  100;  La  Porte, 
75;  College  Mound,  175;  Centreville,  75;  McCleansville,  75; 
HunneweU,  100. 

The  following  was  the  number  of  business  houses  in  November, 
1859:  newspapers,  2;  bank,  1;  lawyers,  17;  physicians,  20;  mer- 
chants, 35;  grocers,  20;  druggists,  5;  silversmiths,  2;  tinners,  2; 
blacksmiths,  40;  wagon-makers,  4;  saddlers,  3;  tailors,  5;  shoe- 
makers, 5 ;  cabinetmakers,  4  ;  carpenters,  75  ;  tobacco  manufacturers, 
4;  nursery,  1;  and  hotels,  11.  There  are  several  saw  and  (louring 
mills  ill  the  county. 


MADISON   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeast  part  of  the  State,  is 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Bollinger,  west  by  Iron,  north  by  St.  Franyois, 
and  south  by  Wayne  County,  and  embraces  an  area  of  about  500  square 
miles.     Population  in  1860,  5794. 

It  was  erected  from  the  Counties  of  St.  Genevieve  and  Cape  Girar- 
deau in  1818,  but  has  since  been  much  reduced  in  size  by  the  organi- 
zation of  other  counties. 

History. — The  first  settlement  made  in  this  section  of  the  country 
was  at  Mine  La  Motte,  in  1722  or  1723.  These  mines,  situated  about 
4  miles  north  from  Fredericktown,  were  discovered  in  1719  or  1720, 
by  a  Frenchman,  whose  name  they  bear.  They  were  worked  as  early 
as  1705  or  1770,  by  the  Indians  and  Spaniards;  but  we  have  been  un- 
able to  find  authentic  data  respecting  their  early  history,  as  the  records 
have  been  returned  to  Spain  ;  this  country  at  that  time  being  under 
Spanish  government.  However,  we  find  recorded  in  the  American 
State  pa})ers,  the  claim  of  John  IJaptiste  Francis  Menard  and  Emily 
Josefa  llenard,  of  the  Empire  of  France,  claiming  two  leagues  of 
land  at  Mine  La  Motte,  on  account  of  settlement  and  improvement. 
They  presented  a  certified  copy  of  a  grant  from  Boisbriant  and  Desur- 
sins,  dated  June  14,  1723.  In  consideration  of  the  wealth  of  these 
mines,  and  to  aid  in  their  development  and  the  colonization  of  the 
country,  the  Spanish  government,  in  the  year  1800,  granted  5000  ar- 
pents  of  land  to  fifteen  French  families,  "  for  settlement  and  cultiva- 
tion."    This   grant  laid  between  Saline    Creek   (which   enters  the 


MADISON    COUNTY.  309 

St.  Fran9ois  a  mile  below)  and  another  creek  running  parallel  to 
Saline,  one  mile  north.  At  that  time  the  Osage  and  Kickapoo  Indians 
were  so  numerous  and  troublesome,  that  these  new-comers  could  not 
till  the  soil  to  any  extent,  and  were  obliged  to  concentrate,  and  live 
in  close  proximity,  for  mutual  protection  and  safety.  Hence  they 
established  the  village  of  St.  Michael,  about  the  year  1800  or  1801, 
on  the  north  bank  of  Saline  Creek,  directly  opposite  where  Frederick- 
town  has  since  been  built  up.  In  1822  St.  Michael  contained  50 
dwellings  and  several  stores;  now  scarce  a  vestige  remains  to  show 
the  location  of  this  once  important  center.  For  several  years  pre- 
vious to  1817,  an  Indian  family  named  Musco  lived  on  the  south  bank 
of  the  creek  where  Fredericktown  now  stands. 

Physical  Features. — The  general  face  of  the  country  is  very  un- 
even, and  in  some  portions  approximates  what  may  be  termed  ''moun- 
tainous ridges."  The  higher  hills  are  generally  composed  of  immense 
masses  of  porphyritic  stone,  some  of  which  contain  more  or  less  iron 
ore.  A  large  portion  of  the  county  is  not  susceptible  of  cultivation, 
the  surface  generally  being  rocky  and  the  soil  thin.  Some  of  the  val- 
leys produce  well,  and  near  Fredericktown  there  is  a  considerable 
body  of  fertile  land. 

Mineralogy. — There  is  probably  not  in  the  world,  besides  this,  a 
section  of  country  of  the  same  area  possessing  a  greater  variety  of 
minerals,  and  in  greater  quantities,  than  are  found  in  Madison  County. 
Gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  iron,  platina  ( ?),  nickel,  cobalt,  and  manganese 
are  known  to  exist ;  and  all,  except  silver,  (and  possibly  gold,)  are 
found  in  quantities  that  pay  a  good  profit  for  working  them. 

The  Mine  La  Motte  Lead  Mines  were  until  recently  considered 
the  most  extensive  in  the  State.  Though  other  mines  have  been 
worked  more  systematically  and  regularly  during  the  past  ten  years, 
these  mines  have  been  worked  for  more  than  a  century,  and  by  hun- 
dreds of  men  ;  yet  new  leads  are  frequently  discovered,  and  the  average 
annual  shipment  of  1,000,000  pounds  of  lead  seems  not  to  have 
decreased  their  mineral  deposits  perceptibly.  The  amount  of  mineral 
in  these  mines  is  inconceivably  great,  and  the  facilities  for  raising  and 
smelting  the  ore  very  good,  Fleming's  furnace  consists  of  2  Scotch 
hearths,  or  blue  mineral,  and  one  dry-bone  stack,  or  furnace.  In  the 
former  they  have  smelted  as  high  as  40  pigs  of  70  pounds  each 
in  8  hours,  and  can  average  5000  pounds  of  fair  mineral  every  8 
hours.  The  dry-bone  furnace  has  turned  out  as  high  as  100  pigs  of 
70  pounds  each  in  a  tour,  (12  hours.)  The  average  is  from  60  to  100, 
as  to  quality  of  the  ore.  The  amount  of  lead  shipped  from  ^linc  La 
Motte  by  the  Messrs.  Fleming  during  6  years,  ending  in  Sei)tembcr, 


310  MADISON    COUNTY. 

1852,  was  7,000,000  pounds — upwards  of  1,000,000  pounds  per  annum. 
Joseph  I).  Villars,  Esq.,  former  ageut  of  the  i)roprietors,  certified,  in 
December,  1837,  that  the  amount  smelted  annually  for  the  four  years 
preceding  that  time  was  1,350,820  pounds,  giving  to  the  proprietors 
103,582  pounds  annually  as  rents  ;  and  that  the  number  of  hands  en- 
gaged in  the  various  operations,  from  the  digging  to  the  smelting  of 
the  mineral  inclusive,  would  average  about  150  persons  annually  for 
said  4  years.  This  shows  the  annual  product  of  the  labor  of  each 
operator  to  be  69,009  pounds. 

It  may  not  be  generally  known  that  the  nickel  used  in  the  new 
cent  was  principally  from  these  mines.  The  idea  of  introducing  this 
metal  into  the  lesser  coin  was  suggested  by  Professor  Booth,  of  the 
United  States  Mint,  Philadelphia,  who  established  works  at  Mine  La 
Motte,  in  connection  with  a  Mr.  Coffin,  for  the  separation  of  nickel 
from  the  other  metals,  and  large  quantities  were  shipped  to  the  Mint 
for  refinement  and  use.  Much  of  the  german-silver,  or  white  ware 
used  in  forks,  spoons,  etc.  is  manufactured  from  nickel  procured  at 
these  mines. 

The  Mine  La  Motte  Copper  Mines  are  some  4  miles  due  west  from 
Fleming's  smelting  furnace.  These  deposits  of  copper  were  discov- 
ered in  December,  1838,  by  H.  N.  Tong,Esq.,  now  of  Ironton,  Missouri. 
But  little  systematic  mining  was  done  until  the  year  1845,  when  a 
practical  miner  named  Marie,  from  England,  purchased  an  interest  in 
the  mines,  and  a  company  was  formed  who  erected  a  large  smelting 
furnace,  and  worked  the  mines  extensively.  In  three  years,  ending 
with  1848,  the  profits  of  these  copper  mines  amounted  to  upwards  of 
$150,000,  exclusive  of  the  outlay  for  machinery.  Notwithstanding 
the  immense  profit  received  from  working  these  mines,  all  work  in 
them  has  for  some  years  been  abandoned,  they  being  subject  to  the 
same  influences  that  have  so  long  prostrated  all  operations  on  the  La 
Motte  claim. 

The  Mine  La  Motte  property  comprises  about  24,000  acres,  and 
was  confirmed  Iiy  act  of  Congress,  in  1827,  to  four  French  families, 
namely,  the  Yalles,  Pratt,  St.  James,  and  Beauvis.  On  the  0th  of 
November,  1837,  this  domain  was  sold  by  commissioners  (William  M. 
Newberry,  Josiah  Ferryman,  Theodore  F.  Tong,  Caleb  Cox,  and 
Henry  Janis)  appointed  by  the  Circuit  Court  of  Madison  County,  "on 
petition  for  partition  of  lands  and  tenements."  This  property  is  now 
owned  by  the  Messrs.  Fleming,*  who  have  some  $300,000  invested. 

*  We  are  specially  indebted  to  Dr.  R.  F.  Fleming  for  valuable  contributions  of 
minerals,  embracing  most  varieties  found  in  that  locality. 


MADISON   COUNTY.  311 

The  Buckeye  Copper  Mine  is  situated  one  mile  south  from  Fred- 
ericktown,  and  is  in  the  same  belt  of  rock  as  those  above  described. 
This  mine  was  discovered  in  1846,  and  first  worked  by  Pomeroy  and 
Dille,  who  raised  between  300  and  400  tons  of  ore  (principally  yellow 
sulphuret)  in  one  year,  by  sinking  a  shaft  100  feet  and  drifting  east 
100  feet.  The  vein  is  nearly  vertical,  running  east  and  west.  This 
mine  was  abandoned  in  1848,  not  on  account  of  any  decrease  in  the 
amount  of  ore  found,  but  from  the  prodigality  and  inexperience  of 
those  who  first  worked  it.  A  New  York  company,  consisting  of  men 
of  practical  experience  and  abundant  capital,  have  recently  purchased 
this  mine  of  Dr.  Albert  C.  Koch,  of  St.  Louis,  and  are  preparing  to 
work  it  upon  a  very  extensive  scale.  Situated  but  one  mile  from  the 
county-seat,  and  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  district,  connected  with 
the  railroad  at  Pilot  Knob  by  a  good  turnpike  road,  the  location  of 
the  mine  is  considered  as  being  very  advantageous. 

The  Carmack  and  Dillon  Copper  Mines  are  situated  in  the  next 
township  south,  and  have  been  worked  to  sufficient  extent  to  give 
evidence  of  their  being  immensely  valuable.  Marshall's  copper  mine 
is  situated  in  township  33,  range  1  east ;  was  worked  to  some  extent 
in  1836,  and  pronounced  to  be  very  rich,  but  nothing  done  with  it  for 
some  years. 

Gold  and  Platina. — Extensive  deposits  of  these  metals  are  said  to 
have  been  found  in  this  county,  near  Fredericktown,  and  the  state- 
ments corroborated  by  some  St.  Louis  assayers.  The  "  gold  ores" 
are  found  in  a  vein  mixed  with  magnetic  iron,  rhodium,  etc.  Inas- 
much as  doubts  exist  in  the  minds  of  some  practical  geologists 
respecting  the  richness  of  these  mines  of  gold,  or  the  existence  of 
platina  here,  we  would  refer  the  reader  to  the  geological  article  of 
Professor  Swallow,  he  being  the  highest  authority  on  this  subject,  and 
to  the  following  affidavit  from  Dr.  Theodore  Weiss,  a  practical  chemist 
and  a  scientific  man : — 

I,  Dr.  Theodore  Weiss,  practical  chemist,  hereby  certify,  that  I  have  examined 
carefully  the  deposits  of  syenit  in  Madison  County,  Missouri,  which,  to  analyze, 
I  was  called  upon  by  Dr.  Albert  Koch,  and  others;  and  having  made  more  than 
fiftj'  analyses,  I  found  by  each  trial  more  or  less  gold,  averaging  four  to  five 
ounces  per  ton.  The  expenses  for  extracting  this  precious  metal  from  the  above 
mineral  are  $20  to  $25  per  ton.  The  deposits  of  this  ore  are  almost  inexhaust- 
ible, and  may  be  estimated  the  least  at  1,000,000  tons. 

DR.  THEODORE  WEISS. 

Sworn  and  subscribed  to  before  me,  the  25th  day  of  June,  IBtiO. 

LIBERTY  WAITE, 
Justice  of  the  Peace. 

To  men  of  capital  and  others  this  matter  is  worthy  of  attention. 


ZV2  MADISON    COUNTY. 

Of  Iron  Ore  tlicre  are  immense  deposits  in  several  of  the  larger 
hills  of  this  county,  some  of  which  promise  fair  to  rival  in  riches  and 
extent  the  famous  Iron  Mountain.  Some  of  the  larj^cr  and  richest  of 
these  iron  deposits  are  owned  by  Hiram  N.  Tong,  Esq.,  of  Ironton. 
No  works  have  been  established  here  as  vet,  but  negotiations  were 
being  made  to  that  end  when  this  work  was  put  to  press,  which  will 
probably  result  in  the  erection  of  extensive  iron  and  copper  furnaces 
in  the  vicinity  of  these  mines.  Little  or  nothing  has  been  done  at 
these  woris  for  five  years  past,  owing  to  some  litigation  as  to  title, 
instituted  by  heirs  of  the  former  owners,  growing  out  of  some  inform- 
ality in  the  court's  proceedings  in  the  case.  Until  this  suit  is  settled, 
matters  must  remain  in  status  quo,  as  neither  the  proprietors  nor 
miners  can  feel  much  interest  in  mining  upon  a  property  which  is  in 
dispute.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  questions  will  soon  be  settled,  the 
agitation  of  which  have  so  palsied  every  avenue  of  trade  and  every 
branch  of  mining  operations,  prostrated  the  prospects  of  hundreds  of 
families,  reduced  the  population  from  500  to  less  than  a  score,  render- 
ing this  once  populous  and  thrifty  business  center  comparatively  a 
deserted  waste.  When  work  shall  have  been  resumed  upon  the  La 
Motte  domain,  employing  thousands  of  hands,  and  when  the  iron, 
copper,  nickel,  gold  (?),  and  platina  (?)  mines  are  being  developed, 
as  they  one  day  must  be,  this  will  become  the  center  of  the  wealthiest 
and  most  populous  county  (except  St.  Louis)  in  the  whole  State. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  older  settlers  at  Fredericktown,  and 
many  of  those  who  have  located  there  more  recently,  are  Catholics. 
About  the  year  184'J,  when  their  new  brick  church  was  completed,  it 
was  consecrated  according  to  the  usages  of  the  Church.  The  offi- 
ciating priest  had  employed  a  Frenchman  to  cut  upon  the  capstone, 
over  the  door,  a  portion  of  the  thirteenth  verse  of  the  twenty-first 
chapter  of  Matthew,  as  follows  :  "My  house  shall  be  called  the  house 
of  prayer,"  and  had  carefully  marked  the  words  he  wi.shed  to  be 
copied,  leaving  out  the  remainder  of  the  verse.  A  very  large  number 
of  persons  were  in  attendance,  and  after  the  bi.shop  had  concluded  his 
portion  of  the  dedicatory  ceremony,  the  priest  delivered  a  short  ser- 
mon to  the  congregation,  and  quoting  the  portion  of  the  verse,  called 
the  attention  of  the  Church  to  it ;  when,  looking  up,  he  discovered, 
to  his  utter  astonishment,  that  the  stonecutter  had  copied  the  remain- 
der of  the  verse,  which,  in  connection  with  the  above,  read — "but  ye 
have  made  it  a  den  of  thieves."  The  effect  upon  all  present  can  be 
better  imagined  than  described.  The  j)riest  immediately  ordered  the 
superfluous  portion  of  the  verse  to  be  "puttied  up,"  as  the  stone  still 
shows. 


MARIES    COUNTY.  313 

FREDERICKTOWN,  the  county-seat,  is  pleasantly  situated,  and 
surrounded  by  an  excellent  farming  district ;  but  large  tracts  of  these 
lands  have  been  held  by  descendants  of  the  fifteen  French  families, 
who  neither  properly  improve  them,  nor  would  they  sell  to  others, 
which  greatly  retards  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  this  community. 
This  town  was  named  in  honor  of  Frederick  Bollinger,  a  former 
member  of  the  State  Legislature.  The  land  for  the  town  site  was 
donated  by  Nathaniel  Cook,  formerly  from  Kentucky.  The  princi- 
pal edifices  and  business  consist  of  1  brick  Catholic  church,  1  brick 
Methodist  E.  church,  1  Christian  Baptist  church,  1  newspaper  print- 
ing-office, 5  lawyers,  4  physicians,  5  stores,  2  liquor  saloons,  1  cabi- 
netmaker, 1  carpenter,  1  saddler,  2  blacksmiths,  2  wagon  shops,  3 
hotels,  1  jeweler,  1  tailor,  and  1  real  estate  and  land  office  agency. 
Population  about  450. 

The  mail  last  year  to  this  place  averaged  6000  letters,  and  about 
350  regular  newspaper  subscribers.  Simon  A.  Guignon  has  been 
postmaster  for  a  number  of  years. 

Simmstown,  one  mile  north  from  Mine  La  Motte  post-office,  is  a 
German  village,  of  probably  150  inhabitants,  who  appear  to  be  frugal 
and  industrious.  They  usually  work  in  the  mines  when  they  are  in 
operation,  and  till  the  soil  when  they  are  not  mining. 


MARIES  COUNTY. 

This  county  was  formed  from  the  north  part  of  Pulaski  and  the 
southern  portion  of  Osage  Counties,  by  an  act,  approved  March  2d, 
1855,  and  had  a  population,  in  1860,  of  4946.  Portions  of  this  county 
have  been  settled  for  twenty-five  or  thirty  years. 

Physical  Features. — The  general  surface  of  the  county  is  broken 
timber  land ;  however,  very  good  soil  is  found  in  the  valleys  of  Spring 
Creek,  along  the  Maries,  on  the  Dry  Fork  of  the  Bourbeuse,  in  Lane's 
prairie  and  the  adjacent  timber  lands.  Stock  growing  and  fruit  and 
grape  culture  could  be  profitably  prosecuted  in  this  county. 

Minerals. — The  State  Geologist  reports  deposits  of  lead,  iron,  and 
copper  ores,  in  various  localities  in  this  county;  but  little  attention 
has  been  paid  to  mining.  The  Central  3Iissourian,  publi.^^hed  at 
Yienna,  dated  October  29,  1859,  says:  "The  lead  mines  recently 
opened  by  Wiley  Williams,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  this  county, 
bear  favorable  indications  of  being  one  of  the  richest  deposits  of  lead 


314  MARIES    COUNTY. 

in  the  State;  Mr.  Williams  took  out  1300  pounds  of  pure  lead  ore, 
in  two  hours  and  a  half,  on  Monday  last.  The  copper  mines,  which 
eleven  years  ago  were  abandoned  by  Mr.  John  Crismon,  having  since 
been  reopened  by  Dr.  Latham,  have  already  yielded  a  large  amount 
of  rough  ore  which  when  smelted  yields  a  large  per  cent,  of  blister 
copper,  and  as  the  work  goes  deeper,  the  virgin  copper  appears  in 
greater  quantities,  with  unmistakable  indications,  apparently,  of  find- 
ing a  rich  lead  of  the  pure  ore.  Tons,  we  are  told,  of  this  composi- 
tion ore  were  thrown  out  which  had  been  condemned  as  worthless  by 
the  miners,  is  now  considered  as  being  valuable  for  smelting.  We 
are  not  sufTicicntly  advised  in  mineral  prospects  to  speak  positive  of 
the  indications  here,  but  basing  our  judgment  upon  the  opinions  of 
those  who  are  best  informed,  we  have  no  hesitation  in  expressing  the 
belief  that  not  only  lead,  but  copper  mining,  in  this  county,  will  form 
no  inconsiderable  part  of  the  future  wealth  of  Maries  County." 

The  particular  location  of  the  minerals  already  discovered  are 
given  in  the  Geological  Report  of  the  southwest  branch  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad,  pages  34,  46,  62,  and  12.  The  county  is  watered  by  the 
Gasconade  River,  ]\Iaries  Creek,  and  their  tributaries. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  church  organizations  of  the 
Baptist,  Episcopalian,  Presbyterian,  Christian,  Methodist,  and  Roman 
Catholic  denominations;  but  as  yet  no  buildings  have  been  erected 
for  their  meetings.  There  are  34  school  districts,  but  about  12 
schools  taught  in  the  county.  The  State  appropriated  $1223  37  for 
school  purposes  in  1859.  An  effort  will  soon  be  made  for  the  erec- 
tion of  good  school-houses  and  churches,  and  to  secure  the  proper 
education  of  the  youth  of  the  county. 

VIENNA,  the  county-seat,  is  agreeably  situated,  and  is  the  only 
town  of  importance  in  the  county ;  population  250.  It  has  several 
stores,  2  groceries,  4  carpenters,  1  newspaper,  1  blacksmith,  1  wagon- 
maker,  1  hotel,  1  water-power  flouring-mill,  1  steam  saw-mill,  2  law- 
yers, and  3  doctors. 


MARION    COUNTY.  315 


MARION   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  east-northeast  portion  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi  River,  west  by  Slielby  County, 
north  by  Lewis,  and  south  by  Ralls  and  Monroe  Counties,  and  con- 
tains an  area  of  432  square  miles. 

Marion  County,  in  1830,  contained  4837  inhabitants;  in  1836, 
T612;  in  1840,  9623;  in  1850,  12,241 ;  in  1856,  13,144  ;  and  in  1860, 
16,100.  The  population  and  business  of  the  towns,  and  the  settle- 
ment of  the  county,  have  received  a  new  impetus  by  the  completion  of 
the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad. 

Physical  Features. — There  are  few  if  any  counties  in  the  State 
possessing  a  more  desirable  division  of  prairie  and  timber,  better 
soil  and  building  materials,  or  that  is  better  supplied  with  water. 

The  North  and  South  Fabius,  North  and  South  Two  Rivers,  Trou- 
blesome, Grassy,  Lick,  and  See's  Creeks,  with  their  numerous  branches, 
afford  an  abundance  of  water  to  every  township  in  the  county.  Besides 
these,  there  are  bold  springs  of  pure,  clear  water,  in  all  parts  of  the 
county,  and  some  sulphur  and  chalybeate  springs.  Probably  two- 
thirds  of  the  surface  is  undulating  prairie;  the  woodland  is  in  thin 
groves  along  the  margins  of  streams,  extending  here  and  there  out  into 
the  prairies,  and  embraces  hickories,  oaks,  black  walnut,  sugar-tree,  ash, 
sassafras,  (some  sassafras-trees  are  two  feet  in  diameter,  and  used  for 
rails,)  hackberry,  haws,  elms,  mulberry,  honey  locust,  and  papaw. 

Minerals,  Soils,  etc. — Lead,  zinc,  and  iron  ores  have  been  found 
in  small  quantities,  but  not  sufficient  to  pay  for  working,  or  even  to 
justify  prospecting.  Bituminous  coal  has  been  taken  out  of  some 
banks  in  the  southwestern  and  central  parts  of  the  county.  Silicious 
marl,  so  valuable  to  the  soil,  is  everywhere  found,  except  on  the  allu- 
vial bottoms.  The  State  Geologist  suggests  that  if  the  farmers  will 
work  their  soils  to  a  depth  of  twenty  inches  instead  of  five,  as  here- 
tofore, "the  increased  profits  in  farming  in  this  county  alone  would 
more  than  pay  the  annual  expenses  of  the  Geological  Survey."  Pipe- 
clay, of  a  pure  white  variety,  is  found  in  some  localities,  and  is  fre- 
quently used  instead  of  lime  for  whitening  walls,  etc.  Fire  clay, 
gritstone,  limestones,  freestone,  clay  and  sand  for  brick,  and  lime- 
stone for  making  hydraulic  cement,  are  all  abundant.  The  prairie 
soil  is  generally  underlaid  by  a  thick  layer  of  silicious  marl,  which 
contains  all  the  elements  necessary  to  render  it  exceedingly  fertile, 


31G  MARION    COUNTY. 

and  adapted  to  most  purposes  of  farming,  either  in  wet  or  dry  sea- 
sons. North  and  cast  from  Pahnyra  are  considerable  bodies  of  land 
which  sustain  a  heavy  growth  of  American  elms.  The  soil  of  these 
elm  lands  is,  porhaj^s,  second  to  none  in  the  State  in  point  of  fertility. 
Marbles,  suitable  for  building  and  ornamental  purposes,  are  found  in 
several  localities  in  the  county. 

PALMYRA,  the  county-seat,  is  very  pleasantly  situated  upon  a 
commanding  elevation  between  North  and  South  Rivers,  about  one 
mile  from  each.  The  business  houses  are  principally  of  brick, 
and  the  residences,  churches,  and  educational  institutions  gener- 
ally surrounded  by  extensive  grounds,  ornamented  with  shrubbery 
and  shaded  by  forest  trees.  This  is  considered  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  pleasant  places  in  the  State.  The  principal  educational 
institutions  in  the  city  are  St.  Paul's  College,  Bethel  College,  Bap- 
tist Male  and  Female  Seminary,  Presbyterian  Female  Institute,  and 
the  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Methodist,  Episcopal,  and  Reformers' 
churches.  The  schools  are  all  in  a  flourishing  condition,  ably  con- 
ducted and  liberally  patronized  ;  the  people  intelligent  and  hosjiitaljle, 
and  society  very  good.  Palmyra  is  situated  upon  the  Hannibal  and 
St.  Joseph  Railroad,  14  miles  from  Ilaimibal,  was  incorporated  as  a 
city,  November  23,  1855,  contains  a  good  representation  of  business 
houses,  and  a  population  of  about  3000. 

Hannibal,  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph 
Railroad,  and  the  commercial  point  for  an  extensive  region  of  coun- 
try, is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  153  miles  above  St.  Louis, 
15  below  Quincy,  Hlinois,  and  288  miles  west  from  Chicago.  The 
town  was  laid  out  in  1819,  incorporated  as  a  town  in  1839,  and  since 
then  as  a  city.  Its  population  in  1840  numbered  600;  in  1850, 
255Y;  and  in  1860  was  6457.  The  city  is  neatly  and  compactly 
built,  has  an  industrious  and  intelligent  class  of  business  men,  and 
commercial  facilities  surpassed  by  no  point  in  the  State  except  St. 
Louis.  Among  the  most  elegant  and  substantial  structures  in  the 
city  may  be  named  Brittingham's  Hall,  the  Hannibal  City  Institute, 
and  several  fine  churches.  Of  the  latter,  there  are  3  Presbyterian, 
(0.  S.  and  N.  S.,)  2  Methodist  Episcopal  (North  and  South,)  Baptist, 
Christian,  Congregational,  and  Catholic  churches.  (For  a  complete 
list  of  offices,  business  men,  etc.,  see  page  102  of  Sutherland  <& 
McEvoy's  State  Business  Directory  for  1860.)  There  are  2  excel- 
lent daily  and  weekly  newspapers  published  in  Hannibal,  (see  list  in 
another  chapter,)  2  banks,  and  4  literary  societies.  When  the  Han- 
nibal and  Peoria  Railroad  (now  in  course  of  construction)  is  com- 
pleted, this  will  be  the  terminus  of  three  railroad  lines :  the  Han- 


Mcdonald  county.  317 

riibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  the  Pike  County  Raih'oad,  and  the 
Hannibal  and  Peoria.  This  place  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population 
and  importance. 

Marion  City  is  situated  twelve  miles  above  Hannibal,  and  seven 
miles  east  from  Palmyra.  The  town  has  an  excellent  steamboat 
landing,  and  is  bordered  on  the  west  by  a  range  of  high  bluffs, 
(some  three  miles  distant,)  while  the  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town 
is  level  and  very  fertile.  This  place  was  laid  out  in  1835,  and  in 
1837  contained  a  population  of  300.  In  1859  the  population  was 
about  1000. 

Philadelphia  is  situated  fifteen  miles  west -northwest  from  Han- 
nibal. It  was  first  settled  in  1830,  by  William  Muldrow  and  others, 
and  in  1836  was  "the  site  of  the  department  of  arts  and  sciences  of 
Marion  College,"  which  institution  had  been  founded  on  the  manual- 
labor  plan,  by  Dr.  David  Nelson,  William  Muldrow,  and  Dr.  David 
Clark.  Improvements  were  erected  previous  to  1837,  which  cost 
upwards  of  $70,000,  and  Marion  College  then  had  seven  teachers  and 
116  pupils,  and  was  incorporated  by  the  Legislature  in  1831.  There 
are  in  the  town  Baptist,  Presbyterian,  and  Methodist  churches,  and 
a  population  of  about  300. 


McDonald  county. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  extreme  southwestern  corner  of  the 
State,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Newton  County,  on  the  east  by  Barry, 
on  the  south  by  Arkansas,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Indian  Territory, 
and  contains  an  area  of  648  square  miles. 

History. — The  first  settlements  made  here  were  in  1830,  by  Augus- 
tus J.  Friend,  P.  Williams,  R.  Lauderdale,  Tiner,  Mathews,  Blevens, 
and  Holcomb,  whose  families  at  that  time  numbered  about  forty  souls. 
The  county-seat  was  formerly  at  Rutledge,  but  is  now  at  Pineville, 
which  was  once  called  Marysville,  under  which  name  it  was  first 
settled  and  located  by  J.  B.  King.  In  1850  the  population  of  the 
county  was  2236;  in  1856  it  had  increased  to  3533;  and  in  1860,  to 
4061. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  the  county  is  broken,  and  much 
of  the  upland  sterile  and  unproductive  for  some  crops,  but  good  for 
fruit.  The  valleys  are  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  farming  or  stock- 
growing  purposes.  The  county  is  drained  by  Elk  River,  a  tributary 
of  the  Arkansas,  and  by  its  tributaries,  severally  named  Buffalo,  Pat- 


318  Mcdonald  county. 

terson's,  Indian,  Sugar,  North  Sugar,  Battle,  and  Iloncy  Creeks. 
Most  of  these  streams  are  rapid,  and  afford  excellent  water  power  for 
mills  or  manufactories,  which,  when  erected,  would  prove  of  great  ad- 
vantage to  the  community,  and  profitable  to  the  proprietors.  The 
timber  consists  of  oak,  walnut,  pine,  cedar,  wild  cherry,  etc.  Proba- 
bly four-fifths  of  the  county  is  timber  land. 

The  Soil  in  the  valleys  and  along  the  river  bottoms  is  fertile,  while 
on  the  uplands  it  is  thin  and  gravelly — finely  adapted  to  the  culture 
of  the  grape.  The  productions  are  wheat,  corn,  oats,  barley,  tobacco, 
and  the  ordinary  root  crops.  Wheat  produces  25  bushels  per  acre ; 
corn,  65  bushels;  potatoes,  150  bushels;  onions,  150  bushels;  tur- 
nips, 200  bushels;  tobacco  1000  pounds  per  acre.  The  principal 
fruits  are  apples,  pears,  peaches,  and  cherries.  Farmers  and  stock 
growers  with  capital,  and  capitalists  to  improve  the  excellent  water 
power,  are  much  needed.  A  heavy  trade  is  done  here  with  the  Seneca, 
Cherokee,  and  Creek  Indians,  which  generally  makes  a  good  market 
for  all  kinds  of  goods  and  produce.  A  good  portion  of  the  year  the 
Elk  River  is  navigable,  by  which  produce  is  flat-boated  down  into  the 
Arkansas  to  Fort  Gibson  and  Van  Buren,  Arkansas,  and  after  dispos- 
ing of  the  produce  or  goods,  the  boats  are  eagerly  sought  for  by  the 
Indians,  who  buy  them  at  good  prices. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  15  churches  in  the  county — 5 
Methodist  Episcopal,  5  Baptist,  and  2  New  School  Presbyterian, 
Christian,  and  Campbcllite  Presbjierian.  Of  public  schools  there 
are  33  in  the  county,  having  1693  pupils,  and  6795  acres  of  school 
land  unsold. 

Natural  Advantages. — This  county  possesses  an  abundance  of  good 
water  power,  plenty  of  timber,  and  building  stone,  and  is  believed  to 
have  extensive  mineral  deposits  in  its  northern  townships.  Manufac- 
turers, stock  growers  or  horticulturists  will  find  good  opportunities 
for  investment  and  business  here.  The  southwest  branch  of  the 
Pacific  Railroad,  when  completed,  will  pass  through  the  adjoining 
county  of  Newton. 

PINEVILLE,  the  present  scat  of  justice,  is  built  on  Elk  River,  6 
miles  from  Rutlodge,  the  former  county-scat,  17  miles  from  Enter- 
prise, 15  from  Looniesville,  12  from  Bcthpage,  10  from  Erie,  and  100 
from  Van  Buren,  Arkansas.  Pineville  contains  an  academy.  Masonic 
Lodge,  4  churches  —  Methodist,  Protestant  Methodist,  C.  Presbyte- 
rian, and  Mis.  Baptist — a  flouring  and  4  saw  mills,  several  manufac- 
tories and  stores,  and  about  400  population.  A  commodious  brick 
court-house,  and  several  new  business  houses  are  in  course  of  erection. 
This  brisk  new  town  is  the  residence  of  lion.  John  S.  Phelps,  M.  C, 


MERCER    COUNTY.  319 

Hon.  J.  C.  Gullett,  State  Senator,  and  Hon.  TVm.  C.  Duval,  State 
Representative. 

Enterprise,  20  miles  southwest  from  Pineville,  was  laid  out  in 
1835,  by  Rev.  A.  D.  Smith,  Rev.  D.  B.  Gumming,  and  Hon.  A.  Hol- 
comb,  and  now  contains  a  church,  public  school,  saw-mill,  several 
stores  and  mechanics'  shops,  and  about  100  population. 

Elk  Mills  is  18  miles  from  Pineville,  and  24  from  Neosho.  Popu- 
lation 75. 

White  Rock  Prairie,  7  miles  from  the  county-seat,  is  the  center 
for  a  fertile  section  of  country,  contains  a  number  of  business  houses, 
and  a  population  of  about  100. 

Each  of  the  towns  above  named  is  well  supplied  with  business 
houses,  but  the  county  is  settling  rapidly,  and  there  will  soon  be  good 
openings  for  all  kinds  of  mechanics  and  tradesmen. 


MERCER  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  Iowa  State  line,  about  midway  be- 
tween the  two  great  rivers  that  wash  either  shore  of  the  northern 
part  of  the  State,  and  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Dodge  and  Sullivan, 
south  by  Grundy,  and  on  the  west  by  Harrison. 

The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1837,  by  Allen  M.  England  and 
Thomas  Witten.  The  county  has  an  area  of  500  square  miles ;  had 
5603  inhabitants  in  185G;   and  9310  in  1860. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  the  country  is  level  and  undu- 
lating, the  soil  generally  fertile,  with  about  an  equal  division  of  prai- 
rie and  timber,  which  consists  of  white  oak,  bur  oak,  walnut,  hard 
maple,  white  maple,  linden,  etc.  It  is  drained  by  Weldon  River, 
crooked  fork  of  Grand  River,  Medicine  and  Muddy  Creeks. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  produces 
an  abundant  yield  of  most  kinds  of  agricultural  products,  to  wit :  of 
hemp,  1000  pounds  to  the  acre;  tobacco,  1000;  flax,  300  pounds; 
corn,  100  bushels;  wheat,  33  bushels;  rye,  40;  oats,  50;  buckwheat, 
40 ;  while  the  yield  of  vegetables  will  compare  favorably  with  almost 
any  section.  Of  Hungarian  grass,  as  high  as  7  tons,  and  of  timothy, 
5  tons,  are  said  to  have  been  cut  per  acre.  These  farm  statistics  are 
somewhat  above  the  average  yield.  Good  unimproved  land  is  worth 
from  $3  to  $7  per  acre;  and  improved,  from  $10  to  $15. 

Natural  Advantages. — This  county  has  an  abundance  of  excellent 


320  MILLER    COUNTY. 

timber  and  building  stone,  very  fertile  soils,  abundance  of  water, 
healthy  climate,  and  p:ood  demand  for  all  kinds  of  produce. 

Minerals. — Coal  and  iron  ore  have  recently  been  discovered  by  Mr. 
AVilliams,  an  old  miner,  and  it  is  thought  both  these  valuable  minerals 
will  be  found  iu  extensive  beds.  A  large  deposit  of  copper  is  said 
to  have  been  discovered  near  Ravenna.  Farmers  and  mechanics  will 
do  well  to  examine  this  county^ 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  in  Princeton  1  Methodist 
church,  40  members;  Baptist,  60  members;  and  the  Christian  church, 
50.     There  are  G5  district  schools  in  the  county. 

PRINCETON,  the  county-seat,  is  a  thrifty  town  of  500  inhabitants, 
with  a  good  newspaper,  "Princeton  Reporter,"  Jas.  A.  Scarbaugh, 
Editor;  also  a  good  representation  of  business  houses.  It  was  first 
settled  by  John  R.  Davis,  and  incorporated  March  4,  1855. 

Eavenna  has  200  population;  Middleburgh,  100;  Somerset,  50; 
Madisonville,  50. 


MILLER   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  south  central  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Cole  and  Moniteau,  on  the  south  by  Pulaski 
and  Camden,  on  the  cast  by  Osage  and  Maries,  and  on  the  west  by 
Morgan  and  Camden  Counties.  This  county  contains  an  area  of  570 
square  miles,  was  first  settled  in  1830,  before  the  county  was  formed, 
and  was  named  in  honor  of  John  Miller,  former  Governor  of  Mis- 
souri. The  population  of  the  county  in  1840  was  2232;  in  1850, 
3834;  in  185G,  4024;  and  in  18G0,  6316. 

Physical  Features,  etc. — The  surface  of  the  county  is  generally 
broken  timber  land,  and  the  land  is  thin  and  sterile  except  along  the 
valleys  of  the  streams.  The  county  is  intersected  by  Osage  River, 
which  is  navigable  from  four  to  six  months  of  the  year.  Some  good 
mill  sites  are  found  on  Tavern  and  Auglaize  Creeks,  and  there  is  an 
abundance  of  excellent  walnut,  and  sugar  maple,  and  oak  for  lumber. 
The  principal  crops  are  wheat,  corn,  and  oats.  The  soil  and  climate 
are  well  adapted  to  fruit  culture,  and  also  to  stock  growing.  The 
yield  of  tobacco  is  above  the  average;  corn,  65  bushels  to  the  acre; 
wheat,  25.  The  common  varieties  of  fruit  are  abundant.  This  county 
is  well  adapted  to  stock  raising.  Grazing  lands  occupy  a  fair  pro- 
portion of  the  county.  Timothy  yields  2^  tons,  Ilungariau  grass,  3 
tons,  oats,  35  bushels  to  the  acre. 


MISSISSIPPI   COUNTY.  821 

History. — Miller  County  was  first  settled  in  1815,  by  Seneca  R.  Y. 
Day  and  others.     Present  population  of  the  county  4000. 

There  is  no  newspaper  in  the  county,  and  no  bankers ;  one  lawyer, 
and  no  doctor;  2  merchants,  1  grocer,  1  druggist,  2  blacksmiths,  no 
wagon-makers,  1  steam  flouring-mill,  1  hotel.  The  principal  denom- 
inations represented  are  Methodists  and  Baptists.  There  are  no 
private  schools;  the  public  are  the  only  schools. 

Natural  Advantages. — This  county  being  situated  near  the  Mis- 
souri River,  and  the  Osage  passing  quite  through  it  with  its  various 
resources  of  minerals,  both  lead  and  iron,  together  with  its  land  and 
water  privileges  along  the  rivers  and  creeks,  offers  to  the  capitalists 
rare  opportunities  for  investment.  Land  unimproved  can  be  bought 
at  from  $2  to  $6  per  acre;  improved,  from  $5  to  $12. 

TUSCUMBIA,  the  county-seat,  and  only  town  of  importance  in 
the  county,  is  on  the  Osage  River,  35  miles  from  Jefferson  City,  and 
150  miles  from  St.  Louis.  The  first  settlements  here  were  made  in 
1833,  and  a  post-office  was  established  four  years  afterward.  The 
town  contains  one  Lodge  each  of  Masons  and  Odd  Fellows,  1  saw 
and  grist  mill,  2  stores,  2  blacksmiths,  4  shoemakers,  1  wagon  shop, 
1  tailor  shop,  and  1  cooper,  cabinetmaker,  druggist,  surveyor,  tinner, 
hotel,  2  school  teachers,  etc.     Population  about  200. 

The  remaining  towns  of  note  are  Mount  Pleasant,  Iberia,  Spring 
Garden,  and  Rocky  Mount. 


MISSISSIPPI  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  State,  is 
bordered  on  the  north,  east,  and  south  by  the  Mississippi  River, 
which  divides  it  from  Illinois  and  Kentucky.  The  county  contains 
about  256,000  acres  of  land,  most  of  which  is  susceptible  of  cultiva- 
tion, and  is  a  rich,  alluvial  soil,  called,  in  Western  parlance,  "river 
bottoms,"  a  soil  every  way  as  productive  as  the  delta  of  ancient 
Egypt.  Owing  to  the  peninsular  shape  of  the  county,  being  nearly 
surrounded  by  the  river,  and  the  fact  that  a  large  water-course  (James 
Bayou)  runs  through  its  center  almost  the  entire  length,  having  as 
much  fall  in  twenty-one  miles  as  the  river  has  in  seventy-five,  it  is 
susceptible  of  being  drained  at  a  trifling  expense.  Probably  there  is 
not,  in  all  Southeast  Missouri,  an  equal  amount  of  laud  that  can  be 

21 


322  MISSISSIPPI   COUNTY. 

drained  and  made  arable  with  so  little  labor.  To  protect  the  country 
from  overflow  the  county  built  some  thirty  miles  of  levee  at  an  ex- 
pense of  near  $100,000. 

The  census  taken  in  1850  shows  a  white  population  of  3390,  a 
slave  population  of  914,  making  a  total  of  4304 ;  in  18G0  it  con- 
tained 4708  inhabitants;  this  is  exclusive  of  the  employees  of  the 
Cairo  and  Fulton  Railroad,  which  number  several  hundreds. 

Products. — The  staple  crop  of  the  county  is  corn,  yielding  from  40 
to  100  bushels  per  acre.  Wheat  does  very  well  in  the  prairies,  the 
timljcr  lands  being  yet  too  new.  Hemp  and  tobacco  have  been  culti- 
vated only  to  a  limited  extent,  the  objection  being  that  they  grow  too 
large.  Oats  do  well,  and  the  coarser  grasses,  such  as  timothy,  grow 
very  luxuriantly,  producing  three  and  four  tons  to  the  acre.  Garden 
vegetables  attain  a  size  that  would  be  deemed  fabulous  in  the  hills,  or 
under  a  more  northern  clime.  Apples  are  very  fine,  but  as  yet  there 
are  few  orchards,  an  evil  that  a  few  years  will  remedy.  Peaches  are 
abundant,  but  little  care  is  taken  in  selecting  the  best  varieties.  The 
pecan  is  plentiful,  and  yields  al)undantly.  ^Millet  grows  very  large ;  and 
the  new  Hungarian  grass  is  admirably  adai)ted  to  this  county.  Should 
that  new  potato,  the  "  discorea,^'  prove  successful,  this  is  just  the  place 
for  it,  as  the  loose,  rich,  sandy  soil  will  permit  it  to  grow  as  big  as  a 
barrel  if  it  chooses,  and  will  admit  of  its  going  toward  China,  ad 
infiniium. 

Internal  Improvements. — The  Cairo  and  Fulton  Railroad  runs 
througli  the  northern  portion  of  the  county;  the  line  is  nearly  direct, 
deflecting  a  little  to  the  south  to  pass  through  Charleston.  The  dis- 
tance through  the  county  is  about  twenty-one  miles,  and  nearly  a 
"dead  level,"  requiring  very  little  embankment,  and  not  crossing  a 
stream  or  slough  of  any  importance.  The  company,  under  the  con- 
trol of  Mason  Brayman,  President,  Sylvester  Sexton,  Superintendent 
of  Construction,  and  J.  H.  Crocker,  Chief  Engineer,  are  pushing  the 
work  as  fast  as  practicalde. 

The  total  stock  subscription  of  this  road  is  $1,2G1,YT5;  the  total 
number  of  acres  granted  by  counties,  570,507,  which,  at  $2  50  per 
acre,  would  bring  $1,426,272  50. 

The  prospects  of  this  company  are  represented  as  being  very  fair, 
and  its  means  amjjle  to  secure  the  completion  of  the  road.  This  road 
was  opened  to  Charleston,  twelve  miles  from  the  Mississippi  River,  in 
July,  1859,  and  is  being  rapidly  constructed. 

This  county  has  a  heavy  indebtedness  to  liquidate,  and  a  long  levee 
to  keep  in  repair,  but  there  is  no  better  land  in  the  State  than  is 


MISSISSIPPI   COUNTY.  .  323 

found  here,  nor  any  county  in  the  State  enjoying  better  market 
facilities,  (except,  perhaps,  St.  Louis,)  as  the  very  farthest  point  in 
the  county  from  river  or  railroad  is  but  twelve  miles.  All  kinds  of 
grain,  grasses,  and  fruit  that  flourish  in  this  latitude  yield  enormous 
crops  here.  The  editor  of  the  Courier  has  samples  of  timothy, 
whole  fields  of  which  grow  six  feet  high,  and  millet  full  eight  feet  in 
height.  The  prospects  are  fair  for  a  rapid  advance  of  this  county,  in 
the  point  of  commercial  and  agricultural  wealth  and  importance  ; 
especially  so  when  we  look  forward  to  the  improvement  of  the  im- 
mense beds  of  bog  iron  ore  which  are  found  in  various  parts  of  the 
county,  and  which  are  rich  enough  to  be  worked  to  advantage  where 
fuel  is  cheap  and  limestone  available,  which  is  the  case  here. 

To  whom  belongs  the  honor  of  making  the  first  settlement  in  this 
county,  we  have  been  unable  to  ascertain;  but  learn  that  Abraham 
Hunter  is  considered  the  pioneer  of  the  country,  and,  therefore,  the 
first  locomotive  introduced  upon  the  Cairo  and  Fulton  Kailroad  bears 
his  name.  This  road  was  opened  on  the  4th  of  July,  1859,  and  the 
old  gentleman,  who  had  resided  in  this  county  fifty-five  years,  beheld 
a  locomotive  for  the  first  time  in  his  life,  and  that  locomotive  bore  the 
name  of  "Abraham  Hunter."  This  was  the  happiest  day  of  the 
old  man's  life.  He  greeted  the  arrival  of  the  iron  horse  in  a  short 
and  appropriate  speech,  and  closed  with  the  sentiment,  "May  this 
iron  horse  yet  survive  to  quench  his  thirst  from  the  waters  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean."  We  see  by  the  American  State  papers  that  John 
Johnson  settled  at  Bird's  Point,  opposite  Cairo,  on  the  26th  of 
August,  1800,  by  virtue  of  a  grant  from  Henrie  Peyroux,  Command- 
ant, under  the  Spanish  government. 

CHARLESTON,  the  county-seat,  was  incorporated  February  21, 
ISST,  and  is  situated  on  Matthew's  Prairie,  and  surrounded  by  ex- 
tensive tracts  of  fertile  land  under  a  good  state  of  cultivation.  The 
principal  county  buildings  are  of  brick,  and  the  M.  E.  Church  is  said 
to  be  the  finest  in  the  State,  south  of  St.  Louis,  Rev.  T.  W.  Mitchell, 
Pastor.  The  Baptists  have  also  a  very  neat  church,  W.  K.  Young, 
Pastor.  Charleston  contains  2  hotels,  a  printing-ofiice,  branch  of 
the  Union  Bank,  large  and  commodious  school-house,  six  merchants 
and  grocers,  drug  store,  stove  and  hardware  store,  livery  stable,  2 
blacksmiths,  2  wagon-makers,  1  painter,  1  tinner,  2  shoemakers,  3 
saddlers,  8  carpenters,  2  shoe  shops,  1  tailor,  8  lawyers,  and  7  phy- 
sicians. The  Free  Masons,  Odd  Fellows,  and  Good  Templars  have 
each  an  organization  here,  and  a  fiue  hall.  The  Courier,  edited  by 
Geo.  Whitcomb,  is  one  of  the  best  county  papers  in  Southeast  Mis- 


324  MISSISSIPPI    COUNTY. 

souri,  from  which  we  have  gathered  considerable  iuformation  respect- 
ing this  fertile  county. 

There  is  a  weeping  willow  growing  in  the  yard  of  Mr.  James 
Moore,  of  Charleston,  that  measures  over  twelve  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence, three  feet  from  the  ground.  Its  branches  extend  longitudinally 
a  distance  of  thirty-five  to  forty-five  feet  from  the  trunk,  in  every 
direction,  making  a  most  grateful  shade,  and  giving  a  commanding 
and  beautiful  appearance.  This  tree  is  the  product  of  a  riding  switch 
placed  in  the  ground  twenty-five  years  ago,  by  a  person  who  plucked 
the  twig  at  Cape  Girardeau. 

Bird's  Point  is  directly  opposite  Cairo,  and  is  the  eastern  terminus 
of  the  Cairo  and  Fulton  Railroad,  and  owing  to  the  rock  point  here 
projecting  into  the  Mississippi,  this  is  considered  one  of  the  most 
permanent  landings  on  the  river.  This  site  has  belonged  to  the  Bird 
family  ever  since  the  territory  was  ceded  to  the  United  States.  A 
town  is  about  being  laid  ofi"  and  built  here.  The  first  settlement  here 
was  in  1800,  by  John  Johnson. 

Ohio  City  was  laid  off  in  1846  by  Colonel  Iliram  Pearsons,  and  is 
situated  about  a  mile  above  Bird's  Point,  and  is  old  enough  to  be  a 
town  of  larger  dimensions  and  more  importance  than  it  is,  but  the 
completion  of  the  railroad  through  it  has  given  this  town  a  new 
impetus. 

Rodney  Landing,  two  miles  above  Ohio  City,  is  a  shipping  point 
for  an  extensive  district  of  country,  and  will  ever  continue  so,  having 
a  more  extensive  levee  than  Bird's  Point. 

Belmont,  named  after  the  American  partner  of  the  Bothschilds,  is 
opposite  the  de})ot  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  at  Columbus. 
This  place  was  selected  as  the  probable  terminus  of  the  Iron  Mount- 
ain Railroad,  by  the  engineer,  J.  H.  Morley,  and  so  appears  on  the 
map  and  report  of  that  company  to  the  Legislature  in  1853;  and, 
also,  as  the  terminus  of  a  branch  of  the  Cairo  and  Fulton  Railroad, 
to  connect  it  with  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Road.  The  State  road 
through  the  Counties  of  Cape  Girardeau,  Scott,  and  Mississippi  term- 
inates at  this  point,  it  being  the  best  crossing  i)lace  on  the  river 
between  Cairo  and  the  Balize  —  long  and  familiarly  known  as  the 
"Iron  Banks  Ferry."  The  town  belongs  to  the  Belmont  company 
under  the  act  of  incorporation.  Much  of  the  stock  is  owned  in 
Frankfort  and  Louisville,  Ky.,  St.  Louis,  and  the  City  of  New  York. 

"Wolf  Island  lies  immediately  below  Belmont,  and  is  a  fine  farming 
district,  and  its  lands  sell  higher  than  other  portions  of  the  county. 
It  has  two  stores,  a  fine  seminary,  a  Lodge  of  Free  Masons,  and  is 


MONITEAU   COUNTY.  325 

one  of  the  best  settlements  in  the  county,  the  people  generally  being 
from  "the  first  families"  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 

St.  James  is  a  new  town  laid  out  on  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the 
mouth  of  James  Bayou.  There  are  two  steam  saw-mills  at  the  place, 
both  doing  a  fine  business,  being  as  yet  unable  to  supply  the  demand 
for  lumber  for  shipment.  In  addition,  there  is  another  saw-mill  about 
three  miles  above  the  bayou,  making  three  saw-mills  whose  depot  is 
St.  James.  Upon  the  banks  of  James  Bayou  and  its  tributary — the 
Black  Bayou — there  are  large  brakes  or  groves  of  the  finest  cypress 
timber  in  the  world ;  also,  in  the  surrounding  country  there  is  plenty 
of  walnut,  gum,  oak,  and  other  timber.  The  town  is  situated  at  the 
main  and  only  good  shipping  point  on  the  river,  for  a  large  portion 
of  this  county  and  the  northeastern  part  of  New  Madrid. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  to  lay  oflf  a  new  town  at  the  Big 
Spring  on  Sandy  Ridge,  near  the  old  Spanish  survey.  This  spring 
is  somewhat  noted  as  being  a  resort  of  the  Indians  in  olden  times,  the 
ridge  around  it  being  high  and  dry,  affording  a  fine  camping  ground; 
and,  afterward,  was  selected  by  Wm.  Zane,  Esq.,  under  the  Spanish 
Government,  as  the  best  point  for  a  station  half  way  between  New 
Madrid  and  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  There  is  abundance  of  the  best 
of  cypress,  oak,  walnut,  gum,  cherry,  locust,  and  other  valuable  tim- 
ber in  the  county,  and  we  see  no  reason  why  this  should  not  be  one 
of  the  greatest  lumber  depots  in  the  West.  A  flouring-mill  is  much 
needed  at  Charleston,  as  a  large  amount  of  wheat  is  raised  annually 
in  Matthew's  Prairie  and  the  surrounding  country. 


MONITEAU  COUNTY. 

This  is  probably  the  most  central  county  in  the  State,  and  is  bounded 
on  the  east  by  Cole  County  and  the  Missouri  River,  on  the  south  by 
Cole,  Miller,  and  Morgan  Counties,  and  on  the  north  by  Cooper 
County  and  the  Missouri  River.  It  embraces  a  superficial  area  of 
about  400  square  miles,  and  had  a  population  in  18G0  of  10,941, 
including  745  slaves. 

Physical  Features. — This  county  presents  every  variety  of  surface, 
from  the  low  alluvial  bottoms  of  the  Missouri  to  the  high  prairie 
lands  of  the  south  and  west,  which  rise  to  an  altitude  varying  from 
350  to  500  feet  above  the  Missouri  River.     The  general  features  of 


326  MONITEAU    COUNTY. 

the  county  may  be  characterized  as  broken  or  hilly,  with  about  an 
ccjual  division  of  prairie  and  timber.  There  are  extensive  districts, 
however,  possessing?  excellent  soil  willi  a  surface  sufficiently  undula- 
ting to  secure  pood  drainage. 

Soils. — The  richest  and  deepest  soil  is  found  in  the  alluvial  bottom.^ 
of  the  Missouri  River,  iu  the  northeast  portion  of  the  county,  and  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Moniteau,  Moreau,  and  their  tributaries.  "The 
largest  bodies  of  arable  lands  are  found  iu  township  45,  ranges  15, 
16,  and  17;  and  in  township  44,  ranges  16  and  17,  which  contain 
much  beautiful  prairie;  township  43,  range  15,  and  that  portion  of 
range  1(1  in  this  county,  contains  much  elevated  undulating  prairie 
land  of  fair  (jualily,  but  not  equal  to  that  farther  northwest."  The 
other  townships  are  more  broken,  but  in  the  small  valleys  and  along 
the  gentler  slopes  good  farming  land  is  found  which  is  susceptible  of 
profitable  cultivation.  In  the  valleys  and  along  many  of  the  streams 
good  springs  are  found,  but  they  are  seldom  met  with  in  the  elevated 
localities.  There  is  an  abundance  of  timber — in  the  valleys  it  con- 
sists of  oak,  elm,  hickory,  ash,  walnut,  maple,  hackberry,  buttonwood, 
and  poplar,  etc.,  while  iu  the  higher  lands  there  is  little  else  than  the 
several  varieties  of  oak  and  hickory. 

A  great  many  "sink  holes"  are  found  in  the  northern  and  western 
portions  of  the  county,  generally  near  the  bliitl's  along  the  streams, 
which  terminate  in  fissures  or  caverns  in  the  rock  beneath.  These 
singular  depressions  or  holes  have  the  form  of  a  broad  inverted  cone ; 
or,  as  an  old  hunter  described  them,  "like  large  bowls  with  the  bot- 
toms knocked  out."  Near  the  Missouri  blufl's  south  of  Mount  Yernon 
they  are  quite  numerous,  and  have  been  mistaken  by  many  persons 
for  ancient  mines  or  old  mineral  shafts. 

Farm  Products. — In  the  northern  portion  of  the  county  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  tobacco  is  raised,  which,  with  wheat,  corn,  and 
grapes,  are  the  principal  products  of  the  soil.  Some  of  the  best 
yields  are  as  follows  :  corn,  75  bushels  to  the  acre;  wheat,  40;  rye,  40; 
barley,  50;  oats,  65;  buckwheat,  50;  hemp,  1500  pounds;  tobacco, 
1200  pounds;  potatoes,  250  bushels;  carrots  and  turnips,  500  each; 
beets,  200;  onions,  500;  Hungarian  grass,  4  tons;  timothy,  3  tons; 
clover,  2  tons  per  acre.  Cultivated  farms  are  worth  from  $10  to  $40 
per  acre;  uncultivated  land,  from  $5  to  $15  per  acre. 

Stone  Coal. — This  mineral  is  found  in  sufficient  quantities  to  sup- 
ply the  wants  of  the  inhabitants  for  many  years.  Rich  beds  of  both 
bituminous  and  cannel  coal  are  found  in  the  county,  and  heavy  veins 
of  the  former  are  opened  about  three  miles  north  of  California,  the 
county-seat;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  liigh  Point,  about  twelve  miles 


MONITEAU    COUNTY.  327 

south,  rich  deposits  of  the  latter  have  been  discovered.  Some  of  the 
best  banks  are  located  as  follows  :  about  three  miles  northwest  from 
Jamestown,  in  section  1,  township  46,  range  15,  near  a  small  branch 
of  Howard  Creek ;  also,  near  the  head  of  Upper  Brush  Creek,  in 
section  6,  township  46,  range  15 — this  vein  is  about  nine  feet  in  thick- 
ness, and  upwards  of  30,000  bushels  have  been  taken  out  of  this  bank; 
another  bed  is  situated  in  section  26,  township  45,  range  17,  in  the 
Willow  Fork  of  the  Morcau;  also,  in  section  24,  township  44,  range 
15,  on  one  of  the  small  tributaries  of  the  Moreau  a  large  bed  of  can- 
nel  coal  is  found. 

Lead  Ore. — Lead  has  been  discovered  at  numerous  localities  in  all 
those  portions  of  the  county  where  magnesiau  limestone  forms  the 
surface  rock.  Several  openings  have  been  made  and  considerable 
quantities  of  lead  taken  out  in  section  25,  township  46,  range  15; 
also,  in  section  5,  township  45,  range  14;  and  in  section  17,  township 
45,  range  14.  From  the  last-named  locality  as  high  as  10,000  pounds 
of  mineral  have  been  taken  out  in  one  day  by  four  men.  "  Perhaps 
the  most  valuable  discovery  of  lead  yet  made  in  this  county  is  what 
is  known  as  'High  Point  Lead  Mine.'  This  mine  was  first  opened  in 
1841,  and  worked  without  much  capital  or  skill  until  about  1845,  at 
which  time  operations  were  suspended.  During  the  period  this  mine 
was  worked,  upwards  of  two  millions  of  pounds  of  lead  were  raised 
and  smelted."  It  has  since  been  purchased  by  another  company,  and 
is  now  being  successfully  and  profitably  worked.  Building  stone, 
limestone,  mill-stones,  clays  for  brick,  etc.,  are  found  in  this  county 
in  abundance.  For  full  particulars  in  regard  to  the  geology  of  this 
county  we  refer  the  reader  to  the  able  report  of  Professor  Meek,  in 
the  State  Geological  Survey. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  in  this  county  twenty-five  church 
organizations,  embracing  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  Chris- 
tians, Catholics,  etc.  There  are  forty-two  free  school-houses  in  the 
county,  in  which  over  2000  children  are  taught.  The  amount  raised 
to  build  and  repair  school-houses  in  1857,  $2420  41 ;  amount  appor- 
tioned to  the  county  by  the  State  for  1859  was  $2546  79.  There  is 
a  seminary  at  California,  also  an  excellent  male  and  female  academy 
at  Tipton,  both  in  a  flourishing  condition  and  well  supported. 

CALIFORNIA,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  on  the  Pacific  Railroad, 
twenty-live  miles  frum  Jeft'erson  City,  and  contains  a  population  of 
900.  There  are  in  the  town  8  merchants,  5  lawyers,  4  physicians,  a 
large  steam  flouring-mill,  tobacco  manufactory,  a  weekly  newspaper, 
(the  California  News,)  with  a  circulation  of  800  copies,  3  churches, 
a  seminary,  and  a  number  of  private  schools. 


328  MONROE   COUNTY. 

Tipton  is  a  flourisliing  town  on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  twelve  miles 
west  of  California,  and  has  a  popnlation  of  COO.  This  is  an  extensive 
business  i)oint  and  is  growing  rapiilly.  It  is  surrounded  by  one  of 
the  richest  farming  regions  in  the  county. 

Mount  Vernon  and  Jamestown  arc  thriving  towns  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  county. 


MONROE  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  east-northeastern  part  of  the  State, 
y)0unded  on  the  east  by  Ralls,  west  by  Randolph  and  Shelby,  north 
by  Shelby  and  Marion,  and  south  by  Audrain  County,  and  contains 
an  area  of  about  620  square  miles.  The  population  of  Monroe 
County  in  1840  was  9505;  in  1850,  10,543;  in  1856,  11,353;  and  in 
1860,  14,033. 

Physical  Features. — About  two-thirds  of  this  county  is  timber 
land.  The  prairies  are  small  and  fertile.  The  largest  body  of  prai- 
rie land  in  the  county  is  an  arm  of  Grand  Prairie,  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  county,  which  is  exceedingly  fertile  and  well  settled.  The 
general  character  of  the  county  is  undulating,  and  the  timber  consists 
of  oaks,  hickories,  ash,  elm,  hackberry,  walnut,  buckeye,  sugar  maple, 
sycamore,  linn,  and  birch.  The  timber  is  well  distributed  throughout 
the  county.  The  principal  streams  in  the  county  are  Salt  River  and 
its  branches.  Middle  Fork,  Elk  Fork,  South  Fork,  and  Long  Branch, 
and  also  Crooked,  Indian,  and  Otter  Creeks.  Williams's  Spring,  at 
Paris,  is  one  of  considerable  note.  (See  analysis  of  the  water,  page 
238,  Appendix  Geological  Report.) 

Soil  and  Productions.  —  The  soil  is  generally  fertile  and  well 
adapted  to  all  purposes  of  the  farmer  or  stock  grower.  The  higher 
rolling  lands  are  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  fine  tobacco,  which  is 
one  of  the  principal  staples  of  the  county.  Corn  is  raised  extensively. 
This  has  been  a  good  stock-growing  region  since  its  first  settlement, 
and  as  early  as  in  1836  (six  years  after  it  was  organized)  the  farmers 
raised  for  sale  horses,  mules,  horned  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs  ;  and  in 
1836  there  were  about  500  mules  sold  from  this  county. 

History. — The  portion  of  Ralls  County  now  forming  Monroe  was 
first  settled  in  1820,  1821,  by  Daniel  and  Jacob  Whittenburg,  Tyra 
Harris,  Pleasant  Ford,  Fzra  Fox,  Hugh  and  James  AVills,  Juhn  Gee, 
James  and  Matthew  Mappin,  and  John  C.  Milligan,  with  their  sev- 
eral families.    The  county  was  formed  from  Ralls  in  1830,  and  organ- 


MONROE   COUNTY.  329 

ized  in  1831,  at  which  time  it  contained  the  families  before  named  ; 
and  such  was  the  increase  of  business  and  population,  that  the  asses- 
sor's returns  for  1836  estimated  the  amount  of  goods  imported  into  the 
county  that  year  to  be  upwards  of  $200,000  worth.  In  1830  there  were 
less  than  300  voters,  and  in  183G  the  number  had  increased  to  nearly 
1500.  Wetmore's  Gazetteer,  1837,  says:  "On  a  stream  called  Sweet 
Lick  there  is  a  battle-field  so  thickly  covered  with  the  bones  of  com- 
batants slain  there,  as  to  deserve  a  high  place  in  the  annals  of  blood- 
letting. The  conflict  was  between  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians  and  the 
Sioux.  Tradition  does  not  particularize  the  battle,  nor  are  we  able 
to  determine  to  which  nation  of  these  red  warriors  victory  was 
awarded  by  the  Great  Spirit.  The  same  powerful  incentive,  the  love 
of  glory,  that  strewed  the  field  of  Waterloo,  governed  the  whirlwind 
of  passion  on  this  field  of  savage  slaughter;  and  a  like  cause  of  war, 
the  ambition  of  rival  chiefs,  governed  in  both  instances." 

The  Churches  and  Schools  are  named  in  the  towns  in  which  they 
are  located.  There  are  35  in  the  county :  Christian,  t  ;  Baptist,  8  ; 
Catholic,  2  ;  Presbyterian,  10  ;  M.  E.,  8.  The  school  buildings  are 
good,  and  the  educational  institutions,  both  select  and  public,  liberally 
patronized,  and  generally  under  the  control  of  competent  and  expe- 
rienced teachers.  This  county  has  a  school  fund,  arising  in  part  from 
the  sale  of  swamp  lands,  which  we  see  by  the  Paris  Mercury  sold  as 
high  as  $20  an  acre,  and  that  during  the  sale  $28,000  worth  were  sold 
in  one  day.  There  are  58  school-houses  in  the  county,  and  3  acade- 
mies. In  1858  there  was  $12,390  paid  to  the  teachers  of  public  schools, 
and  only  four  counties  in  the  State  that  expended  more  for  the  same 
purpose. 

Minerals,  Building  Materials,  etc. — There  are  good  coal  banks 
opened  near  Paris,  and  a  good  portion  of  the  county  is  underlaid 
with  coal  of  sufficient  thickness  to  justify  working.  Ijimestone,  free- 
stone, and  sandstone  are  abundant  in  various  localities,  and  good  clay 
for  stoneware  or  for  brick  making. 

Both  farmers  and  mechanics  are  wanted  in  this  county,  and  will 
find  good  openings  for  business.  Steam  mills  are  needed  at  several 
localities,  and  several  good  water-power  sites  are  unimproved.  At 
Paris  (the  center  of  a  good  agricultural  region)  a  steam  flouring  and 
grist  mill  is  much  needed,  and  would  prove  a  paying  investment. 
Brick  and  stone  masons  are  also  wanted, 

PARIS,  the  county-scat,  is  situated  on  the  south  bank  of  the  ^lid- 
dle  Fork  of  Salt  River,  very  near  the  center  of  the  county.  Six  years 
before  the  county  was  formed,  this  town  was  laid  out  by  Messrs. 
James  R.  Abernathy,  James  C.  Fox,  and  E.  W.  McBride;  and  in 


330  MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 

1837  contained  seven  stores  and  a  number  of  families.  It  was  incor- 
porated as  a  city  November  19,  1855,  and  has  now  a  population  of 
100(t;  with  5  churches — Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Christian,  Baptist, 
and  Calvinist — a  Masonic  and  an  Odd  Fellows'  Lodge,  a  branch 
bank,  newspaper  ofllce,  male  and  female  seminary,  and  a  good  repre- 
sentation of  business  houses,  mechanics,  etc.  Tliis  place  was  origin- 
ally located  in  a  forest  of  timber,  and  as  it  has  improved,  the  forest 
has  given  way.  The  prairies,  2^  miles  distant,  are  thickly  settled  with 
industrious  farmers.      Population  1000. 

Florida  is  situated  on  the  south  bank  of  Salt  River,  12  miles  due 
east  from  Paris,  and  6  miles  south  from  Monroe  Station  on  the  Han- 
nibal and  St.  Joseph  Railroad.  This  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the 
county,  settled  about  the  same  time  as  Paris,  and  in  1836  contained  4 
stores.  It  now  has  2  very  fine  water  mills,  and  a  thrifty,  energetic 
population  of  250. 

Madison  is  12  miles  west  from  the  county-seat,  population  225, 
with  churches,  schools,  and  business  houses  in  proportion. 

Santa  Fe  is  in  the  southeast  township  of  the  county,  on  the  South 
Fork  of  Salt  River,  12  miles  from  Paris,  and  about  13  miles  from 
Mexico,  on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad.  It  was  first  settled  in 
1830,  in  the  timber,  and  now  contains  3  churches — Baptist,  Methodist, 
and  Christian — 1  woolen  factory,  distillery,  and  a  good  representa- 
tion of  business  houses.     Population  150. 

Somerset  and  Indian  Creek  (or  Elizabethtown)  are  villages  of 
some  promise. 


MONTGOMERY  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  Warren  and  Lincoln,  on  the  west  by  Callaway  and 
Audrain,  on  the  north  by  Audrain  and  Pike  Counties,  and  on  the 
south  by  Warren  County  and  the  Missouri  River.  Montgomery 
contains  an  area  of  504  square  miles. 

History. — This  county  was  erected  from  St.  Charles,  in  1818,  and 
some  of  the  most  daring  battles  fought  between  the  pioneers  and  the 
savages  occurred  upon  territory  now  embraced  within  its  limits.  In 
1840  the  county  contained  4371  inhabitants;  in  1850,  5489;  in  1856, 
7203;  and  in  18C0,  9011. 

Physical  Features. — The  northern  portion  of  the  county  is  level 
prairie  ;  the  southern,  broken  timber  land.  There  is  considerable 
prairie  in  the  northern  and  northeastern  portion  of  the  county.     Can- 


MORGAN    COUNTY.  331 

nel  coal  has  been  found  in  considerable  quantities  near  Danville,  and 
bituminous  coal,  near  Wellsville,  is  very  abundant.  The  county  is 
drained  by  Loutre  River,  Oak  and  Hickory  Creeks,  and  tlieir  tribu- 
taries. There  are  several  fine  springs  in  the  county,  good  building 
stone,  clay  for  brick,  and  indications  of  lead  ore. 

Soil  and  Productions  — The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  adapted  to 
the  production  of  corn,  oats,  tobacco,  barley,  and  fruit  of  various 
kinds.  Improved  lands  are  worth  from  $10  to  $30  per  acre ;  and 
unimproved,  $5  to  $15.  Stock  growing  would  be  a  very  profitable 
and  successful  business.  Having  the  Missouri  River  on  the  south,  for 
shipment,  and  being  traversed  by  railroad,  the  county  possesses  supe- 
rior commercial  facilities. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county  1  newspaper,  8  law- 
yers, 17  physicians,  20  merchants,  6  grocers,  no  druggist,  no  silversmith, 
2  tinners,  10  blacksmiths,  4  wagon-makers,  4  saddlers,  5  tailors,  6  shoe- 
makers, no  cabinetmaker,  2  carpenters,  1  tobacco  manufactory,  6  steam 
and  2  water  saw-mills,  3  steam  and  1  water  flouring-mills.  The 
classes  most  needed  are  farmers,  brickmakers,  brick-masons,  wagon- 
makers,  tinners,  and  carpenters. 

DANVILLE,  the  county-seat,  pleasantly  and  advantageously  situ- 
ated in  Loutre  Prairie,  was  incorporated  March  2,  1855,  and  has  a 
population  of  450.  Middletown,  300  ;  High  Hill,  200  ;  Wellsville, 
150;  Montgomery  City,  incorporated  February  9,  1859,  250  ;  Flor- 
ence, 50.  The  four  last  named  are  on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad, 
which  passes  through  the  county.  Distance  from  county-seat  to  Jef- 
ferson City,  50  miles  ;  to  St.  Louis,  by  railroad,  84  miles. 


MORGAN    COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  central  part  of  the  State,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Cooper,  northeast  by  Moniteau,  which  sep- 
arates it  from  the  Missouri,  on  the  east  by  Miller,  on  the  south  by 
Camden,  and  on  the  west  by  Benton  and  Pettis  Counties;  and  had  a 
population,  in  1860,  of  7G24  whites,  G50  slaves,  and  18  free  colored. 
It  was  first  settled  about  1819-20,  and  in  1850  contained  6005  inhab- 
itants. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  the  county  is  undulating,  with 
about  an  equal  division  of  prairie  and  timber.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Osage  River  and  its  tributaries  on  the  south,  Gravois  Creek  in  the 
east,  and  the  head  waters  of  the  La  Mine  on  the  north.     The  prairies 


332  MORGAN    COUNTY. 

and  the  valleys  aloiip  the  streams  are  very  fertile,  and  produce  large 
crops  of  all  the  fruits,  grains,  and  grasses  that  grow  in  this  latitude  ; 
while  the  ridges  are  well  adapted  to  the  grape  culture,  both  in  soil 
anil  climate. 

Minerals. — Lead  ore,  bituminous  and  cannel  coal,  limestone,  and 
freestone  are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  county.  The  coal  is 
represented  as  being  of  the  best  quality. 

The  price  of  improved  land  in  the  county  is  from  $7  to  $.30  per 
acre ;  unimproved,  from  $3  to  $T.  Farmers  and  mechanics  of  all  kinds 
are  needed  here,  and  can  do  well. 

The  principal  natural  advantages  of  Morgan  County  are  a  healthy 
climate,  fertile  soil,  good  schools,  an  intelligent  community,  no  county 
debt,  cheap  lands,  and  a  good  market  for  produce,  and  for  building 
purposes  good  material.  There  are  a  number  of  steam  and  water 
power  flouring  and  saw  mills,  carding  machines,  and  distilleries  in  the 
county. 

In  Wetmore's  Gazetteer,  published  in  IB31,  the  author  says :  "There 
is  a  cave  in  this  county,  near  the  Gravois,  which  opens  at  the  base  of 
a  hill,  and  extends  through  it  a  distance  of  two  hundred  yards  ;  a 
person  on  horseback  can  ride  through  it  with  perfect  convenience." 
This  description  of  its  location  is  very  indefinite  ;  but,  never  having 
seen  it,  we  cannot  speak  from  personal  observation. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  10  churches  in  the  county,  prin- 
cipally of  the  Methodist,  Baptist,  and  Presbyterian  denominations. 
Of  schools  there  are  35,  attended  by  about  2000  pupils,  and  supported 
by  State  aid  and  private  subscription, 

VERSAILLES,  the  county- seat,  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the 
county,  on  the  "divide"  between  the  waters  of  the  Osage  and  the  La 
Mine  Rivers,  on  a  beautiful  prairie,  with  an  abundance  of  timber  on 
the  south,  and  fine  farming  land  all  around  it.  Population  about  500. 
A  large  bed  of  cannel  coal  has  been  opened  at  Yersailles,  and  about 
1-^  miles  distant  bituminous  coal  is  found  in  large  quantities.  Ten  miles 
from  Versailles  is  a  large  spring,  which  aflbrds  suflicient  water  power 
to  propel  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  a  carding  machine. 

The  Osage  Valley  and  Southern  Kansas  Railroad,  projected  to  run 
from  Tipton,  on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  to  the  Kansas  line  in  Bates 
County,  passes  through  Versailles;  and  from  Tipton  to  Versailles  it 
is  under  contract  and  rapidly  being  made.  Of  business  houses  in  Ver- 
sailles, there  are  3  hotels,  5  stores,  1  furniture  store,  1  drug  store,  2 
saddlers,  1  shoe  shop,  2  groceries,  2  blacksmiths;  and  several  carpen- 
ters, cabinetmakers,  physicians,  lawyers,  etc.  Distant  from  St.  Louis, 
165  miles ;  Jefferson  City,  40 ;  Syracuse,  It ;  Tipton,  16  ;  and  Boon- 
ville,  40  miles. 


NEW   MADRID   COUNTY.  333 

Syracuse  is  pleasantly  and  advantageously  situated  on  the  Pacific 
Railroad,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county.  This  being  the  shipping 
point  for  a  large  section  of  country,  the  town  has  grown  very  rapidly, 
and  now  has  a  population  of  GOO.  There  are  many  extensive  busi- 
ness houses  here,  and  a  heavy  trade  carried  on  with  Southwest  Mis- 
souri and  the  surrounding  country.  The  great  overland  mail  for 
California  leaves  the  Pacific  Railroad  at  this  point,  and  the  Missouri 
Stage  Company's  first-class  Concord  coaches  leave  Syracuse  daily  for 
the  North,  South,  and  West.  All  the  coaches  leave  the  "  Brayton 
House,"  including  the  overland  mail,  where  their  general  ofiice  is 
kept.  Milo  June,  Esq.,  is  the  agent  for  the  company.  Much  credit 
is  due  to  the  energy  of  Thomas  R.  Brayton,  Esq.,  and  a  few  other 
enterprising  men,  whose  energy  and  public  spirit  have  done  much 
toward  the  improvement  of  the  town. 

Tuckerville,  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  county,  on  the 
Osage ;  Mining  Point,  in  the  southeastern,  on  the  Osage,  at  the 
mouth  of  Gravois  Creek ;  Stone  House,  in  the  eastern ;  Minerva,  in 
the  western  ;  and  Wheatland,  in  the  northeastern  portion  of  the 
county,  are  all  places  of  some  note  and  enterprise,  and  bid  fair  to 
become  populous  towns. 


NEW   MADRID   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  near  the  southeastern  extremity  of  the 
State,  bounded  on  the  northeast  by  Mississippi  County,  on  the  east 
by  the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  Tennessee  and  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  west  by  Stoddard  and  Dunklin,  north  by  Scott,  and 
south  by  Pemiscot  County.  It  contained,  in  1840,  4554  inhabitants  ; 
in  1850,  42t0;  in  1856,  4317;  and  in  18G0,  4759.  The  county-seat 
(same  name)  contained,  in  1859,  a  population  of  about  900. 

Physical  Features. — This  and  adjoining  counties  embrace  most  of 
what  is  termed  in  the  government  surveys  as  "the  Swamp  Region." 
The  general  surface  of  the  county  is  a  level  plain,  watered  by  lakes 
and  sluggish  streams,  and  some  portions  are  heavily  timbered  with 
oaks,  ash,  hickory,  walnut,  hackberry,  boxwood,  collee-bcan,  black 
locust,  black  and  sweet  gum,  and  cypress. 

The  Soil  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  produces  enormous  yields  of 
corn,  wheat,  oats,  hemp,  cotton,  and  all  the  root  crops.  Corn  and 
stock  are  the  staple  products  ;  and  it  is  estimated  that  there  is  more 


334  NEW    MADRID    COUNTY. 

corn  raised  in  this  county,  taking  one  year  witli  another,  than  in  any 
other  county  in  tlie  State,  and  that  those  engag^ed  in  farming  here 
receive  a  better  income  from  their  labors  than  the  same  number  any- 
wliore  else  in  Missouri. 

History. — Settlements  were  made  at  New  ISIadrid  by  a  few  Spanish 
families  as  early  as  1780.  About  that  date,  an  attempt  was  made  by 
the  Spanish  Government  to  monopolize  the  navigation  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River ;  and  to  carry  out  their  plans,  a  revenue  officer,  with  a 
strong,  well-armed  guard,  and  military  post  was  established  at  New 
^Madrid  and  other  points  below,  (in  1786,)  at  which  all  boats  from  the 
Ohio  River  region  were  required  to  land,  and  comply  with  their  rev- 
enue laws,  which  were  rigorously  enforced  by  military  officers,  even 
to  the  seizure  and  confiscation  of  the  boats  and  cargo ;  and,  in  some 
instances,  the  owners  and  officers  of  them  were  fined,  imprisoned,  and 
sent  penniless  away.  The  settlements  along  the  valley  of  the  Ohio, 
and  in  the  district  then  claimed  by  Georgia,  had  become  populous 
and  important,  and  the  citizens  regarded  the  duties  levied  upon  their 
produce  and  goods  as  exorbitant,  and  claimed  that  they  were  unjustly 
and  cruelly  imposed  upon,  naturally  having  a  right  to  the  free  naviga- 
tion of  the  Mississipi)i.  The  Americans  were  as  earnest  in  resisting 
these  unjust  exactions  as  the  Spanish  were  in  enforcing  them;  and  to 
such  an  extent  had  this  oppression  been  enforced,  from  1785  to  1787, 
that  the  Western  people  became  greatly  incensed,  and  a  general  feel- 
ing of  revenge  pervaded  the  entire  Ohio  region,  from  the  sources  of 
the  Monongahela  to  those  of  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  Rivers, 
and  a  military  invasion  of  Louisiana  was  planned,  as  the  only  efficient 
means  of  securing  to  them  their  riglits,  and  redressing  the  wrongs 
they  had  received.  With  a  view  of  the  impending  conflict  between 
the  Spanish  and  Federal  powers,  and  the  disastrous  consequences 
that  must  follow.  Colonel  James  Wilkinson,  an  intelligent  merchant 
and  prominent  citizen  of  Kentucky,  went  to  New  Orleans  with  several 
boats  loaded  with  produce,  in  1787,  and  represented  to  Governor 
Miro  a  true  condition  of  affairs,  stating  at  length  what  he  considered 
the  political  interest  of  Spain  to  be,  and  of  the  Americans  located 
upon  the  Western  waters.  The  Governor  was  pleased  with  his  sug- 
gestions; but  alarmed  by  the  statements  of  the  impending  danger  of 
invasion,  and  requested  Colonel  Wilkinson  to  put  his  views  and  sug- 
gestions in  writing,  that  they  might  be  dispatched  to  the  King  of 
Spain.  In  this  pai)er,  of  some  twenty  pages,  he  set  forth  the  natural 
advantages  and  resources  of  the  Northwest,  the  strength  and  uncom- 
promising character  of  the  people,  and  their  determination  to  engage 
in  a  hostile  invasion  of  Louisiana,  and  a  seizure  of  the  port  of  New 


NEW    MADRID    COUNTY.  335 

Orleans,  provided  the  Federal  Government  failed  to  obtain  from 
Spain,  by  negotiation,  such  commercial  privileges  in  Louisiana  as 
were  indispensable  to  the  prosperity  of  the  Western  people.  Gover- 
nor Miro  transmitted  this  document  to  Spain,  to  be  laid  before  the 
king,  and  the  views  and  suggestions  of  Colonel  Wilkinson  were  un- 
hesitatingly adopted ;  and  an  entire  change  in  the  government  and 
policy  of  Louisiana  was  the  result.  The  rivers  were  at  once  thrown 
open  to  the  free  use  of  the  Americans,  and  grants  of  lands  and  other 
privileges  (heretofore  granted  only  to  the  most  favored  nations)  were 
offered  to  Americans  from  Kentucky  and  the  Cumberland  River,  to 
induce  them  to  emigrate  to  West  Florida,  and  establish  themselves 
under  the  protection  of  Spain.  The  formation  of  American  settle- 
ments in  Upper  Louisiana,  as  well  as  in  the  Florida  District  of  Lower 
Louisiana,  was  considered  by  the  Governor  as  the  most  important 
step  toward  accomplishing  a  political  union  between  the  Western 
people  and  the  Province  of  Louisiana.  Accordingly,  in  1788,  a  large 
American  settlement  was  planned  to  be  made  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Mississippi,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  and  the  St.  Fran9ois 
Rivers.  General  Morgan,  from  New  Jersey,  received  from  the  Span- 
ish Government  an  extensive  grant  of  land,  "seventy  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio,"  upon  the  ancient  alluvions,  (which  extend  west- 
ward to  Whitewater  Creek,)  upon  the  condition  that  he  would  there 
establish  himself  and  an  American  colony.  He  soon  arrived  with  his 
colony,  and  upon  the  beautiful  rolling  plains  laid  off  the  plot  of  a 
magnificent  city,  which,  in  honor  of  the  Spanish  capital,  he  called 
"New  Madrid."  The  extent  and  plan  of  the  new  city  was  but  little 
if  any  inferior  to  the  old  capital,  which  it  was  to  commemorate.  Spa- 
cious streets,  extensive  public  squares,  avenues,  and  promenades  were 
tastefully  laid  off  to  magnify  and  adorn  the  future  city.  In  less  than 
twelve  months  it  had  assumed  the  appearance  of  a  regularly  built 
town,  with  numerous  temporary  houses  distributed  over  a  high  and 
beautiful  undulating  plain.  In  the  center  of  the  site,  and  about  one 
mile  from  the  Mississippi,  was  a  pretty  lake,  to  be  inclosed  by  the 
future  streets  of  the  city.*  The  early  French  settlers  state  that  the 
town  originally  extended  forty  acres  in  length  along  the  river,  and  the 
back  part  was  contracted  to  twenty  acres,  on  account  of  some  swamps ; 
while  its  depth  was  sixteen  acres.  It  contained  ten  streets  running  par- 
allel to  the  river,  and  eighteen  others  crossing  at  right  angles;  the 
former  sixty,  and  the  latter  forty  feet  wide.  Six  squares,  of  two  acres 
each,  were  laid  out  and  reserved  for  town  parks,  and  a  street  one  bun- 

*  Monette's  Mississippi  Valley. 


336  NEW   MADRID    COUNTY. 

dred  and  twenty  feet  wide  reserved  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  This 
scheme  of  colonization  and  its  objects  failed,  and,  after  building  a  small 
number  of  houses,  the  inhabitants  became  very  sickly,  and  no  further 
progress  was  made  in  the  settlement.  Morgan,  in  consequence  of  some 
obstacles  to  his  designs,  created  by  the  Spanish  (iovcrnmcnt,  alian- 
doncd  his  pursuits  and  left  the  country;  and  many  who  joined  the 
colony  returned  to  their  former  homes,  while  others  removed  farther 
westward  ;  and  but  a  few  of  the  old  settlers  or  their  descendants  re- 
mained at  the  time  of  the  earthquakes,  in  1811-12.  Early  historians 
have  not  spoken  in  very  favorable  terms  of  New  Madrid  and  its  loca- 
tion. Professor  William  Darby,  in  his  Emigrants'  Guide,  in  1818, 
says:  "New  Madrid  has  received  a  celebrity  that  must  astonish  those 
who  ever  visited  the  place  in  open  day.  The  ground  upon  which  the 
town  stands  is  something  higher  than  the  ordinary  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, but  is  exposed  to  the  ravages  of  that  stream,  to  whose  encroach- 
ments it  has,  in  a  great  measure,  yielded.  The  town  is  environed, 
both  above  and  below,  with  stagnant,  muddy  creeks.  When  to  these 
natural  impediments  were  superadded  the  usual  policy  of  the  Span- 
ish Government,  no  wonder  need  be  excited  at  the  little  progress  of 
this  town  from  1787,  the  epoch  of  its  foundation,  until  1803,  when  it 
was  taken  possession  of  by  the  United  States.  Since  the  latter  period, 
the  advance  of  this  place  has  been  retarded  by  the  natural  inconve- 
niences of  its  local  position." 

Mr.  Thomas  Nuttall,  in  his  "Travels  in  the  Arkansas  Territory," 
1821,  says:  "New  Madrid  is  an  insignificant  French  hamlet,  contain- 
ing little  more  than  twenty  log  houses  and  stores,  miserably  supplied, 
the  goods  of  which  are  retailed  at  exorbitant  prices." 

New  Madrid  is  now  a  handsome  town,  and  surrounded  by  many 
neat  and  commodious  suburban  residences.  The  planters  of  this 
county  are  noted  for  their  hospitality,  refinement,  and  intelligence. 
Such  have  been  the  encroachments  of  the  river  at  this  point,  we  are 
infurnicd,  that  where  the  original  town  was  laid  off  is  now  one  and  a 
half  miles  on  (he  other  side  of  the  Mississippi,  in  Kentucky.  (See 
description  of  "Earthquakes  of  1811-12,"  in  Book  II.) 

Antiquities. — La  Yaga,  the  historian  of  De  Soto,  states  that  when 
he  visited  New  Madrid  it  bore  unequivocal  marks  of  having  been  an 
aboriginal  station,  still  presenting  the  remains  of  mounds,  which 
abounded  with  fragments  of  earthenware.  One  of  these  mounds,  situ- 
ated about  four  miles  below  New  Madrid,  was  1200  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  40  feet  in  height,  level  upon  the  top,  surrounded  by  a  ditch 
several  feet  in  depth.  It  is  situated  on  the  margin  of  a  beautiful  lake, 
(Brackenridge.)  Numerous  large  grinders  and  mammoth  bones  have 
been  found  in  the  edges  of  swamps  and  ponds  in  this  region. 


NEWTON   COUNTY.  337 


NEWTON  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  ia  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Jasper,  on  the  south  by  McDonald,  which 
separates  it  from  the  Arkansas  line,  and  on  the  west  by  Kansas  State 
line.     Population  in  18G0,  9488. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  generally  undula- 
ting, with  about  an  equal  division  of  timber  and  prairie  land.  This 
county  embraces  some  of  the  finest  agricultural  lands  in  Southern 
Missouri,  both  valley  and  upland.  Of  the  latter,  some  of  the  most 
fertile  are  Oliver's  Prairie,  Pool's  Prairie,  and  Sarcoxie  Prairie.  The 
valleys  of  nearly  all  the  streams  are  rich  and  well  timbered  with  oak, 
hickory,  walnut,  elm,  hackberry,  mulberry,  and  a  great  abundance  of 
wild  grape  vines ;  those  of  Indian,  Hickory,  Shoal,  and  Buffalo  Creeks 
have  fine  large  timber  in  abundance.  The  three  first  named,  together 
with  Copp's  Creek  and  Lost  Creek,  afford  water  power  probably 
unsurpassed  in  the  State. 

Mineralogical  Character.  —  In  his  report  of  the  survey  along 
the  line  of  the  southwest  branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  which 
passes  through  the  center  of  this  county.  Professor  Swallow  says : 
"  Some  years  ago,  I  reported  this  one  of  the  best  lead  regions 
in  the  world.  All  the  subsequent  developments  have  proved  the 
accuracy  of  that  estimate  of  the  mineral  treasures  of  Jasper  and 
Newton  Counties."  The  same  writer  says:  "Mining  at  Grauby 
has  been  most  successful,  as  is  evinced  by  the  great  number  of 
miners  and  smelters  and  merchants  who  have  there  congregated  in 
so  short  a  time,  and  so  far  from  the  great  thoroughfares  of  travel,  and 
by  their  contentment  and  satisfaction  with  the  result  of  their  labors." 
In  the  fall  of  1854  there  was  not  a  cabin  on  the  site  where  Granby 
now  stands,  and  only  one  shaft  had  been  sunk  below  the  surface. 
Now  there  is  a  town  of  2500  inhabitants,  and  hundreds  of  shafts  have 
been  sunk,  and  are  being  worked  to  great  profit.  "The  statistics  of 
one  shaft  will  give  an  idea  of  the  quantity  of  ore  raised  and  the 
profits  of  mining  at  this  place.  Mr.  Frazier's  shaft,  as  I  am  informed, 
yields  100,000  pounds  of  galena  per  month.  In  one  week  alone  it 
yielded  50,000,  which,  at  $20  per  thousand,  would  amount  to  $1000  ; 
deduct  $150  for  expenses,  and  the  profits  of  this  shaft  alone  were 
$850  for  that  week;  they  average  about  $1400  per  mouth.''* 

*  "The  Geological  Report  of  the  Country  along  the  line  of  the  southwest 
branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad"  gives  the  location  of  the  most  important  lead 

22 


338  NEAVTON    COUNTY. 

The  Neosho  Herald  of  September  eiglith  states  that  the  furnace  of 
Blow  «fe  Kenuett,  at  Granby,  had  lost  but  two  days  from  the  first  of 
March  to  that  date,  and  tliat  an  average  of  near  20,000  pounds  of 
mineral  per  day  hud  Ijcen  smelted,  which  would  net  at  the  end  of  the 
year  over  0,000,000  pounds  smelted  by  that  establishment.  The  same 
number  of  the  Herald  (an  excellent  paper,  by  the  way)  announces 
that  eight  new  shafts  are  being  sunk  by  enterprising  parties,  and  that 
Blow  &  Kennett  are  erecting  two  "  eyes"  for  smelting  slag. 

There  are  now  in  operation,  in  the  county,  three  large  steam  fur- 
naces, and  others  propelled  by  water  and  horse  power.  The  amount 
of  mineral  smelted  within  the  last  year  was  about  10,000,000  pounds, 
which  produced  about  7,000,000  pounds  of  lead,  which  is  taken  by 
wagons  to  the  Pacific  Railroad,  also  to  the  mouth  of  Lynn  Creek,  ou 
the  Osage,  for  shipment  to  St.  Louis. 

We  could  give  the  statistics  of  yield  from  a  number  of  the  shafts, 
but  will  insert  but  one.  The  mines  of  Price,  Bray  &  Company  are 
among  the  best  managed  in  that  region.  They  have  sunk  fully  a  score 
of  shafts,  from  one  of  which,  only  ten  feet  deep,  20,000  pounds  of 
galena  was  taken. 

Sulphurct  of  zinc  has  been  found  in  a  number  of  the  mines  of  this 
county,  but  will  i)robably  not  be  worked  to  any  extent  until  better 
facilities  are  offered  for  getting  the  products  to  market.  (See  chap- 
ter devoted  to  "Lead  Mines  of  Southwestern  Missouri," in  Book  IL) 

Soil,  Climate,  and  Productions. — The  soil  in  this  county  is  diver- 
sified in  character,  but  generally  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  the  growth 
of  all  kinds  of  grain,  fruit,  and  vegetables  suitable  to  this  latitude. 
Lead  forms  the  principal  staple  of  Newton  County,  yet  the  agricul- 
tural pursuits  will  prove  very  remunerative  when  a  good  market  is 
secured  for  the  produce. 

The  following  yield  has  been  realized,  but  it  is  rather  above  an 
average:  wheat,  40  bushels  ;  corn,  75;  rye,  30;  oats,  50;  potatoes, 
400;  turnips,  700;  timothy,  2  tons;  Hungarian  grass,  4  tons;  hemp, 
800  pounds  ;  tobacco,  1000  pounds  to  the  acre.  Apples,  pears,  and 
cherries  yield  abundantly. 

The  soil  is  admirably  adapted  to  grape  culture.  Native  grapes 
are  abundant  and  large,  some  of  them  measuring  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  But  very  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  fruit  or 
grape  culture.  Improved  lands  ai'e  worth  from  $7  to  $12  per  acre; 
unimproved,  $4  00. 


mines  and  furnaces,  also  a  minute  description  of  the  geology  of  the  country  tra- 
versed by  said  road.  Copies  can  probably  be  procured  from  the  Pacific  Railroad 
Company,  Chestnut  Street,  St.  Louis. 


NEWTON    COUNTY.  339 

Of  the  climate  of  Southern  Missouri,  the  State  Geologist  says:  "It 
is  the  most  agreeable  and  salubrious ;  the  summers  are  long,  temper- 
ate, and  dry;  the  winters  short  and  mild.  No  climate,  in  short,  is 
better  fitted  to  secure  health  and  a  luxurious  growth  of  the  staple 
products  of  the  temperate  zone.  The  census  report  of  1850  shows 
this  (Southern  Missouri)  to  be  one  of  the  most  healthy  regions  of  the 
United  States." 

History. — Newton  County  was  first  settled  by  L.  Oliver,  in  1829, 
who  was  the  only  white  man  in  the  county.  It  was  then  a  part  of 
Crawford  County,  which  at  that  time  embraced  temtory  that  has^since 
been  divided  into  some  thirty  counties.  At  an  early  day  this  county 
was  designated  by  the  particular  name  of  "  Six  Bulls,"  a  name  given 
it  by  hunters,  from  the  fact  that  six  water-courses  run  very  near  together, 
varying  in  length  from  twenty-five  to  seventy-five  miles.  These  streams 
with  their  tributaries  water  the  southwest  corner  of  Missouri,  are  fed 
by  never-failing  springs,  and  are  the  same  throughout  the  year. 
Those  who  settled  here  at  an  early  day  had  no  mills ;  but  at  nearly 
every  door,  as  in  all  the  pioneer  settlements,  stood  a  mortar,  in  which 
corn  was  made  into  meal  or  hominy,  and  groceries  and  "store  goods" 
were  brought  from  the  river  on  horseback,  over  the  long  and  tedious 
Indian  trails.  The  old  settlers  of  Southwest  Missouri  who  live  to  see 
the  locomotive  rush  past  their  doors,  and  who  have  fought  to  do  away 
with  the  Indian's  war-whoop,  and  labored  to  introduce  the  locomo- 
tive's shrill  whistle  instead,  have  much  to  be  proud  of,  and  deserve 
the  respect  and  gratitude  of  every  citizen.  They  have  done  for  us 
what  we  can  never  do  for  them. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  this  county  1  newspaper,  (the 
Neosho  Herald,)  11  lawyers,  16  doctors,  23  merchants,  11  grocers,  3 
druggists,  1  silversmith,  2  tinners,  15  blacksmiths,  4  wagon-makers, 
1  saddler,  1  tailor,  2  shoemaker  shops,  3  cabinetmakers,  10  carpen- 
ters, 6  saw-mills,  (5  of  which  are  by  water  power,)  5  water-power 
flouring-mills,  and  2  hotels — the  Neosho  House  and  Fnion  Hotel. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — No  county  offers  greater  induce- 
ments to  intelligent  fanners  or  stock  growers.  The  southwest  branch 
of  the  Pacific  Railroad  will  soon  open  up  this  country,  so  long  ne- 
glected, and  afford  a  speedy  transit  to  one  of  the  best  markets  in  the 
world.  Besides,  the  rapid  increase  of  the  mining  and  manufacturing 
population  demands  a  comparative  increase  in  the  number  of  pro- 
ducers. This  county  is  well  adapted  to  stock  growing  and  to  grape 
culture,  as  well  as  all  other  branches  of  agriculture.  Manufacturers 
of  all  kinds  are  needed  ;  woolen  and  cotton,  boots  and  shoes,  and 
agricultural  implement  manufactories  could  be  erected  in  this  county 


340  NEWTON    COUNTY. 

to  advantage,  and  would  find  all  the  raw  materials  and  the  water 
power  at  hand,  as  well  as  a  good  home  market  for  all  their  wares. 
Carpenters,  brickmakers,  blacksmiths,  coopers,  millwrights,  stone- 
masons, and  shoemakers  would  find  good  openings.  Grand  Falls  of 
Shoal  Creek  have  a  perpendicular  fall  of  fourteen  and  a  half  feet,  and 
sufficient  water  to  run  four  or  five  pair  of  Inirrs,  or  other  heavy  ma- 
chiner}'.  James  B.  Scott  has  a  merchant-mill  upon  it,  with  two  runs 
of  burrs ;  but  it  is  only  partially  improved.  These  falls  are  seventeen 
miles  from  Neosho,  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  county. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  is  hardly  a  church  edifice  in  the 
county  deserving  the  name.  The  religious  denominations  in  the 
county  are  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  and  Reformers,  or 
Campbellites.  Of  school  districts  there  are  44,  but  the  number  of 
school-houses  we  were  unable  to  ascertain.  Twenty-two  district 
schools  are  reported  as  being  supported  by  State  and  county  fund. 
The  amount  apportioned  to  this  county  for  1859  was  $2307  36. 
Newton  College,  situated  on  Oliver's  Prairie,  commenced  its  seventh 
session  in  September  last,  with  very  flattering  prospects.  The  col- 
lege edifice  is  a  large  two-story  brick,  and  is  the  best  arranged,  the  most 
commodious  and  comfortable  school  building  in  Southern  Missouri. 
The  community  surrounding  the  college  is  distinguished  for  good 
wealth,  morality,  and  industry.  By  a  special  act  of  the  Legislature, 
spirituous  liquors  cannot  be  sold  near  the  institution.  The  college  is 
free  from  any  particular  denominational  control.  In  respect  to  its 
educational  position,  it  is  intended  that  it  shall  stand  in  the  very  first 
rank.  At  a  meeting  (January  21,  1859)  of  the  boards  of  trustees  of 
the  college  and  of  the  school  district  in  which  it  was  situated,  it  was 

Resolved,  That  the  trustees  are  determined  that  Newton  College  shall  afford 
facilities  for  acquiring  education  second  to  no  school  in  the  Southwest;  and  tliat 
tlieir  best  efforts  shall  be  employed  to  make  scholars  of,  and  to  cultivate  habits 
of  refinement  and  taste  in  those  intrusted  to  their  care. 

E.  H.  Grabill,  A.M.,  is  president  of  the  institution,  at  Newtonia, 
Newton  County,  to  whom  communications  can  be  addressed. 

A  female  academy  has  recently  been  established  in  Newton,  which, 
though  in  its  infancy,  promises  to  become  a  permanent  institution, 
and  will  add  greatly  to  the  culture  and  education  of  the  daughters  of 
the  Southwest. 

NEOSHO,  the  county-seat,  is  near  the  center  of  the  county,  8  miles 
from  Granby,  and  175  from  Syracuse,  on  the  southwest  branch  of  the 
Pacific  Railroad.  It  is  situated  in  the  valley  of  Hickory  Creek,  2 
miles  above  its  confluence  with  Shoal  Creek,  surrounded  on  the  east 


NEWTON   COUNTY.  341 

and  west  by  gentle  hills,  covered  with  groves  of  oak  and  hickory. 
The  town  was  first  settled  in  1840,  and  the  Indian  name  Ne-o-sho 
given  it  as  a  compromise  between  Thomas  Moseley,  Esq.,  and  Hon. 
J.  S.  Rains,  then  residing  there.  The  name  signifies  "clear,  cold 
water,"  springs  of  which  are  very  abundant  in  this  region,  and  two 
large  ones  are  within  the  town  limits.  This  place  was  incorporated 
February  2*7,  1855,  and  now  contains  a  population  of  about  600.  An 
excellent  newspaper,  (the  official  paper  for  Newton,  McDonald,  and 
Barry  Counties,)  a  good  brick  court-house  and  jail,  t  dry  goods 
stores,  3  groceries,  5  blacksmiths,  2  wagon  shops,  2  hotels,  1  tailor, 
etc. 

Granby,  the  city  of  the  mines,  is  situated  ?  miles  northeast  from 
Neosho,  is  a  flourishing  place  and  important  business  center.  The 
first  permanent  settlements  made  here  were  in  1856,  and  it  was  named 
by  the  Post-office  Department  at  Washington  City.  (For  a  full  de- 
scription of  the  furnaces,  etc.  at  this  place,  see  "Lead  Mines  and 
Furnaces  of  Southwest  Missouri,"  Book  II.) 

Newtonia  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Oliver's  Prairie,  11  miles  from 
Neosho,  4  from  Granby,  and  15  from  Sarcoxie.  Oliver's  Prairie 
takes  its  name  from  Luusford  Oliver,  who  came  here  and  settled, 
"solitary  and  alone,"  in  1829,  when  his  nearest  white  neighbor  was 
forty  miles  distant.  In  the  fall  of  1831  a  few  other  families  came 
into  this  section,  and  in  1832  the  county  generally  began  to  be  set- 
tled. Oliver  came  from  Arkansas,  but  was  a  Tennesseean  by  birth. 
He  lived  on  his  farm  on  Shoal  Creek  until  1836,  when  he  died. 
This  town  was  laid  out  by  M.  H.  Ritchey,  in  185t.  The  "New- 
ton College"  is  situated  near  this  place,  and  is  the  most  pros- 
perous and  ably-conducted  school  in  Southwest  Missouri.  It  was 
chartered  by  the  Legislature  in  1856.  Mr.  Ritchey,  the  enterprising 
proprietor  of  the  town,  has  the  best  farm  we  saw  in  this  part  of  the 
State.  He  has  530  acres  inclosed  and  under  cultivation,  besides  his 
extensive  pasture.  The  average  yield  of  corn  per  acre  is  65  bushels; 
wheat,  30  ;  oats,  60.  Timothy,  hemp,  and  Hungarian  grass  grow  very 
well.  He  devotes  his  attention  principally  to  stock  growing,  and 
always  finds  a  ready  market  and  good  prices.  Newtonia  has  3  stores, 
2  blacksmith  shops,  2  carpenter  shops,  and  a  stone-cutting  establish- 
ment, etc  ,  and  a  population  of  about  200. 


342 


NODAWAY    COUNTY. 


NODAWAY   COUNTY. 


This  is  one  of  tlie  new  counties,  situated  in  what  was  known  as  the 
Platte  Country,  in  the  northwest  part  of  the  State.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Iowa  line,  and  on  the  west  by  Atchison  and  Holt 
Counties,  which  separate  it  from  the  Missouri  River.  The  first  set- 
tlements made  here  were  in  1841,  by  Missourians  and  Tennesseeans. 
In  1860  it  had  a  population  of  5264. 

This  county  embraces  both  prairie  and  timber;  the  soil  is  fertile, 
undulating,  and  in  some  portions  broken.  Below  we  give  the  amount 
of  taxes  collected  in  the  course  of  eight  years,  commencing  with 
1852,  which  will  show  the  increased  value  of  property  in  this  county. 
The  percentage,  we  presume,  was  about  the  same,  or  nearly  so  : — 


1852  taxes  collected $1695  80 

1853  "            "       1844  31 

1854  "            "       2650  00 

1855  "            "       3477  40 


1856  taxes  collected $4034  70 

1857  "  "      7613  92 

1858  "  "      15,600  70 

1850      «'  "      16,210  50 


Taking  the  per  centum  to  be  the  same — the  increase  in  property 
subject  to  taxation  being  added — the  increase  in  wealth  has  been 
very  great. 

The  amount  of  taxes  now  collected  is  almost  ten  times  as 
much  as  in  1852,  when  it  was  only  $1695;  now  it  is  $16,210.  The 
whole  property  of  the  county  was  assessed  in  1859  at  $1,800,000; 
the  double  of  which  would  be  $3,600,000,  and  would  be  nearer  its 
real  value.  We  give  below  the  property  assessed  for  1859  and  its 
valuation  as  we  find  it  on  the  assessor's  book. 

Acres  of  land,  467,396;  valued  at  $1,712,543.  Polls,  1287. 
Money  and  notes,  $199,812.     Slaves,  161 ;  valued  at  $62,000. 

This,  when  we  take  into  consideration  the  newness  of  the  county, 
is  a  decided  increase.  There  are  but  few  counties  that  can  say  this 
much,  and  show  the  figures  in  support  of  it. 

Another  important  feature  in  Nodaway  County  is  the  school  fund. 
The  swamp  land  fund  is  $69,000;  the  township  fund  is  $23,000; 
total,  $92,000 — the  interest  of  which  is  all  that  can  be  used.  This 
fund  is  on  interest  at  ten  per  cent.,  which,  with  a  State  school  fund 
of  $1729  83,  will  make  in  all  nearly  $11,000.  Between  $7000  and 
$8000  are  yearly  appropriated  to  common  schools,  which  is  almost 
Bullicient  of  itself  to  school  every  child  in  the  county.      Much  has 


OREGON    COUNTY.  343 

been  done  to  establish  schools,  and  in  this  respect  this  is  not  behind 
most  of  the  older  counties. 

It  would  be  useless  to  speak  at  any  length  concerning  the  soil, 
which  cannot  be  surpassed  in  fertility.  This  county  is  also  well 
watered.  Three  large  streams,  the  Platte,  Hundred-and-Two,  and 
Nodaway,  all  run  through  the  county,  aflPording  the  very  best  privi- 
leges for  machinery  of  every  description. 

"We  have  statistics  of  farms  that  have  produced  of  corn,  120 
bushels  to  the  acre;  wheat,  40  ;  rye,  35  ;  barley,  30;  oats,  35;  buck- 
wheat, 50;  potatoes,  250;  onions,  300;  beets,  250;  carrots,  200; 
and  turnips,  400  bushels  to  the  acre.  Of  timothy  and  clover,  3  tons 
each;  and  Hungarian  grass,  4  tons  to  the  acre.  Unimproved  lands 
are  worth  from  $5  to  $10  per  acre;  and  improved,  from  $20  to  $50, 
according  to  quality,  location,  and  improvements.  Farmers  are  much 
needed,  and  will  find  good  soil,  good  water,  and  a  healthy  country. 

Manufacturers  will  here  find  good  water  power  on  the  Nodaway, 
One-Hnndred-and-Two,  and  Platte  Rivers,  which  traverse  the  county 
from  north  to  south,  and  the  surrounding  country  furnishes  the  raw 
materials,  as  well  as  a  home  market  for  mills  and  manufactories. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  in  the  county  2  churches,  30 
district  schools,  6  lawyers,  14  physicians,  12  merchants,  5  grocers,  1 
druggist,  1  tinner,  4  blacksmiths,  2  wagon-makers,  1  saddler,  1  tailor, 
2  shoemakers,  4  cabinetmakers,  6  carpenters,  12  saw-mills,  and  7 
flouring-mills. 

MARYS VILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  75  miles  from  St.  Joseph,  and 
has  a  population  of  400;  Jacksonville,  150;  Xenia,  150;  Guilford, 
125;  Quitman  City,  100;  Littlesville,  100. 


OREGON  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  southern  line  of  the  State,  was,  until 
recently,  one  of  the  largest  counties,  as  shown  on  old  maps.  It  now 
contains  but  about  eighteen  townships.  Population  in  1860,  3448, 
Howell  having  been  formed  from  the  western  part  of  it.  A  great 
proportion  of  the  land  is  too  rough  and  sterile  for  profitable  cultiva- 
tion— probably  not  over  one-fifth  being  what  can  really  be  called  fer- 
tile farming  land.  It  was  all  naturally  timber  land,  principally  oaks, 
hickory,  ash,  and  walnut;  but  the  north  part  of  the  county  embraces 


344  OSAGE    COUNTY. 

some  6nc  large  pine  timber,  which,  to  render  available,  must  be  sawed 
by  steam-raills,  there  being  no  water  power  convenient. 

The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1803  by  Charles  Hatcher.  The 
first  settlers  for  a  number  of  years  were  ol)liged  to  take  their  furs, 
peltries,  and  wild  honey  to  Cape  Girardeau,  135  miles  distant,  on 
horseback,  and  bring  in  return  their  goods  by  the  same  conveyance. 
Their  nearest  point  to  a  river  outlet  now  is  Pocahontas,  Arkansas, 
55  miles,  and  to  railroad,  at  Ironton,  110  miles. 

This  county  is  well  adapted  to  fruit  growing  and  grazing,  as  both 
soil  and  climate  are  favorable.  Lead  and  copper  ore  has  been  found 
in  the  county,  but  no  mines  have  been  opened. 

Churches  and  Schools. — There  are  15  places  of  meeting  in  the 
county  by  the  Methodist,  Baptist,  and  Presbyterian  denominations. 
Of  schools,  IG  free  schools  and  6  private  are  taught.  Good  teachers 
are  much  needed. 

ALTON,  the  county-seat,  is  near  the  center  of  the  county,  and  has 
fair  prospects  of  becoming  an  important  business  point.  Thomas- 
ville,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Eleven  Point  River;  Lowassie,  in 
the  northeast  corner;  Engleside,  in  the  east;  Webster,  in  the  south- 
ern ;  Warm  Fork,  in  the  southwest ;  and  Jobe,  in  the  southeast  cor- 
ner of  the  county,  are  all  new  towns. 


OSAGE    COUNTY. 


This  county  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the  State,  and  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Missouri  River,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Osage, 
and  four  townships  in  its  southeast  corner  are  traversed  by  the  Gas- 
conade. Population  in  1860,  1996.  The  first  settlements  made  here 
were  by  persons  from  the  Eastern  States  and  by  Germans.  The 
general  character  of  the  country  is  uneven,  and  some  portions  broken 
and  sterile.  The  valleys  and  much  of  the  table-land  is  fertile,  and 
what  are  known  as  the  "breaks  of  the  Osage"  have  recently  been 
discovered  to  be  rich  in  lead  ore,  and  the  citizens  believe  iron  ore 
will  be  found  abundant  in  some  parts  of  the  county.  Pieces  of  iron 
ore  have  been  picked  up  on  the  surface  of  several  of  the  hills;  and 
surface  lead  ore,  yielding  eighty  per  cent,  of  pure  lead,  has  been 
found  in  a  number  of  places  near  the  Gasconade  River.  E.xcellent 
limestone  is  abundant  in  several  parts  of  the  county,  some  of  which 
is  rich  with  fossils  of  various  species.     This  county  is  well  timbered 


OZARK    COUNTY.  345 

with  oak,  hickory,  black  walnut,  etc.,  and  saw-raills  would  do  well  on 
the  Gasconade,  Osage,  or  Maries ;  and  the  lumber  or  furniture  could 
easily  be  transported  down  these  streams  to  the  Pacific  Railroad,  or 
to  the  Missouri  River.  Several  Germans  are  turning  their  attention 
to  grape  culture,  and  are  confident  that  the  cheap  "flint  hills"  will 
produce  more  with  less  labor  than  more  fertile  soil  cultivated  for 
other  purposes. 

Osage  is  not  strictly  an  agricultural  county,  yet  the  average  yield 
per  acre  of  the  farms  under  cultivation  is  as  follows :  corn,  75 
bushels;  wheat,  30;  rye,  40;  barley,  50;  oats,  50;  buckwheat,  50; 
tobacco,  1500  pounds ;  and  the  root  crop  and  fruit  product  is  prob- 
ably a  little  less  than  an  average  with  counties  in  the  same  latitude. 

Churches  and  Schools. — Of  churches,  there  are  in  the  county  6 
Methodist,  4  Catholic,  2  Baptist,  and  37  schools,  with  2910  pupils ; 
and  $749  were  raised  to  build  new  school-houses.  There  are  4416 
acres  of  school  lands  unsold.  District  schools  are  taught  as  long  as 
the  school  fund  will  justify;  then  in  some  districts  private  schools 
are  kept  the  remainder  of  the  year. 

Of  Business  Houses  there  are  merchants,  28;  grocers,  15;  drug- 
gist, 1  ;  lawyers,  6  ;  physicians,  8  ;  blacksmiths,  18  ;  wagon-makers, 
8;  saddlers,  5;  tailors,  7  ;  shoemakers,  25  ;  cabinetmakers,  10 ;  car- 
penters, 24  ;  coopers,  4 ;  steam  saw-mills,  6 ;  steam  and  water  power 
flouring-mills,  4. 

Our  informant,  A.  J.  Seay,  Esq.,  of  Linn,  says:  "We  want  tin- 
ners, tobacco  manufacturers,  tanners,  plow  manufacturers,  coopers,  a 
druggist,  and,  above  all,  an  intelligent  newspaper  editor,  and  print- 
ing-office ;  also  a  few  enterprising  go-ahead  farmers,  manufacturers, 
mechanics  and  capitalists." 

LINN,  the  county-seat,  is  a  brisk  business  center,  and  has  a  popu- 
lation of  100;  "Westphalia,  250;  Castle  Rock,  75;  Chamois,  150; 
Rich  Fountain,  50. 


OZARK  COUNTY. 


This  county  is  situated  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  State,  and 
is  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Arkansas  State  line.  It  formerly 
contained  an  area  of  about  1000  square  miles,  but  Douglas  County 
has  recently  been  formed  from  it,  which  reduces  its  area  very  nearly 
one-half.  Population  in  18fi0,  4921.  It  is  watered  by  North  Fork 
of  White  River,  Little  North  Fork,  and  Bryant's  Fork  of  the  last- 


34G  PEMISCOT   COUNTY. 

named  stream,  affording  good  water  power.  The  general  surface  of 
the  county  is  hilly  or  mountainous,  and  covered  with  forests  of  tim- 
ber consisting  of  oak,  hickory,  and  yellow  pine,  the  latter  attaining 
a  great  size.  Cultivated  land  is  worth  from  $3  to  $8  per  acre; 
uncultivated,  from  50  cents  to  $1  50.  The  largest  yield  we  have 
reported  in  the  county  is,  of  corn,  90  bushels  to  the  acre;  wheat,  30; 
and  oats,  30.     But  little  attention  given  to  farming,  as  yet. 

Business  Statistics. — There  are  in  the  county  8  physicians,  5  mer- 
chants, 5  grocers,  15  blacksmiths,  2  wagon-makers,  4  water-power 
saw-mills,  8  water-power  flouring-mills.  Much  of  the  lumber  used 
for  building  in  several  adjoining  counties  west  and  northwest  is  made 
in  Oregon  and  Douglas,  and  probably  as  good  yellow  pine  as  there 
is  in  the  State  is  found  here. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  several  denominations,  Methodist, 
Christian,  Baptist,  and  Presbyterian,  have  congregations  here.  There 
are  twenty  free  schools  and  1199  pupils  in  the  county.  Amount  of 
State  school  money  appropriated  in  1859  was  $824  55.  Good  school 
teachers  arc  much  needed,  and  we  are  assured  would  be  well  sup- 
ported. 

ROCKBRIDGE,  the  county-seat,  is  the  only  town  of  note  in  the 
county.  It  has  a  favorable  location  on  the  North  Fork  of  White 
River,  a  little  south  of  the  center  of  the  county,  and  bids  fair  to 
become  a  place  of  importance. 


PEMISCOT   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  extreme  southeastern  corner  of  the 
State,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Tennessee,  and  touching  on  the  Arkansas  line  on  the  south.  Popu- 
lation in  1800,  3191. 

Physical  Features. — This  county  is  in  the  district  that  suffered  so 
much  from  the  effects  of  the  eartlujuakes  of  1811  and  1812,  and  the 
numerous  lakes  spread  over  the  county  are  left  as  "landmarks"  of 
that  unusual  occurrence.  The  greater  part  of  the  county  is  subject 
to  an  annual  overflow  from  the  Mississippi  River,  but  the  citizens  are 
building  a  levee  which  will  protect  them  from  this,  and  reclaim  many 
thousand  acres  from  inundation.  The  soil  is  fertile  bottom  land  of 
an  alluvial  formation,  heavily  timbered  with  oaks,  ash,  elm,  hickory, 
Cottonwood,  sycamore  and  cypress,  and  the  climate  as  healthy  as  any 


PEMISCOT   COUNTY.  347 

section  similarly  situated.  There  are  numerous  mounds  in  various 
parts  of  the  county,  and  in  some  instances  they  appear  to  have  been 
built  of  stiff  clay  or  sun-dried  brick  which  have  dissolved  from  the 
action  of  the  elements,  and  now  form  a  shapeless  mass.  From  the 
number  and  regularity  with  which  they  are  placed  these  may  have 
been  villages  at  some  period  centuries  past. 

Natural  Resources. — We  are  indebted  to  George  W.  Carleton, 
Esq.,  of  Gayoso,  for  the  following  information:  "Iron  is  the  only 
mineral  found  in  the  county.  Professor  Swallow,  State  Geologist, 
says  that  bog  ore  is  abundant  in  Little  lliver  township,  in  western 
part  of  the  county.  We  need  flouring  and  grist  mills.  We  have  as 
good  an  agricultural  district  as  can  be  found  in  any  part  of  the  Union. 
We  have  but  very  little  waste  land.  All  kinds  of  grain  are  produced 
here — wheat,  oats,  corn,  rye,  millet,  etc.  produce  well.  We  have  the 
best  stock  range  in  the  world;  our  grasses  are  No.  1,  the  climate 
favorable,  and  the  cattle  look  well,  but  we  have  no  improved  stock. 
Hogs  fatten  mostly  in  the  woods.  Farmers  and  stock  growers  are 
very  much  needed ;  we  have  very  few  if  any  real  scientific,  practical 
farmers,  and  I  know  that  if  our  soil  was  tilled  as  it  should  be,  it 
would  produce  double  the  quantity  it  now  does.  We  can  offer  great 
inducements  to  the  well-informed  farmer  or  stock  grazier.  We  have 
a  good  shipping  point,  and  the  produce  can  be  sent  to  Memphis  or 
New  Orleans  at  trifling  cost.  We  also  want  carpenters,  joiners, 
brickmakers,  brickmasons,  blacksmiths,  wagon-makers,  and  coopers. 
Send  us  any  good,  honest,  industrious  persons,  and  we  guarantee 
they  shall  do  well.  Most  of  the  lands  in  this  county  are  subject  to 
the  annual  inundations  of  the  Mississippi  River,  but  the  levee  will 
soon  be  completed,  which  will  entirely  remedy  this." 

History. — This  section  of  country,  it  is  supposed,  was  first  settled 
as  early  as  1700  by  Spanish  colonies,  and  in  the  year  1800  by  citizens 
from  various  parts  of  the  United  States.  This  country  was  almost 
depopulated  by  the  terrible  earthquakes  of  1811  and  1812,  which 
drove  the  citizens  almost  entirely  out  of  it.  Of  those  who  were  then 
inhabitants  of  this  vicinity,  we  can  learn  of  but  two  residing  here 
now — Colonel  John  H.  Walker  and  Nicholas  Feror.  A  number  of 
lakes  were  formed  at  that  time  by  the  settling  of  the  earth's  surface. 
The  largest  of  which  in  this  county  is  Lake  Pemiscot,  some  five  to 
eight  miles  wide  from  east  to  west,  and  twelve  to  fifteen  miles  long 
from  north  to  south. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  Methodists  and  Baptists  have  each 
churches  in  Pemiscot.  There  are  twelve  organized  school  districts, 
but  one  school-house  in  1859,  and  one  private  school.     Amount  of 


348  PERRY   COUNTY. 

school  lands  nnsold  in  1858  was  4160  acres;  amount  of  school  money 
appropriated  in  1859  was  $G02  37.  Number  of  children  entitled  to 
ret'oive  o<]nration  in  public  schools,  758. 

GAYOSO,  tlie  county-seat,  is  fifty  miles  from  New  Madrid,  and  five 
miles  from  Caruthersville,  and  was  first  settled  by  the  French  and 
Spaniards  early  in  the  present  century.  It  contains  a  Baptist  and 
a  Methodist  church,  1  hotel,  2  saw-mills,  etc.    Population  about  250, 

Caruthersville  was  first  settled  by  Colonel  John  H.  Walker,  in 
1805;  is  situated  five  miles  from  Gayoso,  and  contains  125  inhab- 
itants. 

Cottonwood  Point,  twenty  miles  from  Gayoso,  has  100  population, 
1  church,  several  stores  and  mechanics'  shops.  Caruthersville  and 
Solitude  are  villages. 


PERRY  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  east-southeast  part  of  the  State,  is 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi  River,  on  the  south  by  Cape 
Girardeau  and  Bollinger  Counties,  and  on  the  northwest  by  St.  Gene- 
vieve. Besides  being  watered  on  the  northeast  by  the  ^Mississippi,  for 
thirty  miles,  the  county  is  also  watered  by  Apple,  Saline,  Cape  Cinque 
Homme,  and  Bois  Brule  Creeks.  The  county  was  formed  from  a 
portion  of  St.  Genevieve,  in  1820.  Its  population  at  different  times 
has  been  as  follows:  In  1822,  1599;  iu  1840,  5760;  in  1850,  7220; 
in  1856,  7995;  in  1860,  10,017. 

The  surface  is  generally  broken,  well  timbered,  and  the  soil  adapted 
to  most  agricultural  products.  Both  iron  and  lead  ores  have  been 
found  in  several  localities,  but  are  not  worked  to  any  extent.  An 
excellent  quality  of  white  marble  is  found  also,  which  when  quarried 
is  soft,  and  variegated  with  blue;  but  after  it  has  undergone  the  proc- 
ess of  polishing  this  blue  assumes  a  green  tinge,  which  adds  much  to 
its  beauty.  It  hardens  upon  exposure.  An  excellent  quality  of  lime- 
stone also  abounds  here.  The  Bois  Brule  (burnt  wood)  bottom  which 
extends  along  the  Mississippi,  three  miles  in  width  and  some  twenty- 
five  in  length,  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  alluvions  found  anywhere. 
The  immense  yields  of  agricultural  products  from  these  l)ottoms  are 
truly  surprising.  The  soil  of  this  county  is  admirably  adapted  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  light  tobacco  which  always  commands  a  high  figure 
in  the  New  Orleans  market. 


PETTIS    COUKTY.  349 

History. — Perry  County  was  first  settled  in  1800  by  Aquilla  Hig- 
gins,  H.  McAtlee,  Lancton,  Moon,  and  their  comrades,  from  Ken- 
tucky. In  1811,  when  Jason  Harrison,  Esq.,  of  Jeiferson  City, 
passed  through  the  county,  it  was  sparsely  inhabited,  and  there  were 
no  towns,  but  several  small  "settlements"  only.  St.  Mary's  Landing 
was  then  called  "Camp  Rowdy,"  and  Colonel  Amos  Bird  had  a  salt 
manufactory  in  successful  operation,  and  supplied  an  extensive  dis- 
trict of  country.  The  price  for  salt  then  was  from  $3  to  $5  per 
bushel.  There  was  a  settlement  in  "Bois  Brule,"  consisting  of  about 
a  dozen  families;  another  on  a  branch  of  Saline  Creek,  called  the 
"Long  Tucker  Settlement;"  and  one  in  the  barrens,  where  St.  Mary's 
College  now  stands,  called  "Short  Tucker  Settlement,"  the  latter 
being  almost  entirely  Roman  Catholics;  and  except  here  and  there 
an  isolated  Protestant  family,  the  above  constituted  the  population  of 
what  is  now  Perry  County. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county,  of  newspapers, 
none;  lawyers,  3;  physicians,  9;  merchants,  20;  druggist,  1;  card- 
ing machines,  1;  steam  saw-mills,  7;  steam  flouring-mills,  8;  water 
saw-mills,  3;  water  flouring-mills,  3;  hotels,  2,  etc.  Carpenters, 
cabinetmakers,  brick  and  stone  masons  have  been  scarce.  A  Catholic 
College  has  been  established  here  about  twenty  years,  and  is  repre- 
sented as  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

Schools. — Besides  the  Catholic  College,  there  are  forty  district 
schools,  in  which  735  out  of  2914  children  are  taught  by  forty-two 
teachers,  at  a  total  salary  of  $2G72. 

PERRYVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the 
county,  and  has  fair  prospects  of  becoming  a  fine  business  point.  It 
is  the  only  town  of  importance  in  the  county. 


PETTIS  COUNTY. 


This  county  is  situated  in  the  west  central  part  of  the  State,  west 
of  Cooper  and  south  of  Saline,  each  of  which  border  upon  the  Mis- 
souri River.  This  county  is  drained  by  the  head  streams  of  La  Mine 
River,  namely.  Flat  Creek,  Muddy  Creek,  and  Ileath's  Fork,  which 
unite  near  the  northeast  border.  Black  River,  an  aflluent  of  La 
Mine,  flows  through  the  northwest  part.  The  principal  timber  of 
the  county  consist  of  groves  situated  along  the  streams,  stretching 
some  distance  up  their  smaller  branches,  forming  a  fair  proportion  of 


350  PETTIS   COUNTY. 

timber  land  for  the  cultivation  of  the  prairie  of  the  county.  The 
surface  of  the  county  is  principally  prairie,  and  generally  very  fertile. 
Large  and  lasting  springs  of  clear  cold  water  flow  from  the  etirth  in 
various  locations,  and  salt  springs  have  been  found  from  which  salt 
was  manufactured  for  the  neighborhood. 

Pettis  County  was  first  settled  about  the  year  1818,  by  Nimrod 
Jenkins,  and  others.  It  has  an  area  of  650  square  miles,  and  con- 
tained a  population  in  1840,  of  2930;  in  1850,  of  5143;  and  in  1860, 
of  9503. 

A.  Wetmore,  Esq.,  in  his  description  of  this  county,  in  1837,  said: 
"The  good  quality  of  the  soil  of  this  county,  together  with  other 
numerous  advantages,  form  a  combination  of  attractions  which  have 
peopled  the  county  very  densely  with  an  excellent  class  of  citizens 
who  are  now  in  easy  circumstances,  and  may,  with  moderate  exer- 
tion, acquire  as  great  an  amount  of  riches  as  avarice  could  pray  for, 
or  honest  thrift  desire."  His  prediction  has  been  more  than  verified. 
The  county  is  now  well  settled  by  industrious  farmers,  and  436,577 
acres  of  land  subject  to  taxation,  valued  at  $2,435,635.  Of  slaves  in 
the  county  there  are  1655,  assessed  at  $765,011. 

Of  farm  products  the  most  profitable  crops  arc  corn,  wheat,  hemp, 
and  grasses,  which  yield  as  follows:  grapes,  100  bushels;  hemp,  1200 
pounds;  tobacco,  800  pounds;  flax,  200  pounds;  corn,  100  bushels; 
wheat,  50  bushels;  rye,  20  bushels;  barley,  40;  oats,  50;  buckwheat, 
20;  potatoes,  150;  timothy,  H  tons;  clover,  2  tons;  Hungarian 
grass,  3  tons  per  acre.  Chinese  sugar  cane,  fruit  of  all  kinds,  and 
vegetables  yield  well.  Unimproved  lands  are  worth  from  $5  to  $25 ; 
improved,  from  $15  to  $30.  The  amount  of  taxable  property  in  this 
county,  in  1858,  was  $4,036,317,  showing  an  increase  over  the  pre- 
ceding year  of  nearly  60  per  cent. 

Minerals. — Coal,  iron,  and  lead  exi^  in  this  county  in  paying  quan- 
tities, but  the  latter  have  never  been  worked.  The  banks  of  coal  are 
inexhaustible,  and  will  soon  be  traversed  by  the  Pacific  Railroad, 
which  is  in  course  of  construction  through  the  county. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — These  are  numerous  and  varied. 
Fertile  soil,  well  adaj)tcd  to  all  the  purposes  of  the  farmer,  horticul- 
turist, or  stock  grower;  an  abundance  of  all  kinds  of  building  mate- 
rials; inexhaustible  beds  of  coal,  and  prospect  of  good  deposits  of 
lead  ore;  several  unimproved  sites  for  milling  or  manufacturing, 
where  the  water  power  is  unimproved ;  good  demand  for  mechanics, 
and  all  kinds  of  producers  and  laboring  men,  csi)ecially  those  who 
wish  to  open  farms,  and  contribute  to  the  real  wealth  and  prosperity 
of  the  county. 


PETTIS   COUNTY.  351 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  number  of  members  are:  of  Epis- 
copalians, 50;  N.  S.  Presbyterians,  200;  Methodists,  500;  Baptists, 
500 ;  Catholics,  200.  There  are  four  private  institutions — a  male  high 
school,  located  on  Heath's  Creek,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county; 
and  a  female  high  school  in  the  same  neighborhood ;  and  one  male 
and  one  female  institution  in  Georgetown.  Georgetown  College  is 
ably  conducted  and  well  patronized.  It  has  an  endowment  of 
$150,000  in  bank  stocks  and  cash,  yielding  from  six  to  ten  per  cent. 
This  endowment  was  made  by  the  Baptists  of  fifteen  counties  of  Ken- 
tucky, The  College  is  under  the  auspices  of  the  Baptist  denomina- 
tion, and  an  excellent  opportunity  will  be  found  here  for  those  young 
men  who  wish  to  prepare  themselves  for  the  gospel  ministry.  The 
theological  department  is  under  the  instruction  of  President  D.  R. 
Campbell,  LL.D.  Campbell  College  was  incorporated  December  2, 
1846;  Georgetown  Female  Institute,  March  2,  1855;  and  Elden 
College,  March  3,  1855.  Of  free  schools,  there  are  nearly  fifty  in  the 
county.  In  1857  there  were  thirty-nine  school-houses,  and  $2517  30 
raised  to  build  and  repair  school-houses.  There  were,  in  1859,  2650 
pupils  entitled  to  the  common  school  fund,  of  which  the  State  has 
appropriated  $2123  82  for  1859.  The  schools,  both  public  and  pri- 
vate, are  well  patronized, 

GEORGETOWN  was  selected  as  a  site  for  the  county-seat  in  the 
spring  of  1836,  and  a  compactly-built  town  of  several  hundred  inhab- 
itants has  sprung  up.  There  were  settlements  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
town  in  1821.  The  town  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  eastern  border 
of  a  prairie,  which  is  about  ten  miles  wide.  There  is  an  abundance 
of  timber  contiguous  to  the  town,  and  some  of  the  best  coal  banks 
in  the  county  are  near  the  corporate  limits.  There  are  in  George- 
town Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Christian,  and  Universalist  churches,  a 
female  seminary.  Masonic  Lodge,  weekly  newspaper,  steam  (louring 
and  grist  mill,  bookstore,  2  hotels,  and  all  kinds  of  mechanics,  stores, 
and  professional  men.     Population  in  1859,  TOO. 

Of  other  towns  in  the  county  there  are  Longwood,  Dunksburg, 
Arator,  Farmer's  City,  Priceville,  Roletta,  Lamonta,  Fair  View, 
Spring  Fork,  Fauner  City,  and  Sedalia. 


352  PHELPS    COUNTY. 


PHELPS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeast  portion  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Crawford,  north  by  Gasconade  and  Maries, 
west  by  Maries  and  Pulaski,  and  south  by  Texas  and  Dent  Counties ; 
and  contains  an  area  of  612  square  miles.    Population  in  1860,  5211. 

History. — This  county  was  formed  from  Crawford,  and  organized 
November  13,  1857.  The  first  and  as  yet  most  important  settlement 
made  in  the  county  is  at  the  Maramec  Iron  Works.  These  pioneer 
iron  works  of  Missouri  are  situated  in  section  1,  township  37  north, 
range  6  west,  in  Phelps  County,  and  are  driven  by  a  large  spring, 
which  is  the  chief  source  of  the  Maramec  River,  and  discharges  in 
the  dryest  seasons  ten  thousand  gallons  of  water  per  minute  ;  and 
upon  a  head  or  fall  of  twelve  feet,  turns  seven  large  water-wheels 
which  drive  a  furnace-blast,  forge-blast,  ancony  forge,  chaffery  forge, 
bloom  forge,  grist-mill,  and  saw-mill. 

These  works  were  first  commenced  in  1826,  by  Thomas  James  and 
Samuel  Massey,  both  of  Ohio,  Mr.  Massey  moving  out  with  his 
family  to  superintend  the  building.  The  furnace  was  completed  in 
the  year  1829,  since  which  time,  until  the  last  few  years,  it  has  been 
conducted  upon  rather  a  small  scale ;  making  only  enough  iron,  as 
a  general  thing,  to  supply  the  home  market  and  the  country  lying 
west.  The  bar-iron  was  made  upon  the  old  plan  of  drawing  out 
under  a  trip-hammer,  which,  although  it  is  rather  old  fashioned  and 
slow,  has  never  been  improved  to  make  a  better  quality.  The 
difficulty  of  transportation  heretofore  has  entirely  excluded  the  pig 
metal  made  at  these  works  from  market,  although  Mr.  Massey  has 
several  times  sent  blooms  to  the  Cincinnati  and  Pittsburg  markets, 
by  taking  them  down  the  Maramec  River  in  flats.  Also  by  hauling 
them  to  the  Gasconade  River  (twenty-five  miles)  and  boating  them  down 
that  stream,  both  of  which  would  have  been  a  losing  business  had  it 
not  been  for  the  ease  with  which  the  ore  was  reduced  and  the  superior 
quality  of  the  iron,  which  made  it  bring  a  higher  price  than  any 
blooms  ever  taken  to  those  markets.  The  facilities  of  transportation 
now  oifered  by  the  southwest  branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad — which 
is  at  this  time  completed  to  within  eight  miles,  and  will  be  within 
five  miles  when  it  reaches  Jamestown  (which  is  the  station  for  the 
works) — makes  these  works  one  of  the  must  advantageous  places  in 
the  State  for  the  manufacture  of  pig  metal  and  iron  in  all  its 
branches. 


PHELPS   COUNTY.  353 

The  water  power,  considering  the  convenience  and  economy  with 
which  it  is  applied,  is  not  equaled  in  the  West.  The  ore  bank, 
which  is  a  mountain  of  solid  specular  ore,  is  inexhaustible,  and 
situated  only  one-third  of  a  mile  from  the  furnace  ;  it  being  a  down 
grade  from  the  bank  to  the  furnace,  four  horses  are  able  with  ease 
to  bring  down  five  tons  of  ore  at  one  load.  The  furnace  now  in  blast 
is  new,  having  been  built  in  the  year  1857,  by  William  James,  son  of 
the  original  proprietor ;  is  thirty-four  feet  high,  thirty  feet  base,  and 
nine  and  a  half  feet  across  the  bosches,  and  is  built  of  the  best 
materials  and  in  the  most  approved  manner.  The  blowing  apparatus 
is  also  new,  and  constructed  with  the  latest  improvements.  It  is  blown 
with  cold  blast,  and  now  making  fourteen  tons  No.  1  metal  per 
diem,  and  using  one  hundred  and  ten  bushels  of  charcoal  per  ton. 
There  has  been  one  blast  made  at  this  furnace  where  the  amount  of 
charcoal  used  was  ninety-seven  bushels  to  the  ton,  by  actual  measure- 
ment. The  iron  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  manufacturing  steel,  boiler- 
iron,  sheet-iron,  rivets,  and  heavy  machinery  castings,  car  wheels,  etc. 
The  ancony  forge  is  used  for  making  anconies,  which  are  drawn 
out  into  bar  iron  in  the  chaffery ;  there  being  two  ancony  and  one 
chaffery  fires,  with  a  large  trip-hammer  in  each  forge,  which  make 
some  250  tons  hammered  iron  per  annum.  The  bloom  forge  has 
five  fires,  and  has  for  the  last  few  years  made  from  1000  to  1200  tons 
of  blooms  per  year.  The  grist-mill,  besides  being  a  great  convenience 
to  the  place  and  country  generally,  is  also  a  source  of  great  profit. 
There  is  belonging  to  the  furnace  and  forges  some  ten  thousand  acres 
of  land,  which  was  located  at  an  early  day  with  especial  reference  to 
the  ore  banks,  (of  which  there  are  a  number  other  banks  as  good  as 
the  one  used  at  the  furnace;)  also  timber  and  good  quality  of  soil — 
at  least  one-half  of  the  land  being  of  the  best  quality  for  farming 
purposes,  after  it  is  cleared  of  the  timber.  The  buildings  at  the 
works  all  belong  to  the  proprietors,  are  of  a  good  class,  and  sufficient 
to  accommodate  all  the  hands  required  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
business ;  which,  taken  together,  with  forges,  furnaces,  etc.,  make 
quite  a  picturesque  village.  The  store,  at  which  there  is  some 
fifty  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  dry  goods,  groceries,  and  pro- 
visions (but  no  whisky)  sold  per  annum,  is  a  great  convenience  to 
the  surrounding  country.  We  are  informed  this  property  is  to  be 
sold,  in  order  to  close  up  the  affairs  of  the  estate  of  Thomas  James, 
deceased  ;  and  would  suggest  to  capitalists  that  there  are  few  if  any 
better  chances  for  investing  in  iron  works  anywhere  in  the  West. 

Mineral  Resources.  —  Specular  iron  ores  are  found  in  several 
localities  in  townships  37  and  38,  range  6  west ;  specular  and  hema- 

23 


354  PUELPS   COUNTY. 

tite,  in  township  3G,  ranp:e  7,  and  township  38,  range  8 ;  and  specu- 
lar, in  townships  37  and  39,  range  8  ;  and  no  lieniatite,  in  township 
39,  range  8 ;  and  hematite  and  sulphuret,  in  township  37,  range  7 
west.  Load  ore  (sulphuret)  is  found  in  townships  36  and  39,  range 
8;  township  36,  range  9  ;  townships  38  and  39,  range  7  west. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  this  county  is  rolling,  the 
western  portion  being  most  broken,  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  streams,  where  (after  leaving  the  valleys)  the  soil  is  thin,  and  the 
surface  broken  into  rough  ridges,  which  are  succeeded,  farther  from 
the  streams,  by  more  moderately  undulating  slopes  and  better  soil. 
Some  of  the  finest  farming  lands  in  the  county  are  in  the  woodlands 
and  prairies,  upon  the  divide  between  the  Maramec  and  Borbeuse. 
Farmers  who  have  made  the  experiment,  are  much  in  favor  of  sub- 
soiling  on  these  lands.  "The  valleys  of  the  Little  Piney,  Spring, 
and  Dry  Fork,  of  Maramec,  and  Borbeuse  have  a  width  varying  from 
one  hundred  yards  to  half  a  mile  ;  and  their  soils  are  remarkable  for 
their  productiveness,  throughout  nearly  the  whole  extent.  The  valleys 
of  the  smaller  streams  also  contain  many  very  desirable  farm  sites."* 
These  valleys  are  generally  heavily  timbered  with  white  and  bur 
oak,  hickory,  white  and  black  walnut,  maples,  dogwood,  linden, 
hackberry,  honey  locust,  cottonwood,  and  thorn.  A  variety  of  grapes 
are  found  on  the  ridges,  and  will  produce  well  if  cultivated.  Good 
water  power,  principally  unimproved,  may  be  found  upou  Bear  Creek, 
Little  Piney,  Dry  Fork,  JNIaramec,  and  Borbeuse. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — The  principal  business  point  of  the  county 
is  Maramec,  and  as  yet  but  few  of  the  mechanical  branches  are  repre- 
sented. There  are  now  in  the  county,  of  lawyers,  5  ;  physicians,  8  ; 
merchants,  15;  druggist,  1;  blacksmiths,  11;  wagon-makers,  10; 
carpenters,  15;  steam  saw-mills  2;  water  saw-mills,  1 ;  steam  flour- 
ing-mills,  2;  water  flouring-mill,  1;  hotels,  3;  churches  1;  and 
schools,  16. 

ROLLA,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the  county, 
and  on  the  line  of  the  South  West  Branch  Railroad.  It  is  a  pleasant 
and  healthy  place,  with  a  population  of  about  200. 


*  Geological  Report. 


PIKE    COUNTY.  355 


PIKE   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  Eiver,  between  Ralls 
and  Lincoln  Counties,  and  contains  an  area  of  600  square  miles.  This 
county  is  among  the  oldest  in  the  State,  and  was  first  settled  by  per- 
sons from  the  Southern  States.  It  contained,  in  1860,  a  population 
of  18,338. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  undulating,  and  in  some  places  near  the 
river  quite  broken.  Originally  there  was  about  one-third  of  the 
county  prairie  land ;  the  remainder  being  well  covered  with  walnut, 
linn,  hackberry,  sugar-tree,  elm,  ash,  and  black  and  white  oak.  There 
are  numerous  fresh  water  and  saline  springs  in  the  county.  Consider- 
able salt  was  manufactured  for  home  consumption  at  Buffalo  Lick, 
about  three  miles  from  Louisiana,  in  early  times ;  but  none  has  been 
made  for  a  number  of  years.  Elk  Lick,  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
the  county,  has  gained  some  popularity  as  a  watering-place.  The 
county  is  well  watered  by  Salt  River,  Cuivre  River,  and  their  numer- 
ous tributaries,  also  a  number  of  creeks  that  rise  in  the  county  and 
empty  into  the  Mississippi.  The  county  is  underlaid  with  limestone, 
sandstone,  soapstone;  and  Missouri  buhr-stone  is  also  found  in  some 
localities. 

The  Soil  and  Productions  are  much  the  same  as  those  of  Ralls  and 
Lincoln.  On  the  prairies  the  soil  is  a  deep-black  loam,  which  is 
exceedingly  fertile.  That  on  the  upland,  especially  on  the  ridges,  is 
thin,  and  more  particularly  adapted  to  small  grain  and  fruit.  Peaches 
are  not  a  certain  crop  in  this  latitude,  with  the  present  mode  of  cul- 
tivation. Farmers,  however,  regard  this  as  a  very  good  agricultural 
county. 

Among  the  Natural  Advantages  of  the  county  may  be  named 
good  soil  for  all  kinds  of  grain,  grasses,  fruit,  and  vegetables,  healthy 
climate,  good  water,  plenty  of  timber,  and  also  stone  coal  in  the 
western  part  of  the  county;  easy  access  by  river  to  good  markets. 
Stock  growers,  farmers,  mechanics,  and  manufacturers  are  much 
needed. 

Churches  and  Schools.  —  There  are  about  25  churches  in  the 
county,  principally  Methodist,  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  and  Episcopal. 
There  are  a  number  of  district  schools  in  the  county,  supported  by 
the  State  school  fund,  and  several  excellent  private  schools,  taught 
by  experienced  teachers. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  situated  near  the  cen- 


356  riKE   COUNTY. 

ter  of  the  county,  11  miles  from  Louisiana,  on  tlie  Mississippi  River. 
The  i)lace  was  first  settled  in  1819,  and  in  1837  "The  Salt  River 
Journal,"  an  interesting  paper,  was  published  here.  The  town  was 
incorporated  February  12,  1857,  and  now  contains  2  churches,  a  Ma- 
sonic Lodge,  3  hotels,  steam  saw  and  grist  mill,  2  manufactories,  with 
other  business  houses,  and  300  inhabitants. 

Louisiana,  the  largest  town  in  the  county,  and  the  principal  ship- 
ping point,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  114  miles  above 
St.  Louis,  and  contains,  of  cburches,  1  each,  Presbyterian,  Christian, 
Baptist,  Methodist,  Cumberland  Presbyterian,  and  Catholic,  2  news- 
papers, (Democratic  Herald  and  The  Louisiana  Journal,)  a  branch 
of  the  State  Rank,  some  35  stores,  and  other  business  houses  in  pro- 
portion. It  was  incorporated  March  1,  1855.  Population  about  3000. 

Clarksville  is  situated  upon  the  Mississippi,  12  miles  below  Louis- 
iana, and  is  a  place  of  some  commercial  importance,  containing  2 
churches,  a  Masonic  Lodge,  2  schools,  2  carding  machines,  2  flouring 
and  3  saw  mills,  2  hotels,  and  a  fair  representation  of  business  houses 
of  all  kinds.  Incorporated  February  24,  1853 ;  population  about 
1000.  Clarksville  is  situated  upon  the  site  of  an  old  stockade  fort. 
Colonel  William  Shaw,  now  of  Marquette  County,  Wisconsin, 
states  that,  "in  1812,  while  he  was  engaged  with  a  party  of  twenty 
men  in  building  a  temporary  stockade  where  Clarksville  now  stands, 
a  band  of  Indians  surprised  and  killed  the  entire  family  of  one 
O'Neal,  about  three  miles  above  Clarksville.  In  company  with  Mr. 
O'Neal,"  continues  Colonel  Shaw,  "  I  hastened  to  the  scene  of  the 
murder,  and  found  all  killed,  scalped,  and  horribly  mangled.  One  of 
the  children,  about  a  year  and  a  half  old,  was  found  literally  baked 
in  a  large  pot-metal  bake-kettle,  or  '  dutch  oven,'  with  a  cover  on ; 
and  as  there  were  no  marks  of  the  knife  or  tomahawk  on  the  body, 
the  child  must  have  been  put  in  alive  to  suffer  this  horrible  death  ; 
the  fat  in  the  bottom  of  the  kettle  was  nearly  two  inches  deep." 

Spencerburg  is  situated  2  miles  east  from  Spencer  Creek,  and  15 
miles  from  Rowling  Green,  contains  1  Presbyterian,  1  Christian,  and 
2  Baptist  churches,  1  flouring-mill,  2  hotels,  steam  saw  and  grist 
mill,  and  a  fair  representation  of  tradesmen,  and  125  inhabitants. 

Prairieville,  12  miles  from  the  county-scat,  contains  1  Episcopal 
and  1  Methodist  Church,  a  Masonic  Lodge,  2  hotels,  an  academy,  a 
credita])le  number  of  business  houses,  and  a  population  of  about  100. 

Frankfort  was  incorporated  March  7,  1859,  and  contains  400  in- 
habitants ;  Harmony,  50. 


PLATTE    COUNTY.  357 


PLATTE   COUNTY.    . 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  great  bend  where  the  Missouri  River 
changes  from  its  southern  to  an  easterly  course.  The  county  is 
bounded  on  the  west  and  south  by  the  Missouri  River,  on  the  north 
by  Buchanan,  and  on  the  east  by  Clay  and  Clinton  Counties.  The 
population  of  Platte  County  in  1840  was  8913;  in  1850,  16,929;  in 
1856,  18,482;  and  in  1860,  18,495. 

Physical  Features,  Soil,  and  Productions. — This  county  forms 
the  southern  point  of  the  "Platte  Purchase."  The  surface  of  the 
county  is  diversified  with  forests  of  valuable  timber  and  undulating 
prairies,  the  soil  of  which  is  unsurpassed  in  fertility,  and  is  generally 
well  cultivated.  It  is  well  watered  by  Platte  River,  from  which  it 
derives  its  name,  and  which  is  navigable  for  small  boats  a  distance  of 
forty  miles,  from  three  to  four  months  in  the  year.  The  county  is 
also  drained  by  Brush  Creek,  Rush  Creek,  Bee  Creek,  and  their 
numerous  tributaries. 

In  1850  this  county  produced  more  hemp  than  any  other  county 
in  the  Union,  more  wheat  and  butter  than  any  other  in  Missouri,  and 
was  surpassed  in  the  amount  of  corn  raised  by  but  one  county — 
Buchanan.  The  return  of  1850,  as  shown  by  the  census,  was,  of 
corn,  1,814,281  bushels  ;  of  wheat,  129,067  ;  and  of  hemp,  4355  tons. 
The  value  of  the  product  of  manufacturing  establivShments  for  that  year 
was  $789,484 — much  larger  than  any  agricultural  county  in  the  State, 
except  St.  Louis.  In  point  of  intelligence,  industry,  or  genuine  hos- 
pitality, the  people  of  Platte  are  second  to  none  in  the  State. 

The  following  in  regard  to  the  culture  of  hemp  will  be  read  with 
interest : — 

THE  HEMP  CULTURE. 

Messrs.  Huyett  and  Parker. 

Gentlemen — You  requested  me  to  give  you  my  experience  in 
raising  hemp.  I  have  resided  in  this  county  for  some  twelve  years, 
and  have  been  raising  hemp  every  year,  and  my  experience  in  the  cul- 
ture is  not  as  flattering  as  some,  until  I  commenced  raising  the  Chi- 
nese variety. 

I  think  on  good  land  the  Chinese  hemp  will  yield,  on  an  average, 
1120  pounds  per  acre;  1500  pounds  has  been  raised  per  acre  on  a 
crop  of  thirty-five  acres ;  that  I  consider  an  extraordinary  yield. 


358  PLATTE    COUNTY. 

My  usual  time  for  sowing  is  as  early  in  April  as  the  ground  will 
suit  to  receive  the  seed;  from  that  time  until  the  first  of  August  there 
is  nothing  to  do  with  the  hemp.  I  then  have  about  one  month  of 
heavy  work  to  get  my  crop  cut  and  put  into  shocks ;  the  spreading 
and  raising  after  it  is  rotten  is  light  work,  and  the  process  of  cleaning 
now  is  light  in  comparison  to  the  old  hand  brake. 

I  am  now  using  one  of  Little's  hemp  machines,  and  have  broken 
from  2200  to  3000  pounds  per  day,  and  the  hemp  poorly  watered.  I 
have  this  season,  taking  up  the  hemp,  hauling,  attending  to  the  ma- 
chines,  and  cleaning,  in  all  thirteen  hands.  I  learn  the  patentee  now 
has  a  cleaner  attached  to  his  machine,  which  will  dispense  with  several 
hands.  I  can  raise  on  my  land  hemp  for  twelve  or  fifteen  years  in 
succession,  without  manure  or  rest. 

In  regard  to  wheat,  I  think  our  soil  is  not  so  well  adapted  tq  that 
product  as  it  will  be  after  it  has  been  cultivated  for  some  years. 
Owing  to  our  light  soil,  rye  does  better  than  wheat. 

Corn  succeeds  as  well  as  any  farmer  could  wish.  Our  land  is  well 
adapted  to  blue-grass ;  but,  owing  to  the  loose  soil,  does  not  afford 
the  same  amount  of  grazing  as  the  blue-grass  lands  of  Kentucky. 
This  will  be  obviated  when  our  lands  become  more  closed. 

Take  this  county,  for  soil,  fine  water,  and  good  timber,  and  I  am 

of  the  opinion  that  there  is  not  its  equal  in  the  State. 

Respectfully, 

E.  BARBEE. 

Amount  of  hemp  shipped  from  Westou,  the  principal  point  of 
shipment:  al)out  11,000  bales,  3000  tons,  was  shipped  in  1859. 
About  20,000  bales,  or  5000  tons,  are  annually  raised  and  exported 
from  this  county.  Eight  hundred  pounds  are  estimated  an  average 
yield  per  acre  of  the  "old  Kentucky  seed;"  but  a  new  seed,  known 
as  the  China  seed,  is  being  generally  introduced,  and  is  very  popular 
among  the  hemp  growers,  and  increases  the  yield  to  1000  pounds  per 
acre,  or  two  bales,  the  average  weight  of  which  is  500  pounds  per 
bale. 

Educational  Institutions. — The  "Platte  City  Female  Academy" 
was  established  in  1851,  and  the  second  catalogue  shows  an  attend- 
ance of  181  pupils  and  10  graduates.  Professor  II.  B.  Todd,  Prin- 
cipal; John  W.  Vawter,  professor  of  mathematics  and  languages; 
Mrs.  Mary  L.  Woods,  primary  department ;  Mrs.  II.  J.  M.  Creal  and 
Mrs.  Laura  I).  Todd,  teachers  of  nmsic;  and  J.  W.  Orr,  vocalist. 
This  school  is  very  pleasantly  situated,  ably  conducted,  and  liberally 
patronized.  "Pleasant  Kidge  Male  and  Female  Academy,"  situated 
three  miles  from  Weston,  on  the  Plattsburg  Road,  and  six  miles  from 


PLATTE    COUNTY. 


359 


Platte  City,  is  also  a  most  excellent  institution.  Brice  W.  Vineyard, 
A.B.,  President;  Professor  Jas.  F.  Bruner,  M.D.,  English  litera- 
ture and  natural  sciences  ;  assisted  by  D.  F.  Moody,  Mrs.  Mary  W. 
Bruner,  and  Miss  Kate  S.  Thompson,  in  other  branches.  The  "  Cam- 
den Point  College"  and  the  "  Ridgely  Academy"  are  each  good 
schools,  with  fine  buildings,  and  pleasant,  healthy  locations. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — The  following  list  embraces  the  principal 
business  houses  in  the  county  in  the  spring  of  1860  : — 


Business. 


Newspapers 

Academies 

Bookstores 

Lawyers 

Physicians 

Dentists 

Daguerreians 

Architects 

Surveyors  

Land  agents 

General  stores , 

Family  groceries 

Wholesale  groceries.. 
Agricultural  stores... 

Hardware  stores 

Druggists 

Milliners 

Tin  and  stove  stores 

Brick  yards 

Rope  works 

Distilleries 


>. 

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5 

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08 

1 

1 

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1 

3 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

5 

8 

3 

8 

7 

4 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 



4 

2 

2 

1 

3 

1 

— 

! 

4 

1 

1 

9 

6 

5 

4 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

, 

2 

1 

1 

! 

2 

2 

2 

4 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

4 

1 

1 

2 

— 

_ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Business. 


Wine  stores 

Breweries 

Coopers  

Clothiers 

Bakeries 

Boot  and  shoe  dealers.. 

Saddle  and  harness 

Saw-mills 

Flouring-mills 

Carpenters 

Cabinetmakers 

Jewelers 

Blacksmiths 

Wagon-makers 

Painters 

Hotels 

Livery  stables 

Warehouses 

Packing  houses 

Tobacco  manufacturers 
Butchers 


2 

12 

3 

3 

G 

7 

4 

4 

3 

5 
>> 

T 

3 


PLATTE  CITY,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  on  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  Platte  River,  about  forty  miles  above  its  mouth,  upon  an  ele- 
vated and  picturesque  location.  In  1833  Zebulon  Martin  established 
a  ferry  across  the  Platte,  for  the  accommodation  of  government 
troops,  and  this  was  then  known  as  "Martinsville,"  and  the  "Falls  of 
the  Platte."  In  1839  Platte  City  was  laid  out  upon  a  quarter  section, 
adjoining  Martinsville,  and  was  soon  after  adopted  as  the  county-scat. 
The  first  settlements  were  made  by  L.  D.  Johnson,  Z.  Martin,  G.  P. 
Dorris,  and  their  associates.  There  are  in  this  city  four  churches — 
Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Baptist,  and  Christian — a  male  academy, 
(Professor  F.  G.  Gaylord,  principal,)  and  a  female  seminary,  under 
the  charge  of  Professor  H.  B.  Todd — both  ably  conducted  and  liber- 
ally patronized.      The  Platte  City  Atlas  (N.  D.  Short  and  Brother, 


360  PLATTE    COUNTY. 

editors  and  publishers)  is  an  excellent  paper,  and  an  able  exponent  of 
the  advantages  of  the  county.  The  several  branches  of  mercantile, 
mechanical,  and  professional  business  are  well  represented.  Platte 
City  was  incorporated  February  3,  1853,  and  contains  a  population 
of  about  1000. 

Weston,  the  commercial  city  of  the  county,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  500  miles  by  water  and  325  by  land 
from  St.  Louis,  and  about  25  miles  from  St.  Joseph  by  the  Atchison 
and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  now  nearly  completed.  Population  3500. 
This  is  an  important  commercial  and  shipping  point,  surrounded  by 
an  excellent  agricultural  region,  under  a  good  state  of  cultivation. 
There  arc  here  5  churches — Methodist,  Baptist,  Christian,  Episcopal, 
and  Catholic — a  branch  of  the  Mechanics'  Bank  of  St.  Louis,  2  insur- 
ance companies,  an  excellent  newspaper,  ("Platte  Argus,"  by 
William  F.  Wiseley,)  a  high  school,  select  school,  and  seminary. 
Population  about  3500.  The  first  cabin  erected  in  Weston  was  in 
August,  1837,  by  John  B.  Wells,  Esq.,  for  Joseph  Moore.  The  follow- 
ing fall  and  winter,  Madame  Lucy  Boone,  Robert  Bates,  S.  C.  Fugett, 
and  others  settled  here.  Messrs.  Murphy  &  Ferguson  had  the  first 
grocery  store,  and  Thornley  &  Lucas  and  T.  F.  Warner  were  the 
pioneer  merchants,  commencing  in  1839.  The  town  was  laid  out  in 
1837,  by  Joseph  Moore,  surveyed  by  Thomas  E.  Jordan. 

Parkville  is  situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  (in  the  southern  part 
of  the  county,)  near  the  mouth  of  the  Platte  River,  about  15  miles 
south-southeast  from  Platte  City.  This  town  owes  its  origin  and 
rapid  growth  to  George  S.  Park,  Esq.,  the  first  settler  and  projector. 
The  city  is  well  supplied  with  mercantile,  forwarding,  and  business 
houses.  The  "Parkville  Courier,"  published  by  F.  M.  McDonald,  is 
ably  conducted.  The  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  and  Methodist  denomin- 
ations have  churches  here.  There  are  also  Lodges  of  each  Masons 
and  Odd  Fellows,  and  an  Encampment  of  the  latter.  Parkville  was 
incorporated  March  3,  1855,  and  contains  1000  inhabitants.  The 
completion  of  the  Parkville  and  Grand  River  Railroad  will  add 
greatly  to  the  commercial  importance  of  this  place.  (See  "Railroad" 
chapter  for  particulars.) 

Other  towns  in  the  county  arc  New  Market,  population  300 ; 
Camden  Point,  150 ;  Ridgely,  250 ;  Rialto,  Farley,  latan,  and 
Hampton. 


POLK   COUNTY.  361 


POLK   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  State, 
and  bounded  on  the  north  by  Hickory,  on  the  east  by  Dallas,  on  the 
south  by  Greene,  and  on  the  west  by  Dade  and  Cedar  Counties,  and 
has  an  area  of  624  square  miles.  Population  in  1860,  10,030;  slaves 
528,  valued  at  $316,800,  and  12  free  colored. 

Polk  County  was  first  settled  in  1810  by  immigrants  from  Tennes- 
see ;  and  at  the  present  time  a  large  portion  of  the  population  is 
from  that  State.  The  county  was  organized  in  1834,  and  named  in 
honor  of  Tennessee's  favorite  statesman,  James  K.  Polk. 

Physical  Features. — The  topography  of  this  county  is  agreeably 
diversified  with  rolling  prairies,  picturesque  hills,  and  wooded  valleys. 
The  surface  is  generally  undulating,  except  along  the  streams,  where 
it  is  broken  in  many  places  by  rugged  clifiTs  and  rocky  hills. 

Prairies. — The  Twenty-five  Mile  Prairie  covers  an  area  of  twenty 
square  miles  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  county,  and  is  separated 
on  the  east  by  the  Pomme  de  Terre  from  Sentinel  and  Flint  Prairies, 
which  lie  in  the  midst  of  the  oak  woodlands  of  the  northeast.  On 
the  east  Bufi'alo  Head  Prairie  extends  for  several  miles,  and  near  the 
center  of  the  county  is  Three  Mound  Prairie;  so  called  from  three 
mounds  of  vermicular  sandrock  that  rise  above  the  surface.  There 
also  are  Pleasant  Prairie  in  the  southern,  and  Crisp  Prairie  on  the 
western  borders,  and  Valley  Prairie,  which  extends  from  the  north- 
west corner  of  the  county  to  within  nine  miles  of  the  center.  It  is 
so  named  from  its  resemblance  to  a  valley  through  which  a  stream 
appears  to  have  found  its  way  many  years  ago.  It  commences  at  a 
point  nine  miles  west  of  the  center  of  the  county,  and  continues  in  a 
northwest  course  to  the  Osage  River,  near  Oseola,  in  St.  Clair  County. 
The  soil  is  very  productive,  and  many  fine  farms  with  their  fields  of 
grain  and  herds  of  cattle  dot  the  surface.  About  two-fifths  of  the 
county  is  prairie,  which  affords  excellent  facilities  for  stock  raising. 

Streams. — This  county  is  well  supplied  with  water:  creeks  and 
fine  springs  are  abundant.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Little  Sac 
and  Pomme  de  Terre,  which  are  sometimes  dignified  by  the  title  of 
rivers,  and  traverse  the  county  from  south  to  north.  The  largest 
tributaries  of  the  Sac  are  the  Slagle ;  Bear  and  Walnut  Creeks  on 
the  east,  and  Turkey  Creek  on  the  west.  The  Pomme  de  Terre  is  a 
wild,  beautiful  stream,  and  dashes  along  its  rocky  bed  beneath  high 


3G2  POLK    COUNTY. 

hills  and  cedar-capped  bluffs  of  silurian  rocks.  Its  tributaries  are 
Polk  and  Piper  Creeks,  and  Pry  Fork  on  the  west,  and  Hominy  and 
Lindlcy  on  the  cast. 

Geology. — Polk  County  rests  upon  a  formation  of  magnesian  lime- 
stone, which  is  easily  quarried,  and  furnishes  excellent  building  rock. 
In  many  parts  of  the  county  this  formation  is  superlaid  with  a  coarse 
brown  sandstone,  contemporaneous  with  Hugh  Miller's  "Old  Red" 
series,  destitute  of  fossils  and  not  valuable  for  building  purposes; 
and  under  this  deposit  lies  that  singular  argillaceous  sandrock,  known 
as  the  vermicular  or  worm-eaten  rock  ;  an  estuary  deposit  containing 
fre.sh  and  salt  water  shells,  and,  above  this  formation,  mountain  or 
encrinital  limestone  is  found,  which  is  a  fine  carbonate,  and  when 
burned  makes  good  lime.  The  bluffs  of  the  Pomme  de  Terre  are 
magnesian  limestone  capped  with  ferruginous  sandstone  ;  and  in  the 
eastern  portion  of  the  county  but  little  of  any  other  formation  is 
found.  Sac  River  cuts  through  ledges  of  shelly  limestone  and 
through  the  vermicular  rock  into  the  magnesian  series.  In  portions 
of  the  county  red  sandstone  is  the  prevailing  rock.  In  the  bottoms 
of  the  Porame  de  Terre  the  remains  of  the  mastodon  and  mammoth, 
with  other  species  now  extinct,  have  been  found  imbeded,  with  the 
bones  of  the  bear,  buffalo,  elk,  wolf,  etc. 

Minerals. — Xo  beds  or  leads  of  mineral  have  as  yet  been  dis- 
covered in  this  county;  but  lead  in  small  quantities  is  found  in  the 
crevices  of  the  magnesian  limestone.  In  the  ferruginous  sandstone 
and  in  the  debris  of  the  vermicular  formation,  pyrites  of  iron  and 
sulphuret  of  zinc  is  abundant.  On  the  border  of  Flint  Prairie  are  the 
traces  of  "  old  diggings,"  which  have  led  many  to  believe  that  some 
valuable  mineral  has  been  found  and  still  exists  there;  but  we  pre- 
sume they  were  made  by  the  aborigines  to  obtain  flint  for  their 
arrow-points. 

Soils. — The  most  productive  soil  of  the  uplands  is  on  the  lime- 
stone hills  of  the  Sac  and  its  tributaries,  while  the  bottom  lands  or 
valleys  of  the  same  streams  are  unsurpassed  in  fertility.  The  bot- 
toms of  the  Pomme  de  Terre  are  not  so  extensive  or  productive  as 
those  of  the  Sac.  The  former  has  a  basis  of  silurian  rock;  while 
the  latter  is  formed  from  the  disintegrated  carbonate  of  lime.  The 
soil  of  the  prairies  is  thin  and  sandy,  but  productive.  In  many  parts 
of  the  county  the  land  is  poor,  and  the  timbered  ridges  are  too  rocky 
and  sterile  for  cultivation. 

Springs. — There  are  many  (Inc  springs  (jf  pure,  clear  water  in  this 
county.  Those  at  Bolivar,  Humansville,  on  Colonel  Acock's  plant- 
ation, and  several  others  are  impregnated  with  sulphate  of  iron  and 


POLK   COUNTY.  363 

other  minerals.  On  the  western  slope  of  the  Sac  River,  near  the 
village  of  Orleans,  and  ten  miles  southwest  from  Bolivar,  are  the 
celebrated  Wallula  chalybeate  springs,  noted  for  their  medicinal 
properties  and  for  the  beauty  of  their  environs.  These  springs  issue 
from  the  rocks  high  up  among  the  wild,  romantic  hills  of  the  river, 
into  which  they  pour  their  health-restoring  water.  The  surrounding 
of  the  spring  is  exceedingly  beautiful.  High  natural  terraces  and 
escarpments  of  a  brown  color  tower  high  above  the  narrow  valleys 
and  terminate  in  isolated,  grotesque  cliffs.  Far  below,  the  waters  of 
the  Sac  are  seen  gleaming  amid  the  foliage  that  fringe  its  banks; 
while  beyond  is  Pleasant  Prairie,  with  its  broad  farms  and  well-culti- 
vated fields ;  and  in  the  distance  the  Ozark  hills  form  an  indistinct, 
irregular  outline  against  the  horizon.  Wallula  is  fast  becoming  a 
"watering-place"  of  note,  and  is  rapidly  growing  in  public  favor  and 
distinction. 

Timber. — The  timber  of  this  county  is  generally  of  an  inferior 
quality.  On  the  uplands,  post-oak  and  "black-jack"  are  the  only 
growth;  in  the  bottoms,  walnut,  sycamore,  hickory,  and  bur  oaks 
attain  a  large  size.  The  principal  portion  of  the  timber  used  for 
building  in  this  county  is  from  the  pine  hills  on  White  River,  about 
ninety  miles  distant. 

Productions. — No  hemp  is  raised  here,  but  tobacco  is  found  to  be 
a  sui'e  and  profitable  crop,  and  many  farmers  are  turning  their  atten- 
tion to  its  culture.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  cereals,  roots,  and 
grasses  that  flourish  in  this  latitude ;  corn,  oats,  wheat,  and  timothy 
are  considered  as  certain  crops;  wheat  seldom  fails,  and  yields  an 
average  of  thirty  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  creek  and  river  bottoms 
produce  immense  crops  of  corn,  etc.  There  are  many  fine  orchards 
here,  and  apples,  pears,  peaches,  and  plums  yield  plentifully.  The 
soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  the  grape ;  but  as  yet  no  atten- 
tion has  been  given  to  this  branch  of  industry.  Indigenous  varieties 
grow  in  abundance.  For  the  want  of  facilities  for  transportation  of 
produce  to  market,  stock  growing  is  considered  the  most  profitable 
business  for  farmers.  Annually  about  2000  horses  and  mules  are  taken 
to  the  cotton  States,  and  a  much  larger  amount  of  cattle  to  St.  Louis 
and  other  markets.  Sheep  thrive  well  and  increase  rapidly  here,  the 
climate  being  most  favorable  for  their  growth.  There  are  four  steam 
and  five  water  power  mills;  two  distilleries,  and  four  carding  ma- 
chines in  the  county. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  Baptist,  Christian,  and  Methodist 
are  the  principal  religious  denominations,  and  are  about  equal  in 
point  of  numbers.     There  are  56  places  of  worship  in  the  county, 


364  PULASKI    COUNTY. 

and  14  raiiiisters  of  the  gospel.  Of  schools  there  are  63  in  the  county, 
at  which  3433  children  are  taught,  and  the  amount  paid  teachers  in 
1800  was  $7275.  Besides  the  district  schools,  three  well-conducted 
academics  are  supported  by  private  subscription.  The  educational 
interests  are  not  well  regulated,  and  the  school  fund  is  only  sufficient 
to  maintain  the  schools  about  one-half  the  time. 

BOLIVAR,  the  county-seat,  and  principal  town  in  the  county,  has 
a  population  of  700.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  near  the  center  of  the 
county,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  heavy  body  of  timber,  and  is  30  miles 
north  of  Springfield,  and  50  miles  southwest  of  Warsaw,  on  the  great 
emigrant  road  leading  from  the  Missouri  River  to  Texas.  A  tele- 
graph line  and  daily  coaches  of  the  best  class  connect  Bolivar  with 
the  east,  north,  and  south.  The  public  buildings  are  a  large,  well- 
built  court-house  in  the  public  square,  and  two  brick  churches  be- 
longing to  the  Methodist  and  Baptist  denominations.  Of  business 
houses  in  Bolivar,  there  are  7  dry  goods  stores,  1  clothing  store, 

1  drug  store,  2  saddler  shops,  2  blacksmith  shops,  2  carding  machines, 

2  newspapers,  4  doctors,  4  lawyers,  and  2  hotels. 

Of  other  towns  in  the  county  there  are  Humansville  in  the  north- 
west corner,  population  200  ;  Pleasant  Hope  in  the  southeast  corner, 
population  60;  Orleans  in  the  southwest,  population  50 — fine  water 
power  here  ;  Brighton  in  the  southern,  population  50 ;  and  Fair 
Play  in  the  western  portion  of  the  county,  with  a  population  of  40. 


PULASKI   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  south  central  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  new  County  of  Phelps,  on  the  north  by 
Maries  and  Miller,  on  the  south  by  Texas  and  Laclede,  and  on  the 
west  by  Laclede  and  Camden.  The  population  of  the  county  in  1836 
was  3234;  in  1840,  0529^  in  1850,  (reduced  by  formation  of  new 
counties,)  only  410;  in  1856,  3034  ;  and  in  1860,  3892.  The  south- 
west branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  in  course  of  construction,  will 
pass  through  this  county,  and  doubtless  do  much  toward  developing 
its  resources  and  increasing  its  population. 

Physical  Features. — This  county  is  generally  broken,  some  of  the 
hills  and  ridges  attaining  an  elevation  of  from  sixty  to  five  hundred 
feet  above  the  water-courses.  The  so-called  post-oak  flats  are  less 
rough,  and  some  portions  only  gently  undulating,  and  others  too  low 


PULASKI   COUNTY.  365 

and  flat  for  cultivation  in  certain  seasons  of  the  year.  The  most 
extensive  flats  lie  between  the  Gasconade  River,  Robidoux,  and  Big 
Piney  Creek,  east  of  the  latter,  and  also  upon  the  ridges  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  county.  When  this  soil  is  broken  up  by  the 
plow,  it  becomes  more  dry  and  makes  very  good  farming  land.  The 
valleys  of  the  streams  though  narrow  are  exceedingly  fertile,  espe- 
cially the  most  extensive,  which  are  here  called  "Prairie  Hollows." 
The  county  is  drained  by  Gasconade  River,  Big  Piney  River,  and 
Robidoux  Creek,  the  valleys  of  which  are  heavily  timbered  with 
oaks,  black  walnut,  hickory,  maple,  elm,  cottonwood,  dogwood,  and 
basswood.  Some  of  the  hills  near  the  streams  are  also  heavily  tim- 
bered. 

History. — There  were  a  few  settlements  made  in  this  county  about 
1832;  and  it  was  here  that  the  notorious  "Bank  of  Niangua"  had 
its  center  of  secret  operations.  There  were  some  superior  engravers 
connected  with  it  and  sharp  financiers  at  St.  Louis  and  through  the 
country,  who  placed  a  large  amount  of  it  in  circulation.  We  have 
seen  specimens  of  the  money,  and  the  engraving  and  general  execu- 
tion of  the  bills  compare  favorably  with  much  of  the  paper  money 
in  circulation  at  this  time. 

Minerals. — From  the  State  Geologist  we  learn  that  a  large  deposit 
of  specular  iron  ore  is  found  in  section  31,  township  37,  range  12,  and 
brown  hematite  ore  in  section  30,  township  36,  range  11;  also  on  the 
hills  of  Bee  Branch,  in  township  31,  range  10.  Sulphuret  of  iron  is 
found  in  a  cave  in  section  19,  township  36,  range  8;  and  sulphuret 
and  brown  hematite  iron  ores  exist  in  section  9,  township  38,  range 
13.  There  are  several  caves  in  this  county,  in  some  of  which  large 
quantities  of  saltpeter  have  been  found.  All  kinds  of  building  mate- 
rials are  abundant. 

WAYNESVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  near  the  center  of 
the  county,  on  the  right  bank  of  Robidoux  Creek,  one  mile  above  its 
mouth.     There  is  no  other  town  of  importance  in  the  county. 

Humboldt  and  De  Bruin  are  small  villages. 


3GG  PUTNAM    COUNTY. 


PUTNAM   COUNTY. 

Tliis  county  is  situated  in  the  north  central  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Iowa  State  line,  on  the  east  by  Schuyler, 
on  the  south  by  Adair  and  Sullivan,  and  on  the  west  by  Mercer 
County.  Putnam  County  was  formed  from  Linn  and  Adair,  and 
organized  in  1845.  By  the  session  of  1848-49,  Dodge  County  was 
formed,  and  in  1852-53  was  dissolved  and  divided  between  two 
adjoining  counties.  Population  in  185(5,  5603;  and  in  1860,  9240. 
A  State  line  railroad  has  been  projected,  which,  if  built,  will  be  of 
great  advantage  to  all  the  counties  in  this  range. 

Physical  Features. — The  eastern  portion  of  the  county  is  prin- 
cipally timber,  while  the  central  and  western  is  prairie  and  timber 
diversified.  The  county  is  drained  by  Medicine,  Locust,  the  two 
Blackbirds,  Muscle  Fork,  and  Spring  Creek.  Stone  coal  of  good 
quality  is  very  abundant.  Soil  is  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  all  farm- 
ing purposes.  Corn  is  the  staple  product,  and  stock  growing  is 
receiving  considerable  attention;  cattle,  horses,  and  hogs  are  princi- 
pally raised. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  this  county,  1  newspaper,  4 
lawyers,  19  physicians,  17  merchants,  2  grocers,  2  druggists,  2  tin- 
ners, 12  blacksmiths,  3  wagon-makers,  2  saddlers,  1  tailor,  5  shoe- 
makers, 3  cabinetmakers,  40  carpenters,  18  saw-mills,  (5  water  and 
13  steam,)  3  steam  flouring-mills,  2  hotels,  and  2  coopers. 

Schools. — Putnam  County  has  42  school-houses,  and  raised  $1292 
to  build  more.  There  are  3725  children  in  the  county,  of  whom  1841 
were  taught  by  69  teachers,  at  salaries  amounting  to  $4579  23.  There 
are  1080  acres  of  school  lands  unsold. 

UNIONVILLE,  the  county-scat,  has  a  population  of  450;  incor- 
porated l«56-7;  Eureka,  175;  St.  John,  150;  Hartford,  100;  Cen- 
tral City,  75 ;  and  Terre  Haute,  West  Liberty,  Medicineville,  Gales- 
burgh,  and  Martinstown,  each  from  50  to  75  iiihal)itants ;  Wyroka, 
Locustville,  Williamsburg,  Scotland  Ridge,  Putnamville,  Shawnee- 
town,  Omaha,  and  Livonia  are  all  thriving  places. 


RALLS    COUNTY.  367 


RALLS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi  River,  (which  separates  it  from 
Illinois,)  on  the  north  by  Marion,  and  on  the  South  by  Pike  and 
Audrain,  is  traversed  by  Salt  River,  and  also  drained  by  Lick  Creek 
and  Spencer's  Creek,  upon  each  of  which  are  several  good  mill  sites. 
The  eastern  portion  of  the  county  is  also  well  watered  by  good 
durable  springs,  which  furnish  an  abundance  of  clear  limestone  water. 
The  present  area  of  the  county  is  about  480  square  miles.  The 
population  of  the  county  in  1856  was  6594  ;  and  in  1860,  7879. 

Physical  Features,  Soil,  Crops,  etc. — The  general  surface  of  the 
county  is  broken  and  undulating — about  five-eighths  timber  land  and 
three-eighths  prairie.  The  timber  consists  of  black  and  white  oak, 
hickory,  elm,  walnut,  hackberry,  sugar-tree,  ash,  etc.  As  to  fertility, 
the  soil  may  be  set  down  as  above  the  average.  It  produces,  per  acre, 
100  bushels  of  corn,  66  of  wheat,  (premium  on  Mr.  McCormick,)  30  of 
rye,  70  of  oats,  200  of  potatoes,  300  of  onions,  and  other  similar  crops 
in  proportion.  Timothy  and  Hungarian  grass  yield  very  well,  while 
native  prairie  grass  grows  luxuriantly,  affording  pasturage  from  the 
middle  of  April  to  the  middle  of  October.  Probably  stock  raising  is 
carried  on  more  extensively  than  any  other  branch  of  husbandry  in 
this  county.  The  statistics  of  the  county  show  that  large  numbers  of 
mules  are  raised  and  exported  at  very  good  prices.  Sheep  raising 
would  also  pay  well  on  the  prairies.  Improved  land  is  worth  from 
$12  to  $50  ;  and  unimproved,  from  $10  to  $30. 

The  county  and  citizens  have  built  two  plank  and  Macadamized 
roads — one  leading  from  Hannibal  (the  main  shipping  point)  in  the 
direction  of  Paris,  Monroe  County,  twenty  miles  of  which  is  in  Ralls 
County,  reaching  to  the  county  line.  The  other  from  Hannibal  to 
New  London,  with  one  of  the  best  bridges  in  the  State,  over  Salt 
River,  on  this  road. 

History. — The  first  settlements  made  in  the  territory  now  embraced 
by  the  boundaries  of  Ralls  County  were  previous  to  1800,  by 
citizens  from  older  States.  The  county  was  erected  from  Pike 
County  in  1820,  and  in  1823  the  boundaries  were  thus  given  in 
Beck's  Gazetteer :  "  Bounded  on  the  north  by  the  State  line,  east  by 
the  Mississippi  and  Des  Moines  Rivers,  south  by  the  counties  of 
Pike,  Montgomery,  Callaway,  and  Boone,  and  west  by  Chariton." 


368  RALLS   COUNTY. 

At  that  time  its  length  was  ninety-three  miles,  with  an  average 
width  of  fifty  miles,  and  contained  an  area  of  4600  square  miles,  with 
a  population  of  1G84.  In  1840,  a  cannon,  loaded  with  powder  and 
ball,  was  exhumed  upon  the  bank  of  Salt  River,  directly  beneath  a 
large  elm-tree,  which  was  two  feet  in  diameter ;  this  locality  was 
about  ten  miles  northwest  from  New  London.  When  and  how  this 
magazine  came  there,  we  leave  others  to  decide.  The  cannon  is  now 
in  McDowell's  museum,  St.  Louis. 

Saline  Springs. — Of  these  there  are  several  in  the  county.  Free- 
more's  Spring,  about  four  miles  from  New  London,  was  worked 
early  in  the  present  century,  but  in  1812,  during  the  Indian  troubles, 
work  was  stopped ;  and  tradition  says  that  the  Indians  made  an 
attack  upon  a  number  of  whites  at  work  here,  murdered  them,  and 
threw  their  bodies  into  the  spring.  Another  spring,  more  extensively 
worked  than  the  former,  is  situated  five  miles  west  from  the  above 
mentioned,  and  was  worked  as  late  as  1832,  by  Hon.  Charles  Trabue, 
ex-mayor  of  Nashville,  Tennessee.  We  are  informed,  and  we  give 
the  story  as  related,  that  in  1836,  William  Muldrow,  in  boring  for 
salt  near  the  old  salt  lick  in  this  county,  sunk  his  auger  300  feet,  and 
produced  a  stream  of  salt  water  which  rose  in  a  jet  fifty  feet  above 
the  surface.  In  boring  this  well  the  auger  passed  through  sixty 
feet  of  solid  rock-salt,  which,  upon  trial,  Mr.  Muldrow  found  fit  for 
table  use;  and  although  never  developed,  it  is  probable  this  salt 
could  be  (juarried  and  profitably  sold  for  less  than  that  now  brought 
from  other  States.  At  Savcrton,  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
seven  miles  below  Ilannibal,  is  a  mineral  spring,  the  medicinal 
qualities  of  which  are  attracting  considerable  attention. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county,  7  lawyers,  13 
physicians,  13  merchants,  12  blacksmiths,  3  wagon-makers,  3  saddlers, 
1  tailor,  3  shoemakers,  12  carpenters,  8  steam  and  4  water  power 
saw-mills,  1  cooper,  and  1  hotel.  The  following  classes  are  not 
represented  in  tliis  county,  editors,  bankers,  grocers,  silversmiths, 
tinners,  cabinetmakers,  and  tobacco  manufacturers. 

Inducements  to  Immigration. — The  farmer  will  find  good  unim- 
proved land  at  fair  prices,  well  watered,  either  timber  or  prairie,  an 
abundance  of  coal  for  fuel  in  the  western  part  of  the  county,  excellent 
pasture  for  stock  growing,  facilities  for  reaching  market  by  river  or 
railroad,  and  a  hos])ita])lc  and  intelligent  people. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  character  of  the  inhabitants  of  this 
county  may  be  inlerred  from  the  fact  that  their  schools  are  well 
sustained,  and  that  in  1850,  when  the  total  population  of  the  county 
was  only  4775,  they  had  church  accommodation  for  3750 — a  much 


RANDOLPH    COUNTY.  369 

more  liberal  provision  in  this  respect  than  most  of  the  counties 
can  boast  of.  There  are  of  Presbyterians  in  the  county,  150 ; 
Methodists,  400;  Baptists,  600;  and  Catholics,  180,  and  18  church 
edifices.  There  are  52  schools  supported  by  the  school  fund, 
located  in  different  parts  of  the  county,  and  taught  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  year.  The  amount  of  school  money  apportioned  for  this 
year  was  $1770  54. 

NEW  LONDON,  the  county-seat,  was  first  settled  about  1820, 
but  the  town  was  laid  out  more  recently  ;  the  post-office  was  estab- 
lished there  in  1825.  The  town  contains  2  churches,  a  Masonic 
Lodge,  high  school,  common  school,  1  hotel,  and  300  inhabitants, 
with  a  general  supply  of  stores,  shops,  etc.  Madisonville,  Saverton, 
Hydesburgh,  Sidney,  Lick  Creek,  and  Cincinnati  have  each  50  to  80 
inhabitants. 


RANDOLPH  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  north  of  the  center  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  Monroe  and  Audrain,  on  the  west  by  Chariton,  on 
the  north  by  Macon,  and  on  the  south  by  Howard  and  Boone 
Counties,  which  separate  it  from  the  Missouri  River.  Randolph 
County  was  organized  in  1829.  William  Goggins,  Daniel  and 
Nathan  Hunt  were  the  first  settlers,  and  located  where  the  county- 
seat  now  stands.  There  are  316,245  acres  of  land  subject  to  taxation 
in  the  county,  valued  at  $1,602,301.  Total  valuation  of  taxable 
property,  $3,541,004.  Increase  in  property  since  1858,  $734,770. 
Population  of  the  county  in  1860,  11,452. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  generally  level  or 
undulating,  and  about  one-fifth  prairie,  with  timber  abundant  and 
convenient  to  most  parts  of  the  county.  The  county  is  drained  by 
the  East  and  Middle  Forks  of  the  Chariton  River  and  tributaries,  also 
by  several  creeks  tributary  to  Salt  River.  Limestone,  clay  for  brick, 
and  building  materials  are  abundant.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile, 
and  produces  bountifully  of  all  the  grains,  grasses,  fruits,  and  vege- 
tables of  this  latitude.  Tlie  East  Pork  of  Chariton  runs  through 
the  county,  nearly  to  the  center,  its  course  being  west  of  south,  and 
affords  some  valuable  mill  sites.  The  Middle  Fork  of  Chariton 
traverses  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  parallel  to  the  East 
Fork.  On  the  divide  between  these  streams  is  a  beautiful  body  of 
fertile  table-laud — a  prairie  from  half  a  mile  to  one  mile  in  width 

24 


370  RANDOLPH    COUNTY. 

aud  fourteen  miles  in  length — well  adapted  to  all  farming  purposes. 
Stock  growing  is  an  important  branch  of  the  business  of  many  of  the 
farmers,  and  stock  is  becoming  one  of  the  staple  products.  Coal  is 
abundant  in  nearly  every  portion  of  the  county.  Cultivated  land  is 
worth  $8  to  $20  j)er  acre  ;  and  uncultivated,  about  $4.  The  Nurth 
Missouri  Railroad  passes  through  the  county,  about  six  miles  east  of 
the  county-seat.  A  plank-road  connects  the  county-seat  with  the 
river,  at  Glasgow,  twenty-five  miles  distant,  and  there  is  a  fair  pros- 
pect of  a  railroad  from  Randolph  to  Brunswick.  Thus,  it  will  be 
seen,  the  facilities  for  reaching  market  are  good. 

Early  History. — Raiidolpli  County  was  first  settled  in  1820,  prin- 
cipally by  Kentuckians  and  North  Carolinians.  Then  its  limits 
extended  from  the  Howard  County  line  to  the  State  of  Iowa,  includ- 
ing all  the  territory  now  embraced  in  the  Counties  of  Macon,  Adair, 
Schuyler,  and  other  counties  north  and  west.  In  the  year  1829,  the 
news  was  spread  through  the  settlements  that  Rig  Neck,  Flying  Cloud, 
Big  Thunder,  and  some  others  of  the  Iowa  tribe  of  Indians  had  declared 
war  and  were  making  a  fearful  massacre  of  whites  on  the  borders  of  the 
State.  In  those  days  the  patriotism  of  the  people  was  easily  aroused, 
and  they  held  themselves  in  readiness  for  any  emergency.  No  time 
was  lost  in  raising  a  company  to  go  forward  and  avenge  the  death  of 
their  comrades.  The  preparations  were  as  extensive  then  for  that 
war  as  the  Mexican  war,  twenty  years  afterward.  It  was  true 
patriotism  and  love  of  country  which  at  that  day  induced  the  pioneer 
fathers  and  husbands  to  leave  their  families  unprotected,  in  a  frontier 
country,  subject  any  moment  to  fall  victims  to  the  red  man's  rifle  or 
tomahawk.  Relieving  that  the  names  of  those  who  risked  their  lives 
in  del'ense  of  their  fellow-countrymen,  and  fought  the  early  battles  of 
the  West,  should  be  handed  down  to  posterity,  we  insert  those  of  the 
company  that  volunteered  on  this  occasion,  but  are  unable  to  gather 
suliicient  matter  for  a  detailed  account  of  the  fight. 

Robert  Rutcher,  Captain.  Joseph  Ilolman,  Private. 

Wm.  S.  Cochrane,  Lieut.  Isliam  Knibrel,         '• 

Tiiomas  T.  Rurke,  Ensign.  Wright  Hill,  " 

Tliorrett  Rose,  Sergeant,  Nelson  Johnston,     " 

John  Dysart,  "  Nathan  Decker,       " 

John  Dunn,  "  Aaron  Wilkinson,    " 

Thomas  Prather,     "  Tilman  Belt, 

George  Green,  Corporal.  John  Midley,  " 

James  Holman,        "  William  Elliott, 

John  Cooley,  "  Josiah  Davis,  '' 

Josiah  Rogers,        "  Renjainin  Hardin,    " 


■3   >   >  » 


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RANDOLPH    COUNTY.  371 

Samuel  Gooding,  Private.  John  Kimbrough,  Private. 

Joseph  Hannitt,  "  James  Barnes,  " 

Silas  Shirley,  "  "William  Lockridge,    " 

"Wm.  Tompkins,         "  Joseph  Oliver,  " 

John  Peeler,  "  L.  B.  Giddins, 

Fielding  Cockrill,       "  Thomas  I.  Samuel,     " 

Lewis  Bradley,  "  Powell  Ormsby,  " 

William  Holman,        "  Joseph  Gooding,        " 

George  Dockins,         "  Elijah  Burton,  " 

Edwin  T.  Hickman,    "  Ignatius  Xoble,  " 

Robert  Dysart,  "  Samuel  C.  Davis,       " 

Greenup  Wilcox,        "  Jeremiah  Biswell,       " 

Esquire  Holman,        "  James  Wells,  " 

In  1832,  during  the  Black  Hawk  war,  a  company  was  formed  in 
this  county,  commanded  by  Captain  A.  Goodrig,  but  we  have  been 
unable  to  procure  the  names  of  the  company  in  full.  And  although 
the  war  was  settled  before  they  reached  the  scene  of  action,  this 
company  deserve  great  credit  for  the  bravery  and  public  spirit  they 
manifested,  by  enlisting  and  marching  forward  to  protect  their  country 
from  the  depredations  of  hostile  tribes ;  and  they  really  deserve  as 
much  consideration  as  if  they  had  fought. 

"In  those  early  days  in  Randolph  County,"  justly  remarks  our 
informant,  a  worthy  old  pioneer,  "  the  people  were  all  upon  an  equality 
— no  aristocratic  distinctions  prevailed.  The  man  with  the  buckskin 
hunting-skirt,  and  the  woman  with  a  calico  dress,  were  as  much  re- 
spected and  esteemed  as  though  dressed  in  the  garbs  of  kings  and 
queens.  Distinctions  in  dress  are  a  scandal  to  the  nation,  and  should 
by  all  means  be  banished ;  and  every  good  man  should  pray  for  a 
return  of  the  good  old  days  of  primitive  simplicity." 

Churches  and  Schools. — Thirteen  church  organizations  are  all  we 
could  learn  of  in  this  county,  and  are  principally  of  the  Methodist, 
Baptist,  Christian,  Presbyterian,  and  Episcopal  denominations.  Mt. 
Pleasant  male  and  female  College,  located  at  Huntsville,  was 
organized  about  one  year  ago,  and  is  under  the  control  and  patron- 
age of  the  United  Baptists,  and  has  a  reputation  of  being  well  con- 
ducted and  liberally  patronized.  In  1858,  there  were  47  school- 
houses,  and  3239  school  children  in  the  county.  The  amount  of 
money  apportioned  for  1859  was  $2277. 

HUNTSVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  located  near  the  center  of 
the  county,  about  six  miles  west  from  the  North  Missouri  Rail- 
road. It  now  contains  an  ably-conducted  college,  (Mt.  Pleasant 
College  ;)  4  churches — Episcopal,  Baptist,  Methodist,  and  Christian; 


372  RAY   COUNTY. 

Masouic  and  Odd  Fellows'  Lodges;  2  newspapers,  the  "Citizen" 
and  "Americaii  ;"  a  book-store  ;  2  flouring  and  3  saw-raills ;  and  a 
full  complement  of  enterprising  business  men,  representing  every 
branch.  The  other  towns  are  all  growing  rapidly,  and  are  good 
business  points,  surrounded  generally  by  a  well-settled  country,  peopled 
by  industrious  and  intelligent  citizens. 

Roanoke,  population,  300 ;  Renick,  200;  Milton,  100;  Jackson- 
ville, lOU;  Thomasville,   150;  Allen,  75;  Smithland,  50. 


RAY   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  River, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Carroll,  north  by  Caldwell,  and  west  by  Clay 
County,  and  contains  about  556  square  miles.  In  1860  there  were 
106,742  acres  of  land  in  cultivation,  divided  into  1600  farms,  which 
possessed  the  following  live  stock  of  one  year  old  and  upward : — 

Horses 8,324 

Mules 1,580 

■Work  Oxen 2,968 

Cows 6,950 

Other  Cattle 18,565 

Sheep 16,412 

Hogs  (all  sizes) 45,500 

This  county  was  named  in  honor  of  John  Ray,  a  member  of  the 
Convention  to  form  the  State  Constitution.  In  1821  it  had  a  popu- 
lation of  1789;  in  1830,  2657;  in  1840,  6553;  in  1850,  10,000;  and 
in  1860,  14,076. 

Physical  Features. — There  is  a  desirable  division  of  prairie  and 
timber  in  this  county.  The  bottom  lands  of  the  Missouri  are  exceed- 
ingly fertile,  but  a  portion  of  them  are  subject  to  inundation,  in  times 
of  the  highest  freshets.  They  are  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  many 
agricultural  products,  and  especially  favorable  for  stock  growing. 
The  timl)er  consists  of  the  same  varieties  as  the  adjoining  counties, 
except  blue  ash,  white  walnut,  and  sassafras,  which  we  have  not  seen 
higher  up  the  river  than  the  eastern  boundary  of  this  county.  The 
county  is  drained  by  Fishing  River,  Crooked  River,  and  the  "Wah- 
kan-dah,"  all  of  which  have  an  abundance  of  fish.  Two  miles  east 
from  Millville  is  a  sulphur  spring,  considered  valuable  for  its  medic- 
inal properties.     Stone  coal  is  abundant  in  many  parts  of  the  county, 


RAY   COUNTY.  373 

also  excellent  limestone  for  building  purposes  or  manufacturing  lime. 
Both  saline  and  fresh  water  springs  are  numerous. 

History. — The  first  settlements  upon  the  territory  now  embraced 
in  Ray  County  were  made  in  1816,  by  Isaac  Martin,  Abraham  Lin- 
ville,  Isaac  Wilson,  John  Turner,  William  Turnage,  and  others,  on 
Crooked  River,  near  the  present  site  of  "Buffalo  City."  At  first 
these  new  settlers  subsisted  almost  entirely  upon  game,  but  after  they 
had  raised  crops  they  added  roasted  corn.  When  the  corn  became 
hard  enough  to  grind,  they  made  wooden  mortars  and  pestles  to 
"grind"  it  with.  Their  sieves  were  made  by  stretching  a  perforated 
deer-skin  over  a  hoop.  An  improvement  was  made  upon  the  mortar 
by  the  introduction  of  hand-mills,  and  in  1818  Isaac  Martin  erected 
one  to  run  by  horse  power,  the  posts  of  which  are  still  standing.  In 
those  days  the  Iowa  and  Sac  Indians  were  numerous  and  friendly. 
Bears  were  plenty,  and  very  troublesome  in  destroying  corn  and  pump- 
kins. Deer,  elk,  turkeys,  and  smaller  game  were  also  very  abundant. 
The  first  school  taught  in  this  region  was  by  Meadow  Vanderpool,  in 
1819,  and  the  first  goods  were  "cordelled"  up  the  Missouri  River  by 
John  Shields,  and  sold  at  Old  Bluffton,  near  Camden.  In  1819  the 
first  steamboat  navigated  the  Missouri  River,  and  came  up  as  high  as 
Camden,  and  was  a  great  curiosity  to  the  natives,  many  of  whom 
could  not  for  a  time  be  induced  to  approach  within  several  hundred 
yards  of  it.  (See  Chapter  on  "Early  Navigation  of  Western 
Rivers.") 

The  county  business  was  formerly  transacted  at  Old  Bluffton,  where 
the  first  court  was  held  in  April,  1821,  by  John  Thornton,  Isaac  Mar- 
tin, and  Elisha  Cameron  as  county-court  justices ;  Wm.  L.  Smith, 
clerk;  and  John  Harris,  sheriff".  The  first  court  held  at  Richmond, 
the  present  seat  of  justice,  was  on  the  5th  of  May,  1828,  of  which 
Wm.  P.  Thompson,  Sebron  J.  Miller,  and  Isaac  Martin  were  judges ; 
George  Woodward,  clerk;  and  Larkin  Stanley,  sheriff.  In  1827, 
John  Wallard  had  a  corn-field  upon  the  ground  now  occupied  by  the 
present  public  square  of  Richmond.  The  courts  continued  to  be  held 
at  Bluffton  until  1828,  when  the  county-seat  was  removed  to  Rich- 
mond. The  only  memorial  that  remains  of  this  once  important 
pioneer  seat  of  justice  is  upon  the  county  records,  and  in  the  memo- 
ries of  the  early  settlers  of  the  State.  The  illustrious  names  that 
are  interwoven  with  its  seven  years  of  judicial  history  sufficiently 
attest  the  importance  of  the  former  position  of  Bluffton ;  and 
although,  as  a  town  it  has  ceased  to  exist,  the  memory  of  its  former 
history  will  be  lasting.  lion.  Hamilton  R.  Gamble  was  first  circuit 
attorney,  who,  upon  his  resignation,  was  succeeded  by  Abiel  Leonard 


374  RAY   COUNTY. 

and  Charles  French.  George  Tompkins,  Peyton  R.  Hayden,  Cyrus 
Edwards,  Gen.  Duff  Green,  Jno.  F.  Ryland,  and  Amos  Rees  were 
acting  attorneys  at  Bluffton  at  the  above-mentioned  date.  For  many 
of  tlie  foregoing  items  of  early  history  we  are  indebted  to  Holland 
Yanderpool,  p]sq.,a  very  worthy  citizen  of  Ray  County,  whose  father 
established  the  first  school,  and  whose  family  have  done  much  to  bring 
the  county  to  its  present  prosperous  condition. 

Industrial  Pursuits. — Ray  County  is  supplied  with  22  merchants, 

1  branch  of  Union  Bank,  1  newspaper,  8  lawyers,  20  physicians,  3 
druggists,  13  grocers,  1  silversmith,  2  tinners,  25  blacksmiths,  30 
wagon- makers,  4  saddlers,  5  tailors,  8  shoemakers,  10  carpenters'  shops, 

2  tobacco  manufacturers,  19  saw-mills,  12  flouring-mills,  6  coopers,  etc. 
Of  Churches   there  are   18,   embracing  Methodist,  Presbyterian, 

Reformers,  Baptist,  and  Catholic.  There  are  6t  school  districts  in 
the  county,  and  GO  school-houses,  with  4143  pupils  and  77  teachers. 

RICHMOND,  the  county-seat,  was  established  about  1827.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  south  from  the  center  of  the  county,  about  seven 
miles  from  the  Missouri  River,  on  high,  undulating  land,  surrounded 
by  an  excellent  and  well-settled  farming  region,  and  has  for  many 
years  been  a  place  of  considerable  business,  having  had,  in  1836,  seven 
stores,  and  a  number  of  mechanics'  shops,  etc.,  and  now  contains  a 
bank,  newspaper,  several  churches,  and  schools,  and  a  population  of 
about  1000. 

Camden,  the  principal  shipping  point  of  the  county,  is  on  the  Mis- 
souri River,  seven  miles  from  Richmond,  and  125  above  Jefferson  City. 
It  was  first  settled  about  1833,  and  has  taken  the  place  of  Old  Bluff- 
ton,  which  was  a  short  distance  above,  on  the  river,  and  whose  glory 
has  long  since  departed.     Population  about  500. 

Millville  is  situated  about  twelve  miles  northeast  from  the  county- 
seat,  and  contains  200  inhabitants. 

Knoxville,  in  the  north  central  part  of  the  county,  has  a  population 
of  200.  Of  other  towns  in  the  county  there  are  Albany,  Elkhorn, 
Morton,  and  Tinney's  Grove.  For  post-offices,  see  full  list  in  another 
chapter. 


REYNOLDS   COUNTY.  375 


REYNOLDS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Iron  and  Dent,  on  the  south  by  Carter  and 
Shannon,  on  the  east  by  Iron  and  Wayne,  and  on  the  west  by  Dent, 
Shannon,  and  Carter  Counties. 

Reynolds  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Reynolds,  a 
former  Governor  of  the  State,  and  in  1850  contained  a  population  of 
1849;  in  1856,  2399;  and  in  1860,  3320. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  rough  and  broken,  and  in  some  portions 
the  scenery  is  wild  and  beautiful.  The  county  is  heavily  timbered 
with  forests  of  yellow  pine,  oak,  hickory,  etc.  Some  of  the  high 
table-lands  are  susceptible  of  cultivation,  and  the  valleys  and  bottom 
lands  are  very  productive.  Many  of  the  ridges,  usually  looked  upon 
as  worthless,  would  make  very  productive  orchards  or  vineyards.  The 
county  is  drained  by  Big  Black  River  and  its  tributaries,  East  Fork, 
West  Fork,  Spring  Creek,  and  Big  Creek,  some  of  which  afford 
excellent  water  power  for  mills  or  iron  manufactories. 

Minerals. — Extensive  deposits  of  hematite  iron  ore  lie  in  a  north- 
east and  southwest  course  through  townships  29,  30,  and  31  of  range 

1  west,  and  1  and  2  east,  and  lead  ore  has  been  found  in  several 
localities  through  the  county.  Limestone,  clay  for  brick  or  stone- 
ware, and  some  beds  of  granite  are  found  in  the  county. 

Churches  and  Schools. — The  religious  denominations  in  the  county 
are  principally  Baptists,  Methodists,  and  Presbyterians.  There  are  a 
full  share  of  district  schools  in  the  county,  and  several  select  schools 
of  high  standing. 

CENTREVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  in  section  8,  township  32,  range 

2  east,  east  of  Middle  Fork  of  Black  River,  and  contains  about  250 
inhabitants,  a  Baptist  church,  a  high  school,  2  stores,  1  hotel,  etc.  The 
town  was  first  settled  in  1847,  and  the  post-office  established  in  1852. 

Lesterville,  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Black  River,  has  about  50 
population. 

Edge  Hill,  on  the  Middle  Fork  of  Black  River,  12  miles  from  Cen- 
treville,  contains  2  Baptist  churches,  1  blacksmith,  3  carpenters,  2 
shoemakers,  1  tailor,  1  cabinetmaker,  2  stores,  1  sash  and  blind  factory, 
and  1  flouring-mill.     Population  about  100. 

Alamode,  10  miles  from  Centreville,  contains  about  50  inhabitants; 
and  Barnesville,  Glen  Dale,  Thomasville,  and  Mungar's  Hill  arc  all 
post  villages. 


376  RIPLEY    COUNTY. 


RIPLEY    COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  soutli-soutlieast  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Butler,  west  by  Oregon,  north  by  Carter,  (a 
new  county,)  and  south  by  the  Arkansas  State  line. 

Physical  Features. — The  general  surface  of  this  county  is  undula- 
ting, and  in  some  portions  quite  rough.  It  is  traversed  from  north  to 
south  by  the  Current  River,  and  also  drained  by  Fourche  and  Mill 
Creeks,  and  other  tributaries  of  the  Current  and  Big  Black  Rivers. 
The  uplands  and  ridges  are  timbered  principally  with  yellow  pine  and 
red  cedar,  the  former  growing  to  an  immense  size.  The  bluffs  along 
the  Current  are  beautiful,  and  well  adapted  to  fruit  and  grape  culture. 
The  best  farming  land  lies  in  the  valleys  of  the  streams,  but  small 
grain  and  grasses  will  flourish  upon  many  of  the  uplands.  Besides 
pine  and  cedar  above  named,  the  county  is  timbered  with  oaks,  elms, 
walnut,  and  hickory.  Of  minerals,  there  is  an  abundance  of  iron  and 
lead  ores,  and  indications  of  copper.  It  has  rich  mineral  deposits 
waiting  to  be  developed. 

DONIPHAN  is  the  county-seat,  and  the  shipi)ing  point  for  the  county. 
It  is  located  on  the  Current  River,  twenty-four  miles  south  and  about 
twelve  miles  east  from  where  J.  H.  Colton  has  it  on  his  Township 
Map  of  Missouri.     Population  about  150. 

The  streams  in  the  county  are  clear  and  rapid,  and  upon  some  of 
them  there  are  excellent  mill  sites.  Clear,  cold  springs  are  numerous 
in  this  county  and  in  Carter. 

Ripley  County  was  first  settled  by  Mr.  Lemuel  Kittrcll,  in  1819, 
who  still  resides  here,  and  when  he  first  came,  his  only  associates  were 
the  Indians  and  wild  beasts;  but  he  hopes  ere  long,  to  see  extens- 
ive iron  and  lead  manufactories  located  upon  the  fine  water  power, 
and  yet  to  greet  the  introduction  of  the  locomotive  by  the  continua- 
tion of  the  Cairo  and  Fulton  Railroad,  which  is  projected  through  the 
county.  Ropulation  in  1840,  285G;  in  1850,  2830;  in  185G,  3834; 
and  in  18G0,  3T00. 


SALINE   COUNTY.  377 


SALINE   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  southeast  by  Cooper,  on  the  south 
by  Pettis,  west  by  Lafayette,  and  on  the  northwest,  northeast,  and 
east  by  the  Missouri  River,  separating  it  from  Chariton,  Carroll,  and 
Howard  Counties.  The  distance  from  where  the  river  strikes  this 
county  to  where  it  leaves  it  at  Arrow  Rock  is  about  ninety  miles,  and 
by  an  air-line  between  the  two  points,  but  thirty-two  miles.  The 
county,  in  1840,  contained  5258  inhabitants;  in  1850,  8843;  in  1856, 
8214;  and  in  18G0,  15,032. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  the  county  is  undulating,  and 
is  about  two-thirds  prairie.  The  deficiency  of  timber  is  more  than 
compensated  by  the  extensive  bed  of  cannel  and  bituminous  coal  that 
underlies  most  of  the  county,  and  is  generally  near  the  surface.  Black 
River  traverses  the  southern,  and  Salt  Fork,  one  of  its  principal  trib- 
utaries, the  central  portions  of  the  county.  Springs,  both  saline  and 
fresh,  are  numerous,  affording  excellent  water  for  all  purposes,  agricul- 
tural and  mechanical.  Limestone,  sandstone,  and  lead  ore  are  found 
throughout  the  county.     No  systematic  mining  done  yet. 

History. — Settlements  were  made  upon  the  territory  of  this  county 
as  early  as  1816,  by  persons  from  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee. 
One  of  the  most  important  products  of  the  county  in  its  earlier  years 
was  salt,  large  quantities  of  which  were  manufactured  annually  for  a 
number  of  years,  till  at  length  it  was  imported  at  lower  prices  than 
it  could  be  manufactured  here ;  hence  the  works  were  entirely  aban- 
doned. As  the  name  indicates,  there  are  a  number  of  very  large  salt 
springs  in  the  county,  with  many  of  fresh  water,  which  afford  an 
abundance  of  stock  water. 

The  Soil  is  exceedingly  fertile,  especially  on  the  bottoms  and  the 
upland  prairies.  That  portion  known  as  the  "Tetesaw  Plains,"  is  a 
tract  of  table-land,  the  elevation  of  which  is  between  that  of  the  bot- 
toms and  the  highlands,  and  is  one  of  the  richest  bodies  of  land  in 
the  State,  It  extends  from  "the  pass"  to  the  falls  of  Muddy  Creek, 
a  length  of  some  nine  miles,  in  one  unbroken  level.  The  soil  is  well 
adapted  to  the  culture  of  hemp  and  tobacco,  hence  for  most  other 
products.  Some  farms  yield  per  acre,  of  hemp,  1300  pounds;  to- 
bacco, 1200;  corn,  100  bushels;  wheat,  40  bushels;  rye,  50  bushels; 
barley,  GO;  oats,  50;  buckwheat,  40;  potatoes,  300;  turnips,  400; 
clover,  4  tons;    timothy,  3  tons;    Hungarian  grass,  5  tons;  with  a 


378  SCHUYLER    COUNTY. 

good  return  of  apples,  peaches,  pears,  etc.     Unimproved  lands  are 
worth  from  $5  to  $10. 

Natural  Advantages. — Nature  seems  to  have  been  lavLsh  with  her 
gifts  in  the  creation  of  this  section  of  the  State.  The  manufacturer 
and  miner  may  each  find  here  inducements  such  as  they  seldom  meet 
with.  Wliile  the  farmer  admires  it  for  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and 
the  valuable  springs,  the  miner  and  manufacturer  will  find  beneath  the 
same  soil  immense  beds  of  stone  coal,  and  rich  veins  of  lead  ore. 
There  are  also  fine  quarries  of  freestone  and  limestone  convenient  to 
most  portions  of  the  county.  The  timber  is  generally  oak,  hickory, 
and  black  walnut,  which  in  some  instances  grow  very  large,  affording 
from  seventy  to  eighty  feet  of  timber  suitable  for  lumber  or  fencing 
rails.  This  county  has  an  area  of  750  square  miles,  and  ninety  miles 
of  river  border,  affording  an  outlet  to  most  of  the  county. 
-  Industrial  Pursuits. — There  are  in  the  county  2  newspapers,  1 
bank,  T  lawyers,  25  doctors,  18  merchants,  8  grocers,  4  druggists,  2 
silversmiths,  3  tinners,  20  blacksmiths,  6  wagon-makers,  6  saddlers,  8 
tailors,  10  shoemakers,  2  cabinetmakers,  GO  carpenters,  1  tobacconist, 
4  coopers,  8  saw-mills,  and  5  flouring-mills. 

There  are  28  church  organizations,  of  various  denominations,  and 
about  50  district  schools. 

Capitalists,  manufacturers,  farmers,  and  mechanics  will  here  find  very 
superior  natural  advantages,  and  good  openings  for  business. 

MARSHALL,  the  county-seat,  was  laid  oflf  in  1838 — is  named  in 
honor  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  and  has  now  a  population  of  about 
275.  The  location  of  the  town  is  high  and  healthy,  commanding  an 
extensive  view  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Arrow  Rock  has  a  population  of  700;  Cambridge,  350;  Miami, 
600;  Brownsville,  200;  Frankfort,  250;  and  Saline  City  about  50. 


SCHUYLER    COUNTY. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Iowa  State  line,  and 
lies  west  of  Scotland  and  Clarke  Counties,  which  separate  it  from  the 
Mississippi  and  Des  Moines  Rivers.  This  county  was  first  settled 
in  1836  by  David  Floyd,  Judge  Samuel  Eason,  Jefferson  Fulcher, 
John  Davis,  and  Joseph  Bradbnrn.  Population  in  1860,  6721. 
The  surface  of  the  country  is  generally  undulating,  and  about  one- 
third  of  it  broken.     It  is  all  fertile,  and  susceptible  of  cultivation; 


SCHUYLER   COUNTY.  379 

about  two-thirds  prairie,  and  the  remainder  timber  land.  The  west- 
ern border  of  the  county  is  washed  by  Chariton  River,  upon  which 
is  some  good  water  power,  unimproved.  Besides  the  smaller  tribu- 
taries of  the  Chariton,  the  county  is  traversed  by  the  three  forks  of 
the  Fabius  River  and  the  north  fork  of  Salt  River.  Most  of  the 
county  is  believed  to  be  underlaid  by  a  rich  bed  of  coal ;  but  only  one 
or  two  banks  have  been  opened  yet. 

The  soil  and  climate  are  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  most 
kinds  of  grains  and  grasses,  yielding  as  follows  :  wheat,  20  bushels ; 
corn,  80  bushels ;  rye,  25 ;  oats,  40 ;  buckwheat,  25 ;  potatoes, 
200 ;  onions,  400 ;  beets,  500 ;  turnips,  200  bushels ;  hemp,  600 
pounds;  tobacco,  1000  pounds;  timothy,  2  tons;  and  Hungarian 
grass,  3  tons  per  acre.  Market  is  not  very  near  now,  and  prices  of 
produce  are  comparatively  low;  but  the  North  Missouri  Railroad, 
when  completed,  will  pass  through  this  county  about  the  center,  and 
the  "State  Line  Railroad,"  now  projected  from  Keokuk  west  to  the 
Missouri,  would  pass  along  the  northern  border  of  the  county,  thus 
affording  the  farmer  a  good  market  at  his  very  door.  Unimproved 
lands  are  now  worth  from  $2  to  $4;  improved,  $6  to  $10. 

Church  History.  —  The  first  Baptist  church  organized  in  this 
county  was  in  the  year  1838,  at  the  house  of  David  Floyd,  in  the 
southwest  corner  of  the  county,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hite.  There  are  at 
present  9  Baptist  churches,  with  a  membership  of  541.  The  present 
pastors  of  the  church  are  Wm.  Seamster,  Lyons,  and  Simmons.  The 
"Christian  Order,"  organized  their  first  church  at  the  house  of  Daley 
Ruddles,  one  mile  northeast  from  Lancaster,  in  1845;  Elder  Turner, 
of  Lewis  County,  was  their  first  pastor.  This  denomination  is  now 
known  as  the  "Lancaster  Christian  Church."  They  have  a  house  of 
worship  in  Lancaster,  costing  $2000,  and  a  membership  of  160 ;  entire 
membership  in  the  county,  600.  Present  pastors,  Elders  Wm.  Hart- 
ley, Isaac  Foster,  and Sanders.     The  M.  E.  Church,  organized 

in  1838,  which  was  before  the  division  between  the  church  North  and 
South.  This  organization  was  effected  under  the  preaching  of  Rev. 
Dr.  Still  and  William  Rush;  number  of  communicants,  350.  The 
M.  E.  Church  South,  has  240  members.  Their  organization  took 
place  after  their  division  in  1845 ;  preacher  in  charge  J.  R.  Alder- 
man. Old  Side  Baptists,  2  congregations  and  100  members;  Mora- 
vians or  United  Brethern,  2  congregations  and  100  members;  South- 
ern Church,  1  congregation  and  50  members;  Catholics,  about  10; 
Universalists,  50 — no  churches.  We  are  indebted  for  the  foregoing 
facts,  and  many  others  in  regard  to  this  county,  to  John  McG old- 
rick,  Esq.,  of  Lancaster. 


380  SCOTLAND    COUNTY. 

Schools. — Tlie  county  is  divided  into  52  districts,  and,  according 
to  tlie  last  report,  there  were  40  school-houses,  and  3549  children 
between  5  and  20,  of  whom  1626  were  taught  during  the  year.  Tlie 
public  schools  are  kept  open  from  3  to  9  months  annually,  depending 
upon  the  amount  of  public  funds.  The  apportionment  for  1859  was 
$2205  24.  A  female  seminary  was  established  in  1857,  and  is  under 
the  charge  of  Mrs.  A.  P.  Baird;  has  about  100  pupils.  Lancaster 
Seminary,  incorporated  in  1859,  Messrs.  J.  W.  Minor,  Reuben  Whit- 
well,  E.  M.  Bradley,  R.  Caywood,  Wm.  Buford,  Dr.  R.  J.  Christie, 
J.  B.  Arlverson,  Wm.  S.  Thatcher,  and  Wm.  Y.  Rippey,  corpo- 
rators. 

There  is  in  the  county  1  newspaper,  6  lawyers,  9  physicians,  8  mer- 
chants, 2  grocers,  1  druggist,  1  silversmith,  8  tinners,  15  blacksmiths, 
3  wagon-makers,  1  tailor,  T  shoemakers,  3  cabinetmakers,  20  carpen- 
ters, 1  tobacco  manufactory,  (doing  a  good  business,)  9  steam  and  1 
water  saw-mills,  6  steam  flouring-mills,  4  coopers,  and  3  hotels. 

LANCASTER,  the  county-seat,  has  a  population  of  800;  and 
Greentop,  125.  Distance  from  Lancaster  to  Canton,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  70  miles;  to  Alexandria,  67  miles;  to  Hudson,  on  the 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  55  miles;  to  Jefferson  City,  180 
miles. 

Ikerman,  Cherry  Grove,  Pedee,  and  Tippecanoe  are  flourishing 
villages. 


SCOTLAND   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  north-northeast  part  of  the  State, 
bordering  on  the  Iowa  line,  separated  from  the  Mississippi  and  Des 
Moines  Rivers  by  Clarke  County  on  the  east,  and  bounded  on  the 
west  by  Schuyler,  and  on  the  south  by  Knox  Counties.  Scotland 
County  in  1850  contained  3785  inhabitants;  in  1856,  7535;  and  in 
1860,  9351. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  the  county  is  undulating,  and 
consists  i)rincipally  of  prairies.  It  is  drained  by  the  Waconda, 
North  Fabius,  and  Middle  Fabius  Rivers,  and  several  smaller  streams 
tributary  to  them.    The  timber  is  mostly  oak,  hickory,  walnut,  elm,  etc. 

The  Soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  farming  or  graz- 
ing purposes.  Cultivated  land  is  worth  from  $10  to  $20  ;  and  un- 
cultivated, $3  to  $8. 

MEMPHIS,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  on  the  North  Fabius,  near 
the  center  of  the  county,  and  was  first  settled  in  1838.     It  contains 


SCOTT    COUNTY.  381 

1  high  school,  1  Christian,  and  1  Presbyterian  Church,  a  Masonic 
and  an  Odd  Fellows'  Lodge,  a  newspaper  printing-office,  2  flouring- 
mills,  8  stores,  3  hotels,  1  saw-mill,  a  manufactory  for  each,  shingles, 
sash,  blinds,  and  rope,  etc.,  wath  a  full  representation  of  other  kinds 
of  business  houses.     Population  about  400. 

Middle  Fabius  (sometimes  called  "  Greasy")  is  situated  on  the 
Middle  Fabius  River,  nine  miles  from  the  county-seat,  contains  1 
seminary,  1  Baptist,  and  1  Presbyterian  church,  2  flouring-mills,  1 
foundery  and  machine  shop,  1  steam  saw-mill,  1  sash,  blind,  and  door 
manufactory,  2  hotels,  etc.  Other  industrial  pursuits  are  well  repre- 
sented.    Population  125. 

Etna  is  a  new  town,  laid  out  in  1855  by  A.  Hunt,  situated  eleven 
miles  from  Memphis,  and  contains  a  population  of  120. 

Sand  Hill  and  Arabella  are  small  villages. 

Upton  is  a  new  town  on  the  projected  line  of  the  Iowa  and  Mis- 
souri State  Line  Railroad,  and  thirteen  miles  from  Memphis.  It 
contains  a  Methodist  and  a  Christian  church,  flouring-mill,  2  hotels, 
and  a  variety  of  other  business  houses.     Population  about  450. 


SCOTT   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeast  part  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  the  Mississippi  River,  west  by  Stoddard,  north  by 
Cape  Girardeau,  and  south  by  New  Madrid  and  Mississippi  Counties. 
Scott  County  was  erected  from  New  Madrid  in  1822,  and  named  in 
honor  of  General  Winfield  Scott.  Its  population  in  1830  was  2136; 
in  1840,  5974;  in  1850,  3182,  (decrease  of  2792;)  and  in  1856,  2792. 
[It  is  remarkable  that  the  total  population  in  1856  should  be  pre- 
cisely the  same  as  the  decrease  from  1840  to  1850 ;  but  it  is  so  given 
by  the  State  census  returns.]     Its  population  in  1860,  was  5247. 

Physical  Features. — In  the  northern  and  western  parts  of  the 
county  the  surface  is  broken  and  uneven,  and  many  of  the  highlands 
are  ridges  underlaid  with  the  same  limestone  that  is  so  abundant  at 
Cape  Girardeau.  The  soil  on  the  uplands  is  generally  inclined  to  be 
sterile,  while  that  of  the  valleys,  prairies,  and  bottoms  are  exceed- 
ingly fertile.  The  southern  portion  is  covered  with  extensive  cypress 
swamps,  and  where  susceptible  of  cultivation  is  very  rich,  and  pro- 
duces bountiful  crops  of  corn,  oats,  tobacco,  and  vegetables  and 
grass.  Some  as  fine  vegetables  as  are  grown  in  the  State  were  pro- 
duced in  this  county. 


382  SUANXON    COUNTY. 

BENTON,  the  county-seat,  is  situated  about  three  miles  north  from 
the  center  of  the  county,  and  six  miles  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Commerce,  the  principal  town  in  the  county,  is  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  eight  miles  from  the  county-scat,  was  incorporated  January 
15,  1857,  and  contains  1  M.  E.  Clinrch,  1  flouring-mill,  1  tannery,  1 
hotel,  1  pottery,  6  stores,  and  several  mechanic's  shops.  Population 
about  350. 

Pleasant  Plains  is  a  village  situated  upon  the  point  of  the  divid- 
ing ridge  that  separates  Lakes  St.  John  and  St,  Mary.  The  same 
character  of  land  extends  between  these  bodies  of  water,  south  to 
the  town  of  New  Madrid. 


SHANNON  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  south-southeast  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  cast  by  Reynolds  and  Carter,  on  the  west  by  Texas, 
on  the  north  by  Dent  and  Reynolds,  and  on  the  south  by  Oregon  and 
Carter  Counties.  The  first  settlements  were  made  here  in  1819}  yet 
there  are  now  (1860)  but  1978  inhabitants. 

The  Physical  Features  of  the  county  are  similar  to  those  of 
Reynolds  County — generally  broken  and  well  timbered.  The  greater 
portion  of  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  fruit  and  grape  culture,  and 
also  to  the  production  of  grasses  and  cereals.  The  valleys  are  gen- 
erally fertile.  The  county  is  traversed  in  a  southeasterly  direction 
by  Current  River,  (an  affluent  of  Black  River,)  and  by  their  numer- 
ous tributaries.  The  Current  is  a  rapid  stream,  affording  an  abund- 
ance of  water  power  which  could  be  improved  to  good  advantage. 

Most  of  the  land  was  entered  in  1858-59,  at  12i  cents  per  acre; 
previous  to  which  time  but  few  entries  were  made  except  of  the  cop- 
per lands.  Seven  townships  were  reserved  by  government  as  "copper 
lauds,"  and  of  tliese  140,000  acres  are  still  (January,  1860)  subject  to 
entry  at  $1  25  per  acre.  But  few  farms  are  opened  yet;  corn,  wheat, 
rye,  and  oats  are  the  most  profitable  crops.  Some  portions  of  this 
county  have  generally  been  looked  upon  as  unproductive,  yet  some 
farms  opened  have  produced  per  acre :  wheat,  30  bushels ;  rye,  30 ; 
oats,  30;  potatoes,  150;  turnips,  200;  tobacco,  1000  pounds;  and  an 
abundant  crop  of  apples  and  peaches ;  and  some  of  the  old  settlers 
in  this  and  other  portions  of  the  State  seem  disposed  to  complain 
because  they  have  lived  in  certain  localities  so  long,  endured  so  many 


SHELBY   COUNTY.  383 

privations,  and  met  with  sach  ill  success.  In  this  county  there  are 
settlements  25  to  30  years  old,  that  have  not  a  fruit  tree  nor  a  grape 
vine  on  the  whole  place  ;  while  there  is  no  better  soil  or  climate  for 
fruit  or  grapes  in  the  Union  probably,  and  no  more  certain  or  pro- 
fitable crop ;  and  ten  dollars'  worth  of  fruit  trees  and  vines  planted 
20  years  ago  and  properly  cultivated,  would  now  be  worth  as  many 
hundreds. 

Minerals. — This  county  is  very  rich  in  minerals ;  containing  im- 
mense deposits  of  hematite  iron  ore,  lead  ore,  and  very  extensive  beds 
of  copper  of  a  superior  quality,  in  townships  28  and  29,  ranges  34  and 
35  west.  Some  of  these  mines  will  be  opened  and  worked  to  great 
profit  at  an  early  day.  Some  gold  has  been  discovered  in  this  county 
in  hornblende  and  quartz  rock,  associated  with  magnetic  iron  ores ; 
as  yet  it  is  entirely  undeveloped. 

EMINENCE,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  a  brisk  town,  situated  a  little 
above  the  center  of  the  county  on  Current  River,  and  is  surrounded 
by  a  good  agricultural  country. 


SHELBY  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  east-northeast  part  of  the  State,  and 
is  drained  by  Salt  River,  South  Fabius,  and  ISTorth  Rivers,  affluents 
of  the  Mississippi.  Population  in  1860,  7718.  The  first  settlement 
made  here  was  by  Major  0.  Dickerson  (who  was  also  the  first  settler 
in  Palmyra,  Marion  County).  This  county  was  organized  in  1836, 
from  territory  taken  off  from  Marion  County.  The  county-seat  was 
for  a  time  at  Oakdale.  The  general  surface  of  the  country  is  rolling 
or  undulating,  with  about  an  equal  division  of  prairie  and  timber 
land,  which  is  generally  very  fertile,  producing  large  crops  of  all  the 
grasses,  grains,  vegetables,  and  fruits  adapted  to  this  latitude.  Stone 
coal  and  building  stone  are  abundant ;  but  only  taken  out  for  local 
purposes. 

There  are  in  the  county,  lawyers,  7  ;  physicians,  20  ;  merchants,  20 ; 
grocers,  9  ;  druggists,  3  ;  silversmith,  1 ;  tinner,  1  ;  blacksmiths,  9 ; 
wagon-makers,  3 ;  saddlers,  2 ;  tailors,  4  ;  shoemakers,  G ;  cabinet- 
makers, 2  ;  carpenters,  10  ;  coopers,  2  ;  saw-mills,  G  ;  flouring-mills,  4. 

Churches. — There  are  5  churches  in  the  county :  0.  S.  Presby- 
terian, organized  1859,  Rev.  Mr.  Cochran,  pastor,  14  members; 
M.  E.,  organized  1836,  Rev.  J.   Dries  and  Rev.  Mr.  Hudson,  pas- 


384  ST.  CHARLES   COUNTY. 

tors,  700  members;  Baptist,  orjraiiized  1S45,  Rev.  J.  Tilford,  pastor, 
50  members;  O.  S.  Baptist,  orf^aiiized  1840,  Rev.  H.  Louthan,  pas- 
tor, 30  members;  Christian  Church,  organized  1838,  Rev.  Elder 
Hatchett,  pastor,  290  members. 

Schools. — There  are  3  high  schools  in  the  county  :  Shelbyville 
Academy,  M.  E.  Institution,  under  charge  of  Rev.  Mr.  Dries,  and 
the  Shelby  Male  and  Female  Seminary  in  charge  of  H.  Ellis;  also  a 
private  school  near  Clarence  Station,  on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph 
Railroad,  taught  by  Rev.  Mr.  Corbin.  There  are  some  30  district 
schools,  with  a  total  average  attendance  of  1200  scholars. 

Good  farming  lands  can  be  had,  vi^ith  some  improvements,  at  from 
$8  to  $25  per  acre  ;  and  unimproved  lands,  at  from  $5  to  $10.  Farm- 
ers will  here  find  a  good  location,  and  a  sure  reward  for  their  enter- 
prise and  industry. 

SHELBYVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  7  miles  from  the  railroad  and 
110  from  Jefi'erson  City,  very  pleasantly  situated  in  the  center  of  a 
rich  agricultural  district.     It  has  a  population  of  some  800. 

Bethel,  situated  on  North  River,  5  miles  from  the  county-seat,  con- 
tains about  400  inhabitants ;  Shelbina,  150  ;  Hunnewell,  100;  Lake- 
nan,  50 ;  Clarence,  50.  The  last-named  four  are  stations  on  the 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad. 


ST.  CHARLES  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  occupying 
a  narrow  neck  of  land  lying  between  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
Rivers  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  Missouri  River  and  Lincoln  County,  on  the  west  by 
Warren  County,  and  on  the  south  by  the  Missouri  River,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  St.  Louis  and  Franklin  Counties.  Population  in  1860, 
14,370  whites  and  2186  slaves. 

Physical  Features. — Two  of  the  largest  streams  in  America  wash 
the  shores  of  this  county — the  Mississipjii  on  the  north  and  east,  and 
the  Missouri  on  the  southward  :  by  the  former  stream,  products  are 
borne  on  steamers  from  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  United 
States  to  the  southward ;  by  the  latter,  furs  are  brought  down  from 
the  extreme  northwest,  and  regular  steamboat  navigation  is  estab- 
lished to  points  on  the  Upper  Missouri,  3526  miles  from  St.  Louis. 

The  dividing  land  between  the  two  rivers  is  rolling,  and  in  some 


ST.  CHARLES    COUNTY.  385 

places  broken  into  ridges.  Tlie  long  point  or  tongue  of  land,  for 
^twenty  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  is  entirely  alluvial,  and 
varies  from  two  to  ten  miles  in  width.  The  highlands  terminate  at  a 
point  three  miles  below  the  City  of  St.  Charles,  in  a  most  beautiful  and 
romantic  pile,  called  the  "Maraelles.'-*  Here  the  line  of  bluffs  on  the 
Mississippi  meets  the  line  of  bluffs  on  the  Missouri,  and  it  is  evident 
that  at  this  point  these  two  mighty  rivers  once  united  their  waters  ;  but 
by  the  long-continued  deposits  of  alluvial  soil,  a  rich  peninsula  has  been 
formed,  and  each  river  has  been  driven  to  the  opposite  bluff;  the  Missouri 
to  the  "  Charbonnier  "  bluff  in  St.  Louis  County,  and  the  Mississippi  to 
the  base  of  the  lofty  bluffs  in  Illinois ;  and  one  of  the  richest  portions  of 
bottom-lands  to  be  found  anywhere  exists  between  them.  This  peninsula 
is  partly  prairie  and  partly  heavily  tinabered,  and  through  the  center  of 
it  runs  the  former  bed  of  the  two  rivers,  now  forming  a  long  crooked 
marsh,  called  the  Marias  Croche.  From  the  "Mamelles"  a  line  of 
rugged  bluffs  extends  up  the  Missouri  through  the  county,  sometimes 
approaching  near  the  river,  but  generally  leaving  a  very  fertile  heavily 
timbered  bottom  of  from  one  to  four  miles  in  width.  A  similar  range 
of  bluffs  extend  up  the  Mississippi,  leaving  a  wide,  fertile  bottom,  prin- 
cipally prairie,  portions  of  which  are  occasionally  overflown  by  high 
water.  The  central  part  of  the  county  lies  between  these  bluffs,  and 
is  alternately  hilly,  rolling,  and  level,  having  about  equal  portions  of 
timbered  land  and  prairie,  intersected  with  creeks,  and  containing 
numerous  fine  clear  springs,  which,  with  the  five  important  creeks  trav- 
ersing this  county,  afford  abundance  of  water  for  stock,  and  a  few  mill- 
sites.  There  will  be  no  lack  of  timber  in  this  county  for  many  years 
to  come. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  land  is  in  many  places  first  rate,  in 
others  second  rate,  and  in  some  places  poor  ridges  are  to  be  found 
extending  some  distance.  The  soil  in  the  point  and  upon  the  river  bot- 
toms is  of  the  richest  possible  description,  and  the  uplands  are  of 
good  quality,  embracing  a  large  proportion  of  soil  admirably  adapted 
to  the  cultivation  of  wheat,  corn,  hemp,  and  tobacco,  and  the  vegeta- 
bles, fruit,  and  most  other  crops  that  flourish  in  this  latitude.  (Also 
see  Warren  County.) 

Good  water  power  is  afforded   by  the   Ferugue,  Dardenue,  and 

*  "  The  prospect  from  the  Mamelles  (the  breasts)  is  believed  by  many  to  be 
the  most  romantic  and  beautiful  in  the  United  SUates.  It  presents  an  imposing 
view  of  the  course  of  the  Missouri  and  ihe  Mississippi  Rivers — with  their  bluffs 
and  towering  clitl's;  their  ancient  meandering  beds;  the  Marias  Croche  lake; 
the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  River;  and  of  the  vast  prairie  with  farms  and  farm- 
scenes  interspersed." — Flint. 

25 


386  ST.  CHARLES   COUNTY. 

Fcmine  Osntr*'  Creeks,  but  at  present  there  is  but  one  on  each — all 
grist-mills.  There  are  twenty  mills  in  the  county — five  water  and 
fifteen  steam  power.  Of  these,  five  are  in  the  city,  one  on  Big  Creek, 
three  on  Perugue,  three  on  Dardenne,  one  on  the  Mississippi,  two  in 
Augusta,  and  others  through  the  country.  Two  large  brick  woolen 
factories,  valued  at  $90,000,  running  1300  spindles,  are  in  successful 
operation. 

Minerals. — Limestone  for  building  purposes  is  abundant  throughout 
the  county;  and  near  the  City  of  St.  Charles,  and  in  some  other  por- 
tions, sandstone,  easily  quarried,  has  been  found  in  large  quantities, 
and  advantageously  worked.  Numerous  beds  of  bituminous  coal  have 
been  opened  and  worked  to  some  extent,  but  no  systematic  mining 
done,  further  than  for  present  cpnsuraption.  Potter's  clay  of  a  good 
quality  exists  in  the  county,  but  has  never  been  worked,  except  to  a 
very  limited  extent.  It  is  reported  that  a  fine-grained  marble  also 
exists  in  the  county,  and  in  former  years  a  considerable  quantity  of 
good  "  Spanish  lirown"  was  prepared  from  a  deposit  in  this  county. 

ST.  CHARLES,  the  county-seat,  has  a  high,  commanding,  healthy 
location,  eligible  for  commercial  or  manufacturing  purposes.  It  is 
upon  the  first  point  of  firm,  elevated  land,  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Missouri  lliver,  and  has  a  beautiful  rocky  shore.  It  is  now,  and  must 
continue  to  be  the  principal  crossing-place  of  the  Missouri  River,  for 
all  trade  and  travel  passing  between  St.  Louis  and  the  northern  and 
northeastern  parts  of  the  State.  Hence  the  wisdom  shown  by  the 
North  Missouri  Ilailroad  Company,  and  the  people  of  St.  Charles 
County,  in  deciding  to  erect  a  bridge  at  this  point  of  the  most  sub- 
stantial and  enduring  character — which  shall  serve  for  the  railroad 
trains,  for  teams,  and  for  foot-passengers.  This  will  be  the  first  bridge 
across  the  Missouri  River,  and  having  a  draw,  will  in  nowise  interfere 
with  steamboat  navigation.  The  prospects  for  the  City  of  St.  Charles 
are  very  promising.  Situated  so  near  to  the  great  commercial  metro- 
polis of  the  west,  when  this  bridge  is  completed,  many  citizens  of  St. 
Louis  will  here  build  fine  residences,  and  being  upon  the  great  North 
and  South  line  of  Railroad,  at  no  distant  day  to  connect  with  the  net- 
work of  Railroads  in  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  with  a  main  line  extend- 
ing to  St.  Paul,  this  must  ever  be  an  important  business  point,  and 
presents  rare  inducements  to  manufacturers  particularly. 

History. — St.  Charles  County  formerly  embraced  all  the  country 
between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri — stretching  to  an  indefinite 
extent  to  the  north  and  west;  but  by  the  formation  of  new  counties, 
one  after  another,  it  has  been  reduced  to  its  present  moderate  limits. 
Nearly  all  the  events  of  the  early  settlement  of  the  State  are  inti- 
mately connected  with  the  history  of  this  county.     The  Indian  wars, 


ST.  CLAIR    COUNTY.     ^  387 

massacres,  and  adventures  tliat  attended  the  early  settlement  of  the 
State,  and  accompanied  the  late  war,  happened  principally  in  St. 
Charles  County.  Here  the  rangers  were  raised,  the  forts  built,  severe 
battles  fought,  and  here  it  was  that  Black  Hawk  made  his  first  war 
against  the  white  population.  The  first  settlement  in  what  is  now  St. 
Charles  County — indeed  in  the  northern  part  of  Missouri — was  at 
"Villag-e  du  Cote,"  now  St.  Charles,  in  1762 — two  years  before  St. 
Louis  was  founded  by  Laclede. 


ST.  CLAIR  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  west-southwest  part  of  the  State,  sep- 
arated from  the  Kansas  State  line  by  Vernon  and  Bates  Counties.  In 
1850 — the  first  census  taken — showed  a  population  of  3556,  which  had 
increased  to  6256  in  1860. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  undulating — neither 
level  nor  broken.  There  is  from  one-quarter  to  one-third  timber — the 
remainder  prairie.  The  timber  consists  of  hickory,  oaks,  walnut,  linn, 
etc.  The  prairies  lie  principally  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county, 
while  the  southern — south  of  the  Osage  River — is  timbered,  and  more 
broken.  The  southern  portion  is  also  well  watered,  by  the  numerous 
tributaries  of  the  Osage  River,  some  of  which  afford  excellent  water- 
power. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  is  generally  very  fertile,  and  well 
adapted  to  all  farming  purposes.  Some  farms  have  yielded  of  hemp 
"lOO  pounds  to  the  acre;  tobacco  1600;  flax  2000  in  the  straw;  wheat 
35  bushels;  corn  75  bushels;  rye  40;  oats  45;  barley  30;  potatoes 
250 ;  onions,  beets,  and  carrots,  each  300 ;  timothy  8000 ;  clover  2000 
lbs.;  Hungarian  grass  8000  lbs.  to  the  acre,  etc.  This  county  is  well 
adapted  to  stock  growing,  as  all  kinds  of  grasses  grow  finely.  AVoolen 
manufactories,  tanneries,  saw  and  grist  mills,  will  do  well  here.  This 
is  one  of  the  counties  that  was  almost  depopulated  by  the  war,  and 
it  is  now  "open  for  settlement."  Farms  can  be  purchased  at  reason- 
able figures,  and  there  is  room  for  all  classes  of  business. 

Minerals. — Both  iron  and  coal  have  been  found  in  this  county,  but 
neitlier  worked  to  any  extent.  There  is  without  doubt  a  thick  strata 
of  coal  underlying  most  of  the  county,  sufficient  to  supply  all  demands 
for  fuel,  for  centuries  to  come. 

In  the  spring  of  1865  there  were  10,000  acres  of  land  subject  to 
entry,  at  $1.25  per  acre,  or  to  settlement  under  the  Homestead  law. 


388  ST.  FRANCOIS    COUNTY. 

Since  the  close  of  the  war  this  and  adjoining  counties  have  received 
an  immense  inQux  of  population  —  principally  energetic  intelligent 
people  from  the  Eastern  and  Northern  States,  and  many  towns,  almost 
destroyed  during  the  war,  are  now  in  better  condition  than  ever  before. 


ST.  FRANCOIS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  east-southeast  part  of  the  State,  has 
an  area  f)f  about  350  square  miles,  and  is  separated  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi lliver  by  Ste.  Genevieve  County. 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  broken  and  hilly — 
less  than  one-tenth  being  bottom  land,  and  about  four-fifths  tillable. 
It  is  drained  by  Big  River,  Terre  Beau,  Flat  Creek,  and  the  small 
tributaries  or  sources  of  the  St.  Franyois  River,  some  of  which  are 
beautiful,  clear  cold  streams,  and  afford  numerous  sites  for  water 
power.  The  timber  consists  of  the  various  kinds  found  in  the  adjoin- 
ing counties,  with  the  addition  of  some  considerable  forests  of  pine. 

The  Soil  is  moderately  fertile,  however,  there  is  a  good  proportion 
of  excellent  farming  land,  principally  in  the  valleys,  and  some  fine  old 
farms  have  been  cultivated  forty  or  fifty  years.  This  being  princi- 
pally a  mining  region,  whatever  the  farmer  may  produce  will  find  a 
ready  market,  at  good  prices,  at  his  very  door.  Tiiis  remark  will  ap- 
ply to  all  counties  where  mining  is  prosecuted  with  system  and  regu- 
larity. The  soil  and  climate  is  well  adapted  for  orchards  and  vineyards, 
and  if  properly  used  for  these  purposes,  the  now  vacant  so-called 
"flint  ridges"  may  prove  more  valuable,  and  return  a  greater  profit 
upon  the  money  and  labor  expended  than  the  best  farms  in  the  county. 
Sheep  raising  should  be  extensively  engaged  in,  and  woolen  factories 
established  upon  some  of  the  many  excellent  water-power  sites  in  the 
county. 

Minerals. — A  considerable  part  of  that  wonder  in  the  mineral 
wealth  of  Missouri,  the  Iron  Mountain,  lies  in  this  county.  (See  de- 
scription, page  141.)  There  are  several  extensive  lead  mines  in  the 
county — the  principal  ones  thus  far  developed  being  in  T.  38  N.,  R. 
5  E,  Here  are  the  "mines  of  Bisch,  of  Perry,  and  of  Valle,  the  last 
two  of  which  are  more  generally  known  than  any  other  lead  mines  in 
Missouri ;  not  only  on  account  of  the  length  of  time  during  which 
mining  has  been  carried  on,  but  also  by  the  large  amount  of  ore  which 
has  been  obtained."    Some  of  these  mines  were  worked  with  consider- 


STE.  GENEVIEVE    COUNTY.  389 

able  system  and  regularity  from  1824  till  the  beginning  of  the  war, 
but  the  only  data  we  have,  shows  the  amount  of  lead  produced  from 
1839  to  1854  inclusive,  during  which  period  the  yield  of  lead  from 
these  three  mines  amounted  to  40,803,000  lbs.  Copper,  cobalt,  nickel, 
and  some  other  minerals  are  reported  to  have  been  discovered,  but  no 
explorations  have  been  made. 

A  railroad  is  projected  to  run  from  Tunnel  Station,  on  Iron  Mount- 
ain Railroad,  through  Farmington,  the  county-seat,  thence  to  mine 
La  Motte,  and  to  the  river  at  Cape  Girardeau.  The  completion  of 
this  road  will  furnish  an  outlet  from  these  mines,  and  this  whole  county, 
either  direct  to  St.  Louis  or  to  the  Mississippi,  by  railroad — hence 
the  sooner  it  is  built,  the  sooner  will  the  resources  of  the  county  be 
developed. 

The  "Cook  Settlement"  is  one  of  the  best  neighborhoods,  and 
located  upon  the  most  extensive  and  most  thoroughly  cultivated  tracts 
of  land  in  Southeast  Missouri.  Capital  and  enterprise  are  needed  to 
establish  manufactories,  and  to  develop  the  mineral,  and  other  re- 
sources. 


STE.  GENEVIEVE  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  in  the  E.  S.  E. 
part  of  the  State,  and  has  an  area  of  about  400  square  miles. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  except  some 
extensive  tracts  of  bottom  land  along  the  Mississippi,  which  are  well 
timbered,  principally  ash,  maple,  walnijt,  sycamore,  cotton,  and  hack- 
berry.     The  timber  of  the  uplands  is  generally  hickory  and  oaks. 

Early  History, — The  first  settlements  in  this  county  were  made 
about  1*755.  M.  Laclede  arrived  at  Ste.  Genevieve  and  Fort  Cliartres, 
Nov.  3,  1763.  Manuel  Perez  was  Lieut.-Governor,  and  Henry  Pey- 
roux  commandant  of  the  district  in  1788.  Francis  Yalle,  Senior,  set- 
tled and  erected  a  number  of  buildings  on  the  Saline  River  in  1797. 
Francis  Valle,  Jr.,  built  a  water-mill  and  a  caljin  on  the  River  Aux 
Yases  in  the  fall  of  1802;  built  dwellings  in  1796.  James  ^Maxwell 
was  vicar-general  of  the  late  province  of  Louisiana,  over  the  English 
and  American  settlers,  and  was  by  letter  from  Bishop  of  Orleans,  dated 
May  1,  1799,  notified  that  he,  the  Bishop,  had  recommended  him  to 
the  King,  and  requesting  him  to  give  his  attention  to  the  whole  clergy 
of  the  province,  to  convert  all  immigrants  to  the  Roman  Catholic  reli- 
gion.    Anthony  and  Joseph  Yallars  (minors)  settled  ou  Big  River, 


390  STE.  GENEVIEVE   COUNTY. 

Ste.  Genevieve  District,  under  concession  dated  Oct.  11,  1799.  Tlieir 
father  was  captain  in  the  Spanish  service  for  thirty  years,  and  also 
civil  commandant  at  Ste.  Genevieve  and  Arkansas  for  several  years. 
Settlements  were  made  by  John  Baptiste  Valle,  Jr.,  in  1799,  by  Marie 
Louisa  Yalle  Yillars,  on  the  River  Saline,  18th  February,  1798,  by 
John  Baptiste  Yalle,  on  River  Establishment,  July  4,  1796.  In  1810 
the  town  contained  twenty  large  stores,  "from  xchivh  the  peojjle  of 
St.  Louis  laid  in  their  stocks.^^  It  required  four  months  to  go  to 
Philadelphia  and  return,  and  freights  to  Pittsburg  were  $10  per  100 
lbs.  Goods  were  then  wagoned  to  Pittsburg,  and  brought  in  flat  or 
keel  boats  down  the  Ohio  and  up  the  Mississippi  River. 

Minerals. — The  principal  source  of  wealth  in  this  county  are  its 
minerals,  copper,  lead,  iron,  salt,  zinc,  marble,  sand,  etc.  Until  re- 
cently, but  little  has  been  done  toward  the  development  of  those  min- 
eral resources.  But  it  is  reported  that  the  extensive  quarry  of  excel- 
lent variegated  marble  is  soon  to  be  worked;  that  companies  are 
already  preparing  to  manufacture  salt;  that  smelting  furnaces  for 
copper  and  lead  are  being  erected,  new  mines  being  discovered,  and 
old  ones  worked  deeper  than  over,  and  paying  very  well.  The  white 
sand  so  abundant  here  is  second  to  none,  probably,  anywhere — almost 
pure  silex — and  large  quantities  have  been  regularly  shipped  to  Pitts- 
burg, Wheeling,  and  even  to  Boston,  for  the  manufacture  of  flint 
glass.  Situated  opposite  an  exhaustless  supply  of  excellent  coal,  cap- 
italists and  manufacturers  will  not  be  very  slow  to  see  the  propriety 
and  profit  of  establishing  manufactories  of  various  kinds  at  Ste.  Gen- 
evieve. As  early  as  1834-35,  A.  Yalle  wrote  as  follows:  "I  re- 
ceived 10,000  lbs.  red  copper,  which  I  sold  in  New  York,  and  have 
been  informed  it  was  of  an  excellent  quality  ;  the  copper  ore  is  abund- 
ant, and  yields  a  good  per  cent.  Our  lead  mines  are  pronounced  by 
English  and  German  miners  richer,  easier  worked,  and  at  less  expense, 
than  the  famed  mines  of  Galena.  I  ship  annually  from  this  place 
three  million  pounds  of  lead.  The  iron  ore  is  the  most  aljuiuhint  of 
our  minerals.  The  first  French  settlers  made  salt  four  miles  from  this 
place  (Ste.  Genevieve),  in  considerable  quantities.  The  water  is 
strong,  and  good  for  the  manufacture  of  salt."  The  quarry  or  ridge 
of  white  and  variegated  marble  is  represented  as  being  as  handsome 
as  the  Italian,  and  the  ridge  or  quarry  has  been  traced  for  miles. 

Soil  and  Products. — Tiie  uplands  are  well  adajjted  to  wheat  and  all 
kinds  of  fruit,  and  of  late  years  considerable  attention  is  being  devoted 
to  the  latter.  Over  250,000  bearing  grapevines  now  in  vineyards 
here.     The  land  along  the  Mississippi,  and  in  the  valleys  along  the 


STE.  GENEVIEVE    COUNTY.  391 

interior  water-courses,  is  very  rich,  and  well  adapted  for  all  farming 
purposes. 

Natural  Advantages. — The  people  of  this  county  are  now  (1861) 
urging  the  importance  of  building  a  railroad  from  their  county-seat  to 
the  Iron  Mountain.  The  chairman  of  the  committee  on  organization 
thus  sums  up  the  advantages  of  the  county : 

"As  if  the  people  of  Ste.  Genevieve  County,  Missouri,  were  designed 
to  be  the  favorites  of  fortune,  we  have  on  the  west  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, varying  in  distance  from  five  to  thirty-five  miles  from  the  river, 
inexhaustible  deposits  of  the  best  iron  ore  in  the  world.  A  wide  belt 
of  the  best  glass  sand,  near  the  river,  extending  across  Ste.  Genevieve 
County,  from  north  to  south.  '  The  best  salt  springs  in  the  Union,'  on 
the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Saline  Creek,  in  Ste.  Gen- 
evieve County,  the  best  white  lime  in  the  State,  best  grindstones, 
superior  building  materials,  marble,  freestone,  etc.,  etc.,  while  farther 
west,  the  great  mineral  belt,  from  north  to  south,  passes  through  the 
entire  county,  described  by  a  line  from  Yalle's  mines  to  Mine  La 
Motte,  the  intermediate  space  being  dotted  along  by  well-known  dis- 
coveries of  lead  ore,  such  as  the  McCormac  mines,  Lincoln  mines, 
and  Mine  Avon.  Mine  La  Motte,  with  its  untold  wealth  of  copper, 
lead,  cobalt,  and  nickel,  must  always  find  its  most  convenient  access  to 
market  through  Ste.  Genevieve  County. 

"  On  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi  River,  in  Randolph  County, 
Illinois,  is  located  an  immense  field  of  superior  stone  coal,  penetrated 
by  the  Kaskaskia  River,  and  capable  of  furnishing  a  supply,  equiva- 
lent to  any  demand,  for  ages  to  come.  There  is  no  portion  of  the 
Union  where  natural  resources  are  more  abundant  than  in  this  portion 
of  Missouri  and  Illinois,  and  where  all  the  elements  of  greatness  and 
power  are  aggregated  on  so  small  an  area.  But  let  us  not  forget  the 
superior  wheat  of  Ste.  Genevieve  County,  the  adaptability  of  our  soil 
for  clover,  timothy  meadows,  and  our  delightful  evergreen  blue  grass, 
indigenous  to  our  soil;  our  fine  country  for  every  description  of  fruit, 
in  a  climate  where  it  never  perishes  on  account  of  tlie  severity  of  the 
weather;  our  natural  springs  of  pure  water;  our  salubrious  climate; 
our  delightful  rural  districts,  diversified  by  meadows,  waving  grain, 
green  grass  plats,  and  rippling  rills,  all  added  together,  make  up  an 
aggregate  of  the  good  things  of  this  world  unsurpassed  by  any  other 
portion  of  the  United  States." 


392  ST.  LOUIS    COUNTY. 


ST.  LOUIS  COUNTY. 

This  county  occupies  a  point  of  land  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the 
Missouri  with  tiie  Mississippi  River — the  former  washing  its  northern 
and  the  latter  its  eastern  border.  The  county  is  drained  by  the  Mara- 
mec  River,  which  traverses  the  southern  portion  and  enters  the  Missis- 
sippi on  the  county  boundary ;  also  by  the  River  Des  Peres,  and  by 
Bonhomme  and  Gravois  Creeks.  The  surface  is  pleasantly  diversified, 
the  soil  generally  productive,  underlaid  by  limestone,  extensively  used 
for  building  purposes.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  county  is  un- 
derlaid by  coal,  but  a  few  banks  have  been  opened.  A  fine  quality  of 
building-stone,  by  some  called  "  marble,"  is  abundant  and  extensively 
used. 

This  is  naturally  one  of  the  best  farming  counties  in  the  State,  con- 
taining a  large  proportion  of  first-rate  land ;  consisting  in  part  of  the 
alluvial  lands,  extending  from  St.  Louis  along  the  margin  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  thence  up  that  river  to  Belle 
Fontain.  The  valley  of  Florisant  is  also  very  rich  and  in  a  high  state 
of  cultivation.  The  valley  of  Riviere  des  Peres,  west  and  southwest 
of  the  city,  and  the  undulating  tracts  westward  from  the  city  to  the 
Missouri,  are  very  fertile,  and  well  settled. 

THE  CITY  OF  ST.  LOUIS  is  situated  twenty  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri  River;  174  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  River; 
744  Ijelow  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony;  1194  above  New  Orleans,  and 
128  miles  east  from  Jefferson  City,  the  State  Capital.  Lat.  38°  37' 
28"  N.,  Ion.  90°  15'  16"  W.  The  length  of  the  city,  by  the  course 
of  the  river,  is  about  nine  miles,  extending  four  miles  back;  but  the 
thickly  settled  portion  is  about  seven  miles  in  length,  by  three  and  a 
half  in  breadth; — is  regularly  laid  out,  the  streets  generally  being  60 
feet  wide,  and  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  buildings, 
both  public  and  private,  are  generally  of  the  most  substantial  char- 
acter, being  of  stone,  marble,  and  brick.  There  is  probably  no  city  in 
the  Union  of  its  size,  that  can  boast  a  better  class  of  public  buildings. 
The  two  leading  hotels,  in  point  of  size,  architectural  beauty,  magnifi- 
cence of  interior  finish,  or  convenience  and  completeness  of  detail,  are 
probably  unsurpassed  in  llie  United  States.  The  Lindell  Hotel,  on 
Washington  Avenue,  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1864,  and  the  Southern, 
corner  of  Fourth  and  Walnut  Streets,  in  the  fall  of  1865.  That  the 
reader  may  form  some  idea  of  the  "Lindell,"  a  few  statistics  are 


ST.  LOUIS    COUNTY.  393 

given:  Total  cost  of  hotel  and  lot,  $1,6'76,400;  total  floorage,  t 
acres;  area  of  plate  glass,  1  acre;  length  of  gas  pipe,  3  miles;  length 
of  carpeting,  18  miles;  area  of  plastering,  27  acres;  length  of  bell 
wire,  32  miles;  height  from  sidewalk,  112  feet.  The  Southern  Hotel 
is  not  so  large  as  the  Lindell,  but  in  some  respects  more  elegant,  and 
cost  $1,250,000.  Of  other  hotels,  there  are  the  Planter's,  Barnum's, 
St.  Nicholas,  Olive  Street,  Everett,  Broadway,  etc.,  numbering  34. 
There  are  93  churches  (17  of  which  were  erected  in  1866),  1  normal 
school,  1  high  school,  and  80  public,  and  54  private  schools,  3  com- 
mercial colleges,  4  universities,  4  medical  colleges,  10  female  semina- 
ries, 4  academies,  a  mercantile  library  with  upwards  of  30,000 
volumes,  a  public  school  library  with  12,000  volumes,  a  polytechnic 
institute  (affording  gratuitous  instruction  to  all  industrious  mechanics, 
artisans,  and  apprentices),  with  a  full  quota  of  asylums,  benevolent  so- 
cieties, etc. 

Early  History. — The  history  of  St.  Louis,  if  given  in  detail,  would 
fill  a  good-sized  volume.  A  few  notes  are  given  below,  furnished  by 
John  Reynolds,  an  early  settler.  As  stated  in  the  "  Historical  Epochs  " 
in  this  work,  an  enterprising  and  talented  merchant,  Pierre  Auguste 
Laclede,  from  New  Orleans,  on  the  15th  of  February,  1764,  laid  the 
foundation  for  this  famous  city,  and  erected  some  wooden  huts  near 
the  present  old  Market  Square.  St.  Louis  was  founded  on  commerce, 
and  that  branch  of  industry  has  been  its  main  support  in  its  unparal- 
leled growth  to  the  present  time. 

The  great  article  of  commerce  in  the  early  settlement  of  St.  Louis 
was  the  Lidian  trade  in  their  peltries  and  furs.  Lead  from  the  In- 
dians and  also  from  the  whites  formed  a  considerable  item  in  the  pio- 
neer commerce  of  St.  Louis.  Some  considerable  quantity  of  wild 
game,  deer,  buffaloes,  and  bears,  was  shipped  in  the  early  times  from 
St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans.  Surplus  wheat  and  flour,  raised  in  the 
American  Bottom,  Illinois,  added  somewhat  to  the  commerce,  at  that 
period. 

In  early  times  the  Missouri  River  furnished  more  furs  and  peltries 
to  St.  Louis  than  it  received  from  all  other  sources.  Before  St.  Tjouis 
was  founded,  hunters  and  trappers  visited  the  Missouri  River,  far  up 
toward  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  Indian  trade  from  St.  Louis  was 
also  extended  to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi  and  far  up  the  St. 
Peters  River. 

The  Indian  goods  received  at  St.  Louis  about  this  time  amounted 
annually  to  about  $35,000.  The  furs  and  peltries  were  generally  ship- 
ped to  Canada,  thence  to  Europe,  and  it  retjuired  four  years  to  make 
the  returns.    Toward  the  close  of  the  last  century,  the  annual  outfits 


394  ST.  LOUIS   COUNTY. 

of  Indian  poods  for  the  Missouri  River  increased  to  about  $G1,000. 
It  was  not  uncommon  to  ascend  tlie  Missouri  River  in  tliose  times  up- 
wards of  1000  miles,  in  the  prosecution  of  the  Indian  trade.  Com- 
panies were  formed  to  enter  fully  into  this  commerce,  as  individual 
enterprise  could  not  so  well  accomplish  it. 

An  Irish  jjcntleman.  Dr.  Andrew  Todd,  was  authorized  by  the  Span- 
ish government  to  prosecute  an  exclusive  trade  on  the  Missouri  River 
with  the  Indians,  and  he  located  himself  in  St.  Louis,  about  the  year 
IT 90.  In  1792  several  French  and  Spanish  traders  were  equipped 
by  Todd  to  trade  high  up  on  the  Missouri  River. 

For  fifteen  years  previous  to  1804,  the  average  value  annually  of 
the  furs  and  peltries  received  in  St.  Louis  was  $203,750.  The  annual 
average  number  of  deer  skins  was  150,000  ;  beaver  furs,  369,000  lbs.; 
otter,  8000  lbs.;  bear  skins,  5100,  and  bulialo  robes  only  850. 

The  French  traders  from  St.  Louis  had  occupied  the  country  east 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  before  the  year  1804,  when  Messrs.  Lewis 
and  Clark  explored  that  country  in  their  expedition  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  M.  Soiziel,  sustained  by  Mr.  August  Chouteau,  established  a 
fort  and  trading  house  on  an  island  in  the  Missouri  River,  near  the 
Great  Bend,  and  rendered  good  service  to  Lewis  and  Clark  in  their 
expedition  to  the  ocean. 

In  1808  the  Missouri  Fur  Company  was  formed,  and  was  composed 
of  p]manuel  Siza,  P.  Chouteau  and  others  of  St.  Louis,  and  Wm. 
Morrison  and  Pierre  Merald  of  Kaskaskia,  Illinois.  The  capital  was 
$40,000,  and  Major  Andrew  Henry,  the  father  of  General  James  D. 
Henry,  who  became  so  conspicuous  in  the  Black  Hawk  war  in  Illinois, 
in  1832,  was  the  main  agent  and  manager  of  the  Company  in  their 
operations  toward  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

This  company  formed  the  two  trading  houses  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains;  one  on  the  Coluinl)ia  River,  and  the  other  on 
Lewis  River. 

John  Jacob  Astor  &  Company  in  1809,  before  and  after  their  expe- 
dition to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  made  St.  Louis  a  resting  point,  which 
would  almost  entitle  it  to  the  honor  of  the  enterprise.  And  in  1819 
he  established  a  commercial  house  in  St.  Louis,  for  the  Indian  trade 
of  the  Missouri  River,  under  the  charge  of  Samuel  Abbott.  The 
early  great  wealth  of  Mr.  Astor  rested  mainly  on  ihe  house  in  St. 
Louis  for  its  existence. 

In  1812  the  Missouri  Fur  Company  was  dissolved,  and  private  in- 
dividuals, such  as  B.  Pratt,  P.  Chouteau,  J.  P.  Cabanne  and  E.  Siza, 
entered  into  the  Missouri  tralTic  with  the  Indians. 

About  this  time,  1819,  another  fur  company  was  organized,  and 


ST.  LOUIS    COUNTY.  395 

the  members  were  Joshua  Pilclier,  Emanuel  Siza,  Thomas  Hemp- 
stead, and  Capt.  Perkins.  This  company  was  intended  for  the  Rocky 
Mountain  trade,  but  did  not  succeed  as  well  as  those  composed  of 
Frenchmen. 

In  1823  Gen.  Ashley  entered  from  St.  Louis  into  the  Indian  trade 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  continued  in  it  for  several  years.  In  a 
battle  with  the  Cherokee  Indians,  he  lost  fourteen  men  killed  and  ten 
wounded.  He  discovered  the  famous  "South  Pass"  to  the  Pacific, 
and  made  a  large  fortune  in  the  trade.  To  a  fort  he  erected  in  the 
mountains.  Gen.  Ashley  conveyed  a  six-pound  cannon,  1200  miles,  and 
afterward  several  wagons  were  driven  across  the  plains  to  the  fort  in 
1828.  Gen.  Ashley  sold  out  his  furs  for  $180,000  and  retired  from 
the  trade.  Messrs.  Smith,  Jackson  and  Sublett  were  the  principal 
purchasers  of  Gen.  Ashley,  and  entered  into  a  company  for  the  Indian 
trade  and  trapping  on  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

In  the  time  of  Gen.  Ashley  two-fifths  of  the  men  perished  in  the 
trade,  and  I  know  the  French  population  suffered  greatly  in  this  com- 
merce. The  white  bears  devoured  many  of  the  hunters  and  trappers ; 
also  many  were  drowned.  The  energy  and  ambition  of  the  young 
men  to  encounter  danger,  and  even  death  itself,  is  surprising.  This 
commerce  enriched  St.  Louis,  but  it  diminished  greatly  the  ranks  of 
the  hardy  and  enterprising  population  of  the  West. 

The  French  villages  and  other  settlements  around  St.  Louis  fur- 
nished articles  of  commerce  in  early  times  to  it.  Carondelet,  or  Vide 
Pouche,  as  it  was  first  called,  was  settled  in  1*76*7,  but  furnished  very 
little  for  trade,  only  the  invention  to  arrange  a  cart  load  of  wood  ex- 
ceedingly narrow  with  large  side  surfaces  for  show.  St.  Charles  and 
St.  Ferdinand  villages  were  established  in  early  times,  and  added  some 
to  the  St.  Louis  commerce. 

In  these  early  times  the  almost  entire  language  spoken  in  St.  Louis 
was  the  French,  and  not  many  of  the  French  masses  could  speak  Eng- 
lish. The  leading  and  conspicuous  inhabitants  were  French,  and  most 
of  the  business  was  done  by  them.  The  farmers  and  boatmen  were 
generally  Frenchmen,  and  agriculture  and  navigation  were  conducted 
on  the  French  systems. 

The  inhabitants  of  St.  Louis  in  olden  times  cultivated  a  large  com- 
mon field  west  of  the  village.  This  field  mostly  supplied  them  with 
wheat  and  corn  for  bread.  The  range  was  then  exceedingly  good,  and 
the  stock  was  numerous.  The  fur  and  Indian  trade  was  carried  on 
from  this  town  on  almost  all  the  western  waters,  and  more  support  and 
wealth  were  realized  from  this  commerce  than  any  other.  The  lead 
trade  also  added  to  the  wealth  of  St.  Louis. 


396  ST.  LOUIS   COUNTY. 

History. —  In  the  year  1807  St.  Louis  presented  the  appearance  of 
a  French  vilhij^e,  as  much  as  if  it  were  located  in  France.  Nothing 
in  or  al)out  it  wore  the  aspect  or  appearance  that  it  was  witliin  the 
limits  of  the  United  States.  The  inhabitants  spoke  French  entirely, 
and  observed  all  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  mother  country, 
Franeo.  The  dress  of  the  people,  male  and  female,  was  foreign  to  an 
American.  The  voyageurs,  Couvieurs  du  Bois,  and  the  farmers, 
scarcely  ever  wore  a  hat,  but  tied  around  their  heads  a  blue  cotton 
handkerchief.  The  white  blanket-coat  was  the  general  wear  in  winter, 
and  in  summer,  a  cotton  white  shirt,  or  red  woolen  one,  was  about  all 
the  garments  the  masses  wore,  except  pantaloons  of  buckskin  in  the 
winter  and  colored  cotton  in  the  summer.  In  the  cold  weather  the 
masses  generally  wore  moccasins  on  their  feet,  and  in  summer,  they 
used  the  same  or  their  bare  feet.  It  was  common  for  the  males  to 
wear  a  belt  around  them  winter  and  summer,  wherein  was  fastened  a 
pouch,  generally  made  of  seal-skin  with  the  hair  on,  containing  to- 
bacco, a  pipe,  flint  and  steel;  so  that  they  could  enjoy  this  genial  lux- 
ury, at  any  time  or  place,  of  smoking.  This  habit  was  almost  univer- 
sal in  olden  times,  with  the  French  male  population  of  all  the  villages. 
In  the  belt  was  also  suspended  a  butcher-knife,  and  often  a  small 
hatchet.  Thus  equipped,  a  Frencliman,  with  a  clay  pipe  in  his  mouth, 
was  prepared  for  tlie  Rocky  Mountains,  or  a  hunt  in  the  neighbor- 
hood for  raccoons  and  opossums. 

The  merchants  and  the  upper  classes  dressed  genteelly,  and  deported 
themselves  with  the  manners  and  urbanity  of  polished  gentlemen. 

The  females  of  all  classes  were  always  dressed  with  taste  and  neat- 
ness. They  did  not  labor  in  the  fields,  or  much  anywhere  else  to  in- 
jure their  personal  appearance,  and  they  paid  much  attention  to  the 
display  of  their  beauty,  and  the  charms  which  nature  has  bestowed  on 
a  lovely  and  beaut ifid  female.  All  the  gayety  and  beauty  of  the  female 
Creoles  were  sustained  and  added  to,  in  a  tenfold  degree,  by  that  inno- 
cence, virtue,  and  chastity  which  were  so  signally  observed  by  this  class 
of  people  in  pioneer  times. 

The  dwellings  were  French,  constructed  a  la  mode  a  France,  and 
the  barns  stood  thick  on  the  present  Third  Street,  in  the  City  of  St. 
Louis.  These  barns  were  thatched  with  straw,  and  constructed  for 
the  most  part  with  cedar  posts  planted  in  the  earth;  the  intervals  be- 
tween the  posts  were  filled  up  witli  puncheons  of  split  Cottonwood. 
In  these  barns  were  stored  away  the  wheat  the  common  field  had  pro- 
duced, and  at  times,  hay  cut  in  the  prairie  was  also  housed  in  them. 

Small  round  towers,  constructed  of  sods,  extended  quite  around  the 
town.     These  towers  were  the  remains  of  the  ancient  fortifications 


ST.  LOUIS    COUNTY.  397 

erected  in  Spanish  times,  to  defend  it  against  the  Indian  and  English 
depredations.  Near  the  intersection  of  Walnut  and  Fourth  Streets 
stood  a  tower,  and  a  bastion  was  erected  in  the  northwest  section  of 
the  ancient  town,  not  far  off  from  an  extension  of  Third  Street  of  the 
city. 

At  that  early  day  a  bluff  of  perpendicular  rocks,  twenty  or  thirty 
feet  high,  extended  from  about  the  foot  of  Chestnut  Street  up  the 
river  bank  for  a  considerable  distance,  and  remained  there  for  many 
years. 

The  ferry  across  the  river  was  established  by  Mr.  Piggott  in  the 
year  1*796;  but  the  crossing  was  performed  in  the  ancient  French 
manner  by  canoes,  or  as  the  Americans  at  this  day  call  them,  dug  outs. 
When  horses  and  wagons  were  to  be  crossed,  two  large  canoes  were 
lashed  together  and  a  platform  was  placed  on  them.  The  Maelianan 
boats  were  at  times  used  as  ferry  boats. 

The  first  newspaper  printed  west  of  the  Mississippi  was  the 
"Louisiana  Gazette,"  commenced  in  1808,  by  Joseph  Charless,  of  St. 
Louis.  That  was  the  beginning  of  what  is  now  the  "  Missouri  Repub- 
lican," of  which  paper  Mr.  Charless  was  one  of  the  proprietors  at  the 
time  of  his  death. 

The  first  Methodist  church  was  established  here  in  1820 — founded 
by  Eev.  Jesse  Walker. 

In  1818,  in  St.  Louis,  a  Baptist  church  was  erected  on  Third  and 
Market  Streets,  and  occupied  the  site  of  the  National  Hotel.  The 
building  was  never  completed. 

In  1820  the  first  Episcopal  church  was  built  in  St.  Louis,  but  after- 
ward it  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Baptists. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Society,  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  the 
village,  sustained  a  Catholic  church.  The  Catholic  church  erected  on 
Elm  Street  was  completed  in  1818,  and  many  rich  presents  were  be- 
stowed on  it  from  Paris,  through  the  influence  of  Bishop  Du  Bourg. 

Dr.  Beck,  in  his  Gazetteer,  published  in  1823,  described  St.  Louis 
as  "  ajlourishing  post-town.^^  Having  grown  from  a  hamlet  to  a  city 
of  nearly  a  quarter  of  million  of  inhabitants,  within  half  a  century,  it 
would  not  appear  unreasonable,  in  view  of  its  unsurpassed  natural 
location,  and  freedom  from  the  local  causes  which  have  heretofore  re- 
tarded its  growth,  to  assume  that  it  will  in  the  next  decade  double  its 
present  population.  The  increase  from  1850  to  1860  was  82,913, 
equal  to  106^  per  centum,  while  that  of  New  York  City  during  the 
same  period  was  only  b%\,  and  that  of  Boston  30  per  cent.  The  pop- 
ulation of  St.  Louis  is  now  estimated  at  220,000. 

Adam  Smith,  in  his  Political  Economy,  says:   "A  great  city  must 


398  ST.  LOUIS    COUNTY. 

have  for  its  foundation  agriculture,  commerce,  and  manufactures."  The 
three  great  rivers  that  make  up  "el  Padre  de  los  a^urt.s" — the  father 
of  waters — furnish  upwards  of  15,000  miles  of  river  navigation,  with 
railways  radiating  from  this  city  to  the  four  quarters  of  this  continent, 
daily  increasing  in  length  and  importance,  should  answer  the  demands 
of  commerce;  900,000  square  miles  of  "the  garden  of  the  world" — 
the  Upper  Mississippi  valley — tributary  to  the  city,  would  certainly 
satisfy  the  demand  of  the  writer  as  to  our  agricultural  capacity;  and 
as  to  manufacturing,  St.  Louis  is  singularly  favored,  being  within  four 
hours'  time  by  railroad  of  a  mineral  region,  which  in  point  of  extent, 
variety,  or  purity  exceeds  any  other  on  this  continent.  Tin  has  been 
found  in  one  county  ;  gold  in  two  ;  nickel  in  two ;  kaolin  in  three  ; 
silver  in  five  ;  zinc  in  six;  copper  in  twenty-three;  lead  in  thirty-two; 
iron  in  thirty-four,  and  coal  in  thirty-six,  and  new  discoveries  are  con- 
stantly being  made.  Many  of  these  deposits  are  comparatively  un- 
developed. Enterprise  and  capital  are  wanted  for  the  development 
of  these  latent  sources  of  wealth,  and  fortunes  await  all  who  judici- 
ously embark  in  manufacturing  in  St.  Louis — especially  of  such  arti- 
cles as  are  now  brought  from  the  East,  for  making  which  we  have  the 
raw  materials  almost  at  our  very  doors.  The  flouring  business  is 
already  carried  on  more  extensively  than  in  any  city  in  the  West,  and 
St.  Louis  flour  commands  the  highest  price  in  every  market  in  this 
country.  Besides  other  encouraging  signs  of  progress  in  manufac- 
turing, four  blast  furnaces,  twenty  tons  each,  and  a  rail  mill,  with  a 
capacity  equal  to  supjtlying  the  present  and  prospective  demand  of 
all  railroads  west  of  the  Mississippi,  are  projected. 

As  an  inland  shipping  port,  St.  Louis  is  without  a  rival,  and  her 
steam  tonnage  exceeds  that  of  any  other  inland  city.  Each  stream 
which  contributes  to  the  commerce  of  this  port  has  its  regular  packets. 
[See  "Steam  Navigation  on  AVestern  Rivers."] 

Lippincott's  Gazetteer  of  the  World  says:  "The  natural  advant- 
ages Avhich  St.  Louis  enjoys,  as  a  commercial  emporium,  are  proba- 
bly not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  inland  port  in  the  world.  Situated 
midway  between  the  two  oceans,  and  near  the  geographical  center  of 
the  finest  agricultural  region  on  the  globe,  almost  at  the  very  focus 
toward  which  converge  the  Mississippi,  the  Missouri,  the  Ohio,  and 
the  Illinois  Rivers,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  she  is  destined,  at  no 
distant  period,  to  become  the  great  receiving  and  distributing  depot 
of  most  of  the  vast  region  drained  by  these  streams." 

Besides  her  natural  commercial  advantages,  as  indicated  above, 
which  have  given  St.  Louis  an  enviable  reputation  among  her  sister 
cities,  she  is  stretching  her  iron  arteries  north,  south,  southwest,  and 


ST.  LOUIS   COUNTY.  399 

west,  intended  not  only  to  traverse  the  great  grain-growing  districts 
of  all  the  northwest,  the  cattle-producing  districts  of  the  west  and 
southwest,  the  mineral  treasures  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  but  eventu- 
ally, and  at  no  very  distant  day,  to  span  the  western  portion  of  this 
vast  domain,  passing  through  the  territories  so  rich  in  precious  metals, 
on  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  the  latter  crossing  at  St.  Louis,  main 
trunk  lines  connecting  the  extreme  northern  portion  of  this  continent 
— far  beyond  St.  Paul — with  the  Gulf  at  New  Orleans,  and  Galveston 
by  distinct  routes,  each  passing  through  St.  Louis,  and  upon  all  of 
which  work  is  progressing. 

With  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  the  most  useful  minerals  at  her 
very  door,  in  the  midst  of  the  most  extensive  tracts  of  fertile  farming 
and  grazing  lands  in  the  world — in  area  equal  to  the  whole  of  Europe 
— with  railroad  and  river  communication  with  the  almost  boundless 
cotton  fields  of  the  Southern  States,  there  is  no  good  reason  why  St. 
Louis  shall  not  ere  long  become  as  famous  as  Sheffield,  Birmingham, 
and  Manchester,  in  the  manufacture  of  metals,  of  cotton,  and  of 
woolens,  and  at  the  same  time  increase  her  already  extensive  trade 
and  commerce. 

Suburban  Towns. — Yery  few  cities  are  favored  with  more  beautiful 
surroundings  than   St.  Louis.     Besides  the  many  private  mansions 
crowning  the  elevated  slopes  and  groves,  there  are  several  thrifty  vil- 
lages rapidly  gaining  favor,  located  on  the  railroads,  inhabited  prin- 
cipally by  business  men  of  the  city.     The  new  suburban  town,  Mont 
Cabanne,  promises  to  grow  more  rapidly  than  any  of  its  predecessors, 
judging  from  the  fact  that  upwards  of  eighty  lots  were  sold  during  the 
first  two  days  after  the  ofiice  was  opened,  in  January  last.     According 
to  the  published  programme  of  the  "West-End  Improvement  Co.," 
their  town  will  embrace  over  1200  building  lots,  fronting  more  than 
six  miles  on  avenues  eighty  to  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  in  width, — 
the  plot  being  elevated  over  100  feet  above  the  Mississippi  River, 
commanding  extensive  views  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country. 
The  company  grade  the  avenues,  plant  from  two  to  six  rows  of  shade 
trees  along  the  avenues,  and  lay  down  drain,  water,  and  gas  pipes, 
without  expense  to  the  citizens.     At  this  time.  May,  1867,  a  num- 
ber of  men  are  engaged  in  grading  streets,  erecting  tower  and  engine 
for  water  works,  and  building  an  independent  railroad  line,  to  be 
completed  (and  run  by  steam)  this  year  from  the  city  to  "Mont  Ca- 
banne."    Liberal  provisions  are  made  for  the  early  introduction  of 
churches,  universities,  colleges,  schools,  libraries,  and  reading-rooms. 
Being  only  four  miles  from  the  business  center  of  the  city,  this  new 
enterprise  is  of  great  importance,  as  furnishing  an  attractive  and  pleas- 


400  SHELBY   COUNTY. 

ant  home  to  those  who  would  reside  near  to  business,  and  still  enjoy 
pure  air.  pure  water,  and  be  free  from  the  smoke  and  dust  of  a  great 
commercial  city. 

Carondelet  was  oriprinally  six  miles  below  St.  Louis,  and  is  an  in- 
corporated city;  but  the  two  cities  arc  growing  so  rapidly  that  prop- 
ositions have  been  made  by  the  people  of  the  lesser  for  "annexation," 
which  will  proliably  result  in  the  whole  population  being  governed  by 
one  city  charter  at  an  early  day.  There  are  several  extensive  manu- 
factories, a  large  boat-yard  and  dry-docks,  and  numerous  public  insti- 
tutions in  Carondelet,  and  the  population  of  the  city  proper  is  now 
about  8000.  Between  St.  Louis  and  Carondelet  is  a  United  States 
Arsenal.  At  Jefferson  Barracks,  10  miles  below  the  city,  is  also  an 
extensive  cantonment,  where  troops  and  munitions  of  war  are  held  in 
reserve. 


SHELBY   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  east-northeast  part  of  the  State,  and 
contains  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  South  Tabius, 
North,  and  Salt  Rivers,  affluents  of  tlie  Mississippi. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  undulating,  more  than  half  the  county 
being  occupied  by  prairies,  the  timber  embracing  oaks,  walnut,  hick- 
ory, and  elms.  About  one-tenth  of  the  county  is  "bottom  land,"  and 
probably  three-fourths  tillable  upland.  The  prairies  are  based  on 
limestone,  and  the  deficiency  of  timber  is  compensated  by  the  abund- 
ance of  stone  coal,  which  is  found  a  few  feet  below  the  surface,  especi- 
ally along  Salt  River  and  Ten  Mile  Creek. 

The  Soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
barley,  sorghum,  hemp,  tobacco,  and  all  kinds  of  vegetables  and  fruit, 
except  peaches,  for  which  the  climate  is  not  favorable.  From  the 
abundance  of  native  grapevines,  the  soil  is  evidently  well  adapted  to 
grape  culture. 

Of  mills  and  manufactories,  there  arc  in  the  county  eight  saw-mills, 
five  grist-mills,  one  woolen  factory,  one  distillery,  and  one  tannery. 

SHELBYVILLE,  the  county-seat,  was  incorporated  in  1866,  and 
has  a  i)opulation  of  750,  is  8  miles  north  from  Slielbina,  a  brisk  town 
on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad.  The  latter  town  has  a 
population  of  about  1200,  and  has  more  than  doubled  during  the  past 
year.     There  are  good  openings  at  Slielbina  for  manufactories  and 


STODDARD    COUNTY.  401 

thrifty  business  men.  Clarence  is  also  a  thrifty,  growing  business 
center  on  the  railroad,  which  traverses  the  southern  tier  of  town- 
ships. 


STODDARD   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  State,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  Little  River,  and  on  the  west  by  St.  Francois  River. 

Physical  Features. — This  county,  as  well  as  Dunklin,  New  Madrid, 
Pemiscot,  and  Mississippi,  suffered  considerable  change  by  the  earth- 
quakes of  1811-12,  and  upon  many  maps  numerous  large  lakes  are 
represented  as  covering  much  of  the  surface  of  these  counties.  This 
is,  in  the  main,  quite  erroneous  (see  "  Submerged  Lands  of  Missouri," 
pp.  .30-38).  According  to  the  latest  estimates,  not  more  than  one- 
fourth  of  this  county  is  bottom  land,  and  nearly  all  tillable.  All  the 
county  is  heavily  timbered  (except  where  cultivated)  with  all  kinds  of 
oaks,  ash,  poplar,  hickory,  black  walnut,  etc. 

Soil  and  Products. — Corn,  sorghum,  tobacco,  and  all  kinds  of  grain, 
produce  well.  The  soil  is  of  an  alluvial  formation  in  the  bottoms, 
lighter  and  more  sandy  on  the  uplands.  All  kinds  of  fruit  that  have 
been  tried,  produce  good  crops.  Native  grapevines  are  abundant, 
and  bear  bountifully,  but  no  attention  given  to  grape  culture.  The 
most  profitable  business  will  be  stock  growing,  as  there  is  a  very  pro- 
lific yield  of  grass,  especially  upon  lands  that  are  too  wet  for  general 
farming  purposes,  and  the  winter  range  for  cattle  in  the  swamps  is 
hardly  excelled  anywhere. 

Castor  River  affords  excellent  water  power  for  mills,  woolen  facto- 
ries, etc.  Bog  iron  ore  is  abundant  in  the  swamps,  and  may  at  no 
distant  day  be  profitably  worked. 

Prospects. — The  Iron  Mountains  and  Southern  Railroad  is  being 
extended  southeast  from  Pilot  Knob  to  Belmont,  in  Mississippi 
County,  passing  through  Bloomfield,  the  county-seat  of  Stoddard. 
This  line  will  probably  be  intersected,  about  the  middle  of  the  eastern 
line  of  the  county,  by  a  line  from  Memphis  and  the  South, — thus 
giving  two  railroad  lines  entirely  across  the  county,  which  will  de- 
velop resources  in  Stoddard  now  unknown,  and  increase  its  wealth 
and  population  fourfold. 

26 


402  STONE    COUNTY. — SULLIVAN    COUNTY. 


STONE   COUNTY. 

Tliis  county  is  iu  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State,  borders  on  the 
Arkansas  line,  and  is  {renerally  broken  and  hilly — better  adapted  to 
grazing  and  fruit  growing  than  for  farming.  Al)Out  three-fourths  of 
the  county  is  timber  land — ash,  hickory,  oak,  and  pine  of  large  size. 
The  tillable  land  is  about  equally  divided  between  bottom  and  upland. 
Corn,  wheat,  oats,  Hungarian  grass,  hemp,  tobacco,  sugar-cane,  timo- 
thy, cotton,  and  all  kinds  of  fruit  yield  well.  White  River  and  its 
numerous  tributaries  furnish  fine  water  power  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses. Both  iron  and  lead  have  been  found  in  various  localities,  and, 
though  the  early  settlers  named  the  present  county-seat  "Galena,"  an- 
ticipating the  development  of  an  extensive  mining  region,  no  system- 
atic mining  has  yet  been  done ;  but  recent  discoveries  indicate  this  as 
a  rich  "mineral"  county.  Grist-mills,  saw-mills,  tub  and  pail  facto- 
ries, and  carding-machines,  could  be  profitably  established  upon  the 
excellent  water  power  on  the  James  Fork  of  White  River,  Crane 
Creek,  and  Flat  Creek.  Ten  to  twelve  feet  fall  can  be  obtained  with 
a  dam  of  five  or  six  feet — level  rock  bottom  and  good  banks. 


SULLIVAN   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  separated 
from  the  Iowa  State  line  by  Putnam  County,  and  on  the  dividing  line 
between  the  Chariton  on  the  east  and  Grand  River  on  the  west,  con- 
taining an  area  of  650  square  miles. 

Physical  Features. — About  two-thirds  of  the  county  is  rolling 
prairie,  and  one-third  timber,  interspersed  with  streams  running  al- 
most due  south,  and  parallel,  from  two  to  four  miles  apart.  Some  of 
the  streams  afford  water  power,  but,  being  fed  principally  by  surface 
water,  are  not  durable.  Water  for  stock  is  abundant,  and  clear,  cold 
soft  water  readily  obtained  by  digging  a  few  feet. 

Soil  and  Products. — The  surface  soil  varies  from  one  to  four  feet 
in  depth  upon  the  ridge,  and  in  the  bottoms  from  four  to  six  feet,  and 
consists  of  a  light,  sandy  loam.  Corn  is  the  principal  crop,  and  yields 
about  40  bushels  to  the  acre.  Wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  barley  are  but 
little  raised  of  late  years,  owing  to  tlie  chinch  bug  depredations.  Hay 
and  tame  grasses  yield  abundant  returns,  and  stock  raising  pays  well, 


TANEY    COUNTY.  403 

owing  to  the  extensive  tracts  "open"  belonging  to  non-residents,  who 
own  fully  one-third  of  the  best  lands  in  the  county. 

Comparatively  little  attention  has  been  given  to  fruit  growing  until 
quite  recently.  There  are  many  fine  groves  of  crab  apple  and  plum 
trees,  and  a  great  variety  of  wild  fruits,  which  indicate  that  the  soil 
and  climate  are  well  adapted  for  fruit. 

Improved  lands  are  worth  from  $1  to  $20  per  acre;  and  unim- 
proved, from  $3  to  $15 — timber  being  considered  most  valuable.  Here 
are  good  openings  for  woolen  factories,  and  for  enterprising,  intel- 
ligent farmers. 


TANEY  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  S.  S.W.  portion  of  the  State,  on  the 
Arkansas  State  line,  has  an  area  of  about  1000  square  miles,  and  had 
in  1860  a  population  of  3627.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1816 
and  1817,  by  Jacob  Youcheim,  Solomon  Youcheim,  Elijah  McAdo, 
and  Mr.  Denton.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  quite  broken  and  hilly, 
about  one-fourth  being  good  farming  land.  As  a  county  it  is  better 
adapted  to  raising  stock  and  fruit  than  for  ordinary  farming  purposes. 
The  principal  part  is  covered  with  heavy  forests  of  oak,  hickory,  and 
large-sized  yellow  pines.  It  is  well  watered  by  White  River  and  its 
tributaries,  some  of  which.  Little  and  Big  Beaver,  Swan,  and  Bull 
Creeks,  afl'ord  good  water  power  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Since 
the  close  of  the  war,  extensive  surface  explorations  have  settled  the 
question  that  there  are  rich  deposits  of  iron,  copper,  zinc,  and  lead — 
the  latter  paying  well  from  surface  diggings.  It  is  stated  that  two 
men,  with  only  an  axe  and  wooden  fork  as  tools,  took  out  1400  lbs. 
of  the  best  quality  of  lead  in  one  day,  on  Swan  Creek.  Twelve  local- 
ities are  given  in  the  Geological  Report,  where  lead  was  found  by  the 
State  Geologist,  and  one  of  copper:  20,000  pounds  were  then  taken 
from  a  shaft  but  ten  feet  deep,  while  a  neighboring  shaft  yielded 
170,000  lbs.  per  week.  AVlien  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  R.  R.  is  com- 
pleted to  Springfield,  it  will  furnish  an  outlet  to  this  region.  In  an- 
ticipation of  this,  and  owing  to  recent  rich  discoveries,  land  has  ad- 
vanced considerably,  and  companies  have  been  formed  for  mining  in 
this  county  upon  an  extensive  scale. 


404  TEXAS    COUNTY. 


TEXAS  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  in  the  southern  part  of  tlie  State,  lias  an  area  of 
aV)out  1250  square  miles.  The  so-called  Ozark  Mountains  extend 
through  this  county,  and  a  very  considerable  portion  of  it  is  what 
may  be  termed  "broken."  There  are  extensive  forests  of  yellow  pine, 
and  some  of  the  largest  pine-trees  in  the  State  are  found  in  this 
county.  The  surface  is  fertile,  but  the  county  at  large  is  better 
adapted  for  lumbering,  stock  raising,  fruit  growing,  and  mineral  ])ur- 
)>oses,  than  for  agriculture. 

The  first  settlements  in  the  territory  now  embraced  in  this  county 
were  made  in  1820, 'by  Patton,  Boone,  Truesdale,  lialdridge,  McDon- 
ald, Buckhardt,  Ormsby,  and  others,  who  built  saw-mills  at  an  early 
day  on  the  Piney  River,  and  rafted  the  lumber  to  St.  Louis,  down  the 
Gasconade  River.  If  lumbering  business  was  profitable  or  practicable 
30  or  40  years  ago,  when  the  State  was  a  wilderness,  and  St.  Louis 
had  less  than  9000  poi)ulation,  certainly  it  should  be  now,  when  we 
have  a  population  of  upwards  of  200,000,  and  an  unlimited  demand 
for  lumber  of  all  kinds,  to  supply  which  the  lumber  is  brought  several 
hundred  miles  by  river,  lake,  and  railroad.  Capitalists  would  do  well 
to  investigate  this  matter.  There  are  extensive  pineries  much  nearer, 
and  some  ©f  them  convenient  to  or  traversed  by  rivers  and  railroads. 

Iron  and  lead  ores  have  been  found  in  this  county,  but  its  present 
remoteness  from  railroad  communication  have  deterred  parties  from 
making  thorough  investigations  as  to  quantity  or  quality.  Clay  suit- 
able for  stone-ware,  and  lime  and  sand  stone  for  building  purposes  are 
abundant. 

HOUSTON,  the  county-seat,  in  common  with  the  greater  portion  of 
Missouri,  was  sadly  "demoralized"  by  the  war,  and  but  few  of  the 
original  200  population  were  left;  but  immigrants  are  settling  up  the 
county  rapidly,  and  many  of  the  towns,  almost  or  quite  depopulated 
by  the  war,  have  a  larger,  more  intelligent,  and  more  energetic  popu- 
lation now  than  ever  before.  From  Houston  to  Springfield,  80  miles; 
to  Ironton,  65 ;  to  nearest  point  on  the  Southwest  Pacific  II.  R.,  40 
miles. 


VERNON    COUNTY.  405 


VERNON  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  State  of  Kansas,  on  the 
east  by  St.  Clair  and  Cedar,  north  by  Bates,  and  south  by  Barton 
Counties.  This  county  was  formed  from  Bates  and  Cass  Counties,  Feb- 
ruary nth,  1851,  and  in  1860  contained  a  population  of  5062.  The 
assessors' returns  for  1859  gave  the  number  of  acres  subject  to  tax  at 
504,201,  being  a  larger  number  of  acres  than  any  county  returned  in 
the  State.  This  county  suffered  severely  during  the  war  of  the  re- 
bellion, and  was  one  of  those  entirely  depopulated,  but  it  is  now  being 
rapidly  filled  up  by  an  intelligent  and  energetic  class  of  citizens,  and 
the  next  census  will  show  a  larger  population  than  ever  before. 

The  Face  of  the  Country  is  generally  undulating,  with  rather  more 
timber  than  prairie.  The  prairies  are  of  a  rich  sandy  loam,  underlaid 
by  a  substratum  of  clay,  except  upon  the  large  mounds,  which  are  quite 
numerous  throughout  the  county,  where  the  yellow  limestone  soil  is 
found  very  productive.  There  is  an  abundance  of  timber  for  all  time 
to  come,  especially  when  it  is  considered  that  stone  coal  of  good  qual- 
ity is  found  almost  everywhere  upon  the  prairie  uplands.  The  timber 
is  large,  and  embraces  nearly  all  kinds  found  in  Southwest  Missouri 
except  cedar.  The  county  is  drained  by  the  Little  Osage  and  Mara- 
ton  Rivers,  Big  Dry  Wood,  Little  Dry  Wood,  east  and  west  forks  of 
Clear  Creek,  and  the  small  tributaries  of  each. 

The  Soil  is  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes.  Stock 
growing  is  a  very  successful  and  profitable  business,  for  which  the 
native  grasses  and  climate  render  this  county  peculiarly  well  adapted. 
Many  persons  do  not  feed  their  young  cattle  or  stock  hogs  during  the 
entire  year,  as  the  grass  in  the  timbered  bottoms  and  prairie  valleys 
never  dies,  unless  burned  down  by  prairie  fires,  and  the  "mast"  and 
roots  are  generally  very  abundant  for  hogs,  and  they  prefer  them  to  corn. 

Ruins  of  Earthworks  and  Furnaces  probably  constructed  by  De 
Soto  more  than  300  years  ago. — There  are  some  antifpiities  in  this 
county  which  have  caused  universal  curiosity  with  all  who  have  ever 
seen  them.  Tliey  arc  thus  described  by  K.  G.  Pearson,  in  a  commu- 
nication to  the  Jefferson  Inquirer,  in  January,  1847  :  "  Gold  and  Sil- 
ver Mines. — On  the  prairie,  between  the  waters  of  the  lower  Dry 
Woods  and  Clear  Creek,  in  Bates  (now  Yernon)  County,  are  to  be 
seen  the  signs  of  old  mining  operations,  consisting  of  four  ditches, 
four  or  five  feet  wide,  extending  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length — 
in  four  right  parallel  lines,  terminating  at  the  commencement  of  three 


406  VERNON    COUNTY. 

l)arallel  curved  ditches  of  like  dimensions — these  terminating  at  tlie 
commencement  of  two  others,  inversely  curved,  and  about  200  yards 
in  lenglli.  In  the  vicinity  of  these  ditches,  in  a  branch,  there  have 
been  found  very  fair  specimens  of  silver  ore  ;  and  about  12  miles  from 
this  place,  in  the  nearest  timber,  can  be  seen  the  foundations  of  three 
furnaces,  with  quantities  of  cinder,  among  which  has  been  found  a 
piece  of  pure  gold,  about  the  size  of  a  common  rifle  ball.  The  ruins 
of  these  works  are  readily  visible,  and  arrest  the  attention  of  the 
most  indillerent  passer-by.  It  is  probable  that  men  of  science  have 
labored  here,  and  with  a  well-paying  success,  but  history  is  silent  on 
the  subject." 

It  is  possible  that  the  earthwork  above  described  was  a  part  of  the 
fortification  made  by  De  Soto  in  1541-42,  for  his  winter  quarters,  and 
that  during  the  four  months' stay  of  himself  and  his  company  of  Span- 
iards, they  may  have  erected  and  used  the  furnaces,  for  the  purposes 
indicated.  There  is  no  question  about  his  having  crossed  the  Ozark 
Mountains,  each  way,  and  it  is  almost  certain  that  his  successor,  Mos- 
coso,  also  visited  the  country  west  of  the  Ozarks  in  1542.  In  the 
notes  of  his  expeditions,  De  Soto  mentions  a  place  called  "  The  land 
of  Tula,"  which  historians  have  located  on  the  divide  between  the 
Upper  Ouchita  River  and  the  Little  Missouri,  in  Arkansas.  Wilmer, 
in  his  Life  of  De  Soto,  states  that  Dc  Soto  and  his  troupe  "  passed 
over  a  rough  mountainous  country,  interspersed  with  gloomy  and 
almost  impenetrable  forests,  climbing  high  mountains,  and  crossing 
deep,  rapid  rivers,"  and  that  "  after  having  journeyed  more  than  240 
miles  from  Tula,  they  once  more  came  to  cultivated  lands  and  a  pop- 
ulous village,  bearing  the  name  of  Autiamgue.  Here  De  Soto' and 
his  companions  fixed  their  winter  quarters,  and  strongly  fortified  their 
village  to  defend  it  against  any  attacks  from  the  Indians.  They  re- 
mained here  during  the  winter,  and  left  in  April,  1542,  for  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  via  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas." 

Our  reasons  for  concluding  that  the  earthworks  and  furnaces  above 
described  were  constructed  by  De  Soto,  are,  1st — because  the  locality 
is  the  precise  distance  named  in  his  notes,  from  the  land  of  Tula  above 
named  ;  2d,  the  route  across  the  Ozark  ridge  is  well  described ;  3d, 
the  earthworks  are  similar  to  those  found  elsewhere,  used  to  aid  in 
fortifying  a  settlement;  4th,  they  were  in  search  of  precious  metals, 
and  the  construction  of  the  furnace  foundations  indicate  that  they  were 
built  by  men  conversant  with  the  arts  and  sciences ;  5th,  the  numer- 
ous mounds  in  the  vicinity,  as  well  as  the  tomahawks  and  arrow-points 
found  hereabouts,  indicate  this  to  have  once  been  a  populous  Indian 
village. 


WARREN    COUNTY.  407 

As  to  the  correctness  of  our  conclusions,  future  investigations  must 
determine ;  but  we  believe  this  to  have  been  the  winter  quarters  of 
Ferdinand  De  Soto  and  his  companions  in  1541-1542,  the  field  of 
their  mining  and  smelting  experiments,  and  the  burial  place  of  sev- 
eral of  De  Soto's  company,  one  of  whom  was  the  talented  interpreter 
Juan  Ortiz  (whose  thrilling  narrative  is  given  at  length  in  Wilmer's 
life  of  De  Soto). 


WARREN  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  Iliver, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  St.  Charles  and  Lincoln,  on  the  west  by  Mont- 
gomery, and  on  the  north  by  Lincoln  and  Montgomery  Counties. 

History. — The  first  settlements  upon  the  territory  now  embraced  in 
this  county  were  made  in  1801  and  1802,  by  Flanders  Calaway,  David 
Bryan,  William  and  Robert  Ramsey,  and  Thomas  Kennedy.  The 
last  named  settled  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county.  All  the  others 
located  near  the  Missouri  River.  The  incidents  related  of  the  early 
settlement  of  St.  Charles  County  were  transacted  before  either  Mont- 
gomery or  Warren  were  taken  from  St.  Charles  County.  The  original 
tombs  of  Col.  Daniel  Boone  and  wife  are  still  preserved,  near  Mar- 
thasville,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  marked  by  a  rough  block 
or  slab  of  limestone,  which  still  bears  the  rude  but  plain  inscription 
cut  upon  it  by  inexperienced  but  friendly  hands.  Both  Col.  Boone 
and  his  wife  died  in  St.  Charles  County,  were  buried  in  Warren,  and 
afterward  their  remains  were  removed  to  Frankfort,  Ky. 

Physical  Features. — The  extent  of  this  county  along  the  river  is 
about  twenty-six  miles,  and  next  the  stream  lies  a  rich,  heavily  tim- 
bered bottom,  varying  from  one  to  five  miles  in  width.  Parallel  to 
this  extends  a  range  of  rugged  river  bluffs,  affording  valuable  building 
stone,  which  outcrops,  and  is  easily  quarried.  These  hills  and  slopes 
are  well  timbered,  and  in  many  places  mineral  deposits  have  l)een 
found  upon  them.  They  are  in  some  places  too  broken  for  cultivation. 
The  northern  portion  is  better  adapted  to  agriculture — the  prairies 
being  larger  and  the  soil  more  fertile.  Besides  the  Missouri,  the 
county  is  drained  by  Big,  Massie's,  Smith's,  Charette,  and  Bear 
Creeks.     There  are  numerous  fine  springs  in  the  county. 

The  Soil  produces  paying  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  corn,  oats, 
sorghum,  tobacco,  potatoes,  hemp,  fiax,  clover,  grass,  apples,  pears, 
peaches,  grapes,  plums,  cherries,  and  all  small  fruits  in  abundauce. 


408  WASHINGTON    COUNTY. 

Among  the  advantages  possessed  by  this  county  may  be  named  her 
facilities  for  transporting  her  products,  eitlier  by  tlie  Missouri,  whicli 
forms  her  southern  boundary,  or  by  the  North  Missouri  Railroad, 
wliicli  traverses  the  county  ;  and  the  desiraljle  division  of  tiniljcr  laud 
and  the  most  fertile  prairie  and  bottom  lands. 

WARRENTON,  the  county-seat,  57  miles  from  St.  Louis,  had  in 
February,  1867,  a  population  of  600;  8  churches;  2  schools ;  8  dry 
goods  stores  ;  7  drug  stores,  grogshops,  and  groceries;  3  shoemakers  ; 

2  tin  shops;   3  hotels;   5  lawyers,  and  4  doctors;  3  carpenter  shops; 

3  saddle-,  harness-,  and  wagon-makers;  one  saw-  and  grist-mill.  Here 
also  is  the  Western  Educational  Institute  and  Orphan  Asylum. 
Wright  City,  population,  200  ;  church  burnt  down.  It  has  1  school ; 
6  dry  goods  and  grucery  stores;  2  wagon-makers  and  blacksmith 
shops;  2  tobacco  factories;  1  doctor,  and  no  lawyer.  Pendleton,  in- 
habitants 65  ;  2  dry  goods  stores  and  groceries ;  2  wagon-makers  and 
blacksmith  shops.  Marthasville,  Pinckney,  Pendleton,  and  Bridge- 
port, have  stores,  etc.,  and  are  small  business  centers. 


WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  St.  Fran9ois,  northeast  by 
Jefferson,  north  by  Franklin,  west  by  Crawford,  and  south  by  Iron 
Counties. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  is  generally  broken  and  sterile — 
interspersed  with  hills,  ridges,  and  knobs,  some  of  which  attain  an 
altitude  of  from  200  to  300  feet  above  the  valleys.  Timber  abundant, 
consisting  principally  of  white  and  black  oak,  yellow  pine,  hickory, 
ash,  sugar  maple,  cedar,  etc.  Yellow  pine  is  principally  confined  to 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  county.  This  county  is  almost  an  en- 
tire lead  field,  with  a  bed  of  limestone  and  sandstone  rock,  and  a  soil 
of  clay  from  one  to  ten  feet  in  depth.  The  deepest  clay  beds  are  gen- 
erally uppermost  on  the  ridges.  The  uplands  are  really  flat  ridges, 
with  a  good  subsoil  of  red  and  yellow  clay  especially  well  adapted 
to  fruit  culture.  The  alluvial  soil  is  very  productive,  and  yields 
abundant  crops  of  all  kinds  of  agricultural  products.  "Little  Pilot 
Knob,"  a  point  of  some  note,  is  situated  in  the  south  part  of  T.  38, 
and  is  crossed  by  the  5th  principal  meridian  line,  has  an  altitude  of 
about  1500  feet  above  the  Miss.,  at  St.  Louis,  and  the  ridges  of  this 
region  culminate  at  this  point.     These  ridges  occasionally  break  into 


WASHINGTON    COUNTY.  409 

blufifs,  presenting  strata  of  sandstone,  flint  and  limestone,  some  va- 
rieties of  which  are  excellent  for  building  purposes. 

Minerals. — In  some  respects  this  is  considered  the  richest  county 
in  minerals  in  the  State.  There  is  scarcely  a  township  in  the  whole 
county  in  which  lead  ore  cannot  be  found  ;  but  the  raining,  until  re- 
cently, has  been  in  "surface  diggings,"  extending  from  10  to  40  feet  in 
depth.  Notwithstanding  some  of  these  mines  have  been  worked 
almost  constantly  for  more  than  a  century,  yielding  large  products, 
the  deposit  seems  to  increase  the  farther  the  veins  are  followed ;  and 
there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  main  bodies  of  ore  lie  still 
below  most  of  the  present  diggings.  Besides  lead  ore,  there  are  in 
this  county  silver,  copper,  chalk,  copperas,  black-lead,  brimstone,  zinc, 
and  even  gold  is  alleged  to  have  been  discovered.  Only  lead,  copper, 
and  zinc  have  been  worked  to  any  extent.  Some  thirty-five  years 
ago  Captain  Hughes  and  Elisha  Wallen  discovered  a  bed  of  copper 
ore  some  eight  miles  west  from  Iron  Mountain,  which  they  worked  for 
some  time,  and  smelted  in  a  rude  furnace  near  Big  River,  on  Hughes 
Creek.  This  was  probably  the  first  copper  smelted  in  the  State;  and 
though  copper  mining  at  that  day,  and  under  all  the  disadvantages, 
and  with  the  inexperience  of  the  operators,  proved  profitable,  the 
mines  or  diggings  have  not  been  worked  for  several  years.  Seven  miles 
northwest  from  this  mine  is  another  extensive  deposit  of  copper,  and 
still  another  northeast,  and  the  indications  are  that  it  is  very  abundant. 
About  two  miles  west  from  Irondale  is  the  eastern  boundary  of  a  cir- 
cular-shaped zinc  field,  which  has  a  circumference  of  from  eight  to 
ten  miles.  The  ore  is  the  carbonate  and  silicates,  and  crops  out  in 
several  localities;  masses  weighing  TOO  and  800  lbs.  having  been  mined 
from  a  depth  of  three  or  four  feet  below  the  surface.  Small  smelting 
furnaces  were  erected  here  some  years  ago  by  the  Messrs.  Anderson, 
and  some  pig  zinc  and  oxide  made  from  this  ore.  Hematite  iron  ore 
has  been  found  very  abundant,  and  sulphate  of  barytes  or  heavy  spar, 
called  by  miners  "white  tiff,"  is  found  in  various  parts  of  the  country, 
and  has  become  an  article  of  considerable  commercial  value. 

History — Prof.  Litton,  in  the  State  Geological  Report,  remarks 
that  "it  was  in  this  county  that  the  first  mining  of  lead  ore,  in  Mis- 
souri, was  commenced."  But  explorations  were  made  through  the 
Territory,  under  Crozat,  who  relinquished  his  patent  to  the  kiqg  in 
1717;  and  Schoolcraft  (who  is  good  authority)  states  that  in  1719 
Sieur  de  Lochon  prospected  along  the  ^Nlaramec,  and  succeeded  in 
raising  from  two  to  three  thousand  pounds  of  ore,  from  which  he  ex- 
tracted some  lead,  and  two  drachms  of  silver.  He  abandoned  the 
enterprise,  and  was  succeeded  by  a  Spaniard  named  Anionic,  who  met 


410  WASHINGTON   COUNTY. 

with  no  better  success.  La  Kenaudiere  and  a  company  of  the  king's 
miners  next  undertook  to  mine  for  lead,  but  having  no  knowledge  of 
the  proper  construction  of  furnaces,  soon  abandoned  the  enterprise  to 
a  private  company,  of  whom  Sieur  Renault  was  one  of  the  directors, 
and  by  whom  the  works  were  superintended.  Renault  established 
himself  near  Fort  Cbartres,  Illinois,  and  sent  prospecting  parties  in 
every  direction  through  portions  of  Illinois  and  (the  then)  Upper 
Louisiana.  "  These  parties  were  either  headed  by  Renault,  or  by  M. 
La  Motte,  an  agent  versed  in  the  knowledge  of  minerals,  whom  he  had 
brought  over  with  hira.  In  one  of  the  earliest  of  these  excursions  La 
Motte  discovered  the  lead  mines  on  St.  Fran9ois,  which  bear  his  name; 
and  at  a  subsequent  period  Renault  made  a  discovery  of  those  ex- 
tensive mines  north  of  Potosi,  which  continue  to  be  called  after  the 
discoverer."*  Mine  ii  Breton  was  discovered  by  Francis  Breton, 
about  the  year  17G3,  on  what  is  now  known  as  Breton  Creek,  near 
where  the  present  city  of  Potosi  stands.  M.  Breton  obtained  a  grant 
of  four  acres  as  a  compensation  for  his  discovery;  and  afterward  went 
to  Little  Rock  Ferry,  some  three  or  four  miles  above  Ste.  Genevieve, 
where  he  resided  a  number  of  years,  and  died  about  thirty  years  ago 
at  a  very  advanced  age. 

Other  mines  of  lead  were  also  found,  but  their  distinctive  appella- 
tions have  not  survived.  A  proof  of  the  diligence  with  which  Renault 
and  others  prosecuted  their  objects  is  furnished  by  the  number  and 
extent  of  the  old  diggings  which  are  now  found  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.  There  are  reasons  to  conclude  that  great  quantities  of  lead 
were  made.  It  was  conveyed  to  the  river  on  pack-liorses,  sent  to 
New  Orleans  in  boats,  and  thence  chiefly  shipped  to  France.  The 
first  regular  shaft  sunk  in  this  mining  district  was  by  Moses  Austin, 
from  Virginia,  who  received  a  concession  of  one  league  of  land,  com- 
prehending what  was  considered  the  best  part  of  the  mineral  land, 
upon  condition  that  he  should  erect  a  smelting  furnace,  and  also  manu- 
facture sheet  lead.  Tliis  grant  was  made  to  him  in  1703,  and  he  com- 
plied with  it  by  the  erection  of  a  log  furnace,  and  manufactured  sheet 
lead  by  pouring  the  melted  lead  upon  a  flat  rock,  where  it  formed  in 
sheets  about  three  feet  square. 

"  Durham  Hall,"  at  Potosi,  for  several  years  past  the  residence  of 
(the  late)  John  Deane,  was  erected  about  the  year  1794,  and  at  the 
time  of  its  erection  probably  the  most  costly,  and  in  many  respects 
the  best  dwelling-house  in  the  State.  Some  important  incidents  in 
history  are  connected  with  "Durham  Hall."     It  was  during  his  resi- 

*  Sclioolcr.aft's  View  of  the  Lcml  Mines  of  Misf^ouri. 


WASHINGTON    COUNTY.  411 

dence  here  that  Moses  Austin  planned  and  carried  into  execution  the 
"Expedition  to  Texas,"  which  resulted  in  the  settlement  of  Texas, 
and  subsequently  her  annexation  to  the  United  States,  followed  by  the 
Mexican  war,  the  acquisition  of  California,  etc.  Moses  Austin  went 
to  Texas  in  1819,  made  a  claim,  received  a  grant  from  Mexico  upon 
condition  that  he  would  bring  in  a  certain  number  of  permanent  set- 
tlers. He  returned  to  Missouri  in  1820  to  form  a  colony  to  go  with 
him,  but  died  at  Hazel  Run  without  ever  returning.  His  son,  Stephen 
F.  Austin,  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  from  this  county  in  1818, 
moved  to  Arkansas  in  1819,  where  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas ;  and  after  his  father's  death  went  to  Texas  to  fulfill 
the  requirements  of  the  grant  made  by  Mexico.  He  was  for  some 
time  imprisoned  in  ]Mexico,  and  after  his  release  induced  a  number  of 
families  from  this  county,  and  those  adjoining,  to  move  to  Texas  ; 
which  enabled  him  to  carry  out  the  provision  of  the  grant  made  to  his 
father.  There  is  not  a  single  member  of  this  important  pioneer  family 
now  residing  in  the  State.  The  original  grant  made  by  the  Spanish 
Government  to  Moses  Austin  (and  confirmed  by  the  U.  S. )  embraced 
5408  acres,  of  what  were  then  deemed  the  best  mineral  lands  in  the 
country,  and  a  county  surveyor  stated  there  could  be  a  paying  mine 
struck  on  almost  any  100  acres  of  the  entire  tract. 

The  first  permanent  settlements  were  made  here  in  1721  or  1122,  by 
miners,  who  mined  to  some  extent  from  that  time  to  1740,  under  Re- 
nault and  the  Company  of  the  West.  In  1798  the  first  regular  shaft 
was  sunk  by  Moses  Austin  and  sons,  from  Virginia,  already  alluded  to. 

In  1811,  when  Schoolcraft  visited  Potosi,  he  stated  it  to  contain  70 
voters,  and  about  200  inhabitants.  There  were  then  45  principal 
mines  or  diggings  within  a  circumference  of  less  than  40  miles.  Po- 
tosi and  its  vicinity  then  yielded  annually  about  three  millions  of 
pounds  of  lead,  and  furnished  employment  to  from  1100  to  1200  hands. 
Prepared  ore  delivered  at  the  furnaces  was  worth  $2  per  cwt.,  paid 
principally  in  merchandise.  Pig  lead  sold  at  $4  at  tlie  mines,  and 
$4.50  at  the  river,  and  at  $7  in  the  Atlantic  cities.  From  1816  to 
1820  the  quantity  of  lead  made  diminished,  with  the  decreasing  de- 
mand, but  works  revived  again  in  1821  and  '22.  In  1817  an  academy 
company  was  organized  upon  a  liberal  scale.  In  1822  the  town  (in- 
cluding Mine  a  Burton,  then  an  old  settlement)  contained  80  build- 
ings, including  a  court-house,  jail,  and  academy,  several  stores,  distil- 
leries, saw-mill,  and  flour- mills,  and  several  lead  furnaces. 

"Old  Mines"  were  opened  and  wrought  by  Renault  in  172G,  when 
be  was  in  the  employ  of  the  Company  of  the  West,  and  settled  by 
Auguste  Valle  and  about  30  others,  under  a  concession  from  Governor 


412  WASHINGTON   COUNTY. 

Delassus,  dated  Feb.  3d,  1804.  John  T.  Smith  settled  there  in  1800. 
Mine  :i  llenault  was  discovered  by  Renault  in  1724,  when  in  search 
of  silver,  under  the  King  of  France. 

[The  particulars  respecting  the  discovery  and  early  working  of  the 
lead  mines  will  be  found  in  the  American  State  Papers,  vol.  i.  p.  188; 
and  a  list  of  titles  granted  in  same,  vol.  iii.  p.  2il3.] 

Philip  Cole,  Esq.,  one  of  the  oldest  citizens  of  this  county,  stated 
that  he  had  seen  500  windlasses  running  at  one  time  in  the  mines 
about  Potosi.  Each  mine  requiring  at  least  4  hands,  would  make  an 
aggregate  of  2000  persons  raining,  in  1824-25.  He  says  that  three 
men  took  out  $10,000  worth  of  mineral  in  one  summer,  and  sold  it  for 
$10  per  1000  lbs.  The  mineral  at  that  time  was  carried  to  Ste.  Gene- 
vieve in  French  carts  with  tireless  wheels,  and  instead  of  yokes,  the 
oxen  had  each  a  stick  tied  across  the  horns,  by  which  they  drew  the 
load.  The  driver  unloaded  a  portion  of  the  lead  at  the  bottom  of  the 
hill,  carried  it  up  himself,  and  reloaded  at  the  top.  Mark  the  change  ! 
Now  that  there  is  a  railroad  running  to  the  very  heart  of  this  raining 
district,  and  smelting  furnaces  in  operation,  the  proprietors  of  which 
will  buy  the  mineral  as  fast  as  dug,  and  pay  for  it  at  the  hole  (or 
mine),  requiring  only  one-tenth  of  the  mineral  procured  for  the  privi- 
lege of  digging  wherever  the  miner  may  think  best;  yet  there  are 
now  less  than  150  miners  in  the  whole  county  who  follow  it  steadily 
as  a  business,  and  the  furnaces  would  be  idle  if  they  depended  upon 
volunteer  miners  to  furnish  the  mineral.  This  class  work  in  a  hap- 
hazard manner  from  2  to  4  hours  per  day,  and  take  out  enough  min- 
eral to  make  a  good  living — to  supply  their  daily  wants — which  is  all 
they  care  for.  This  district,  once  worked  by  2000  miners  at  a  time, 
has  not  now — nor  has  it  had  during  the  past  8  years — over  150  miners 
upon  its  entire  area;  and,  probably,  not  a  single  miner  in  the  county 
has  made  a  systematic  business  of  it,  and  worked  regularly  through 
the  entire  year.  Allured  and  dazzled  by  the  prospect  of  speedily 
acquiring  fortunes  in  the  gold  mines,  these  rainers  have  abandoned  the 
lead  mines  throughout  the  State,  and  gone  to  California,  Nevada, 
Montana,  etc.;  and  to-day  their  places  remain  open  to  any  who  will 
fill  them.  There  are  thousands  of  able-bodied  men,  waiting  about 
large  cities,  seeking  employment,  who  could  easily  make  a  living  here, 
and,  by  industry  and  perseverance,  araass  fortunes  in  the  mining  dis- 
tricts of  this  State.  The  necessary  tools  are  a  pick  and  a  shovel — 
the  windlass  they  can  make  themselves ;  the  total  capital  to  begin 
with  need  not  exceed  $G ;  and  the  mineral  is  bought  and  paid  for  at 
the  diggings,  as  fast  as  dug,  and  hauled  from  the  mine  to  the  smelting 
furnace  by  the  smelters. 


WASHINGTON    COUNTY.  413 

If  these  facts  were  generally  known  by  the  young  men  of  the  United 
States,  there  would  be  less  idleness — less  penury  and  want ;  and,  be- 
sides reaping  a  rich  reward  for  their  labors,  they  would  aid  in  devel- 
oping the  mineral  resources  of  this  great  mineral  State. 

A  Word  to  Capitalists. — There  is  every  reason  for  believing  that, 
although  our  mines  have  been  worked  for  more  than  a  hundred  years, 
and  millions  of  pounds  of  the  best  of  ore  taken  out  annually,  the  real 
true  leads,  lying  below,  have  never  been  reached.  The  mining  here 
has  been  confined  to  shallow  surface  diggings,  and  however  rich  the 
vein  may  be  they  are  at  work  upon,  when  they  go  so  low  as  to  be 
troubled  with  water,  the  miners  abandon  their  diggings  and  commence 
anew  elsewhere.  There  are  hundreds  of  localities  where,  by  the  erec- 
tion of  machinery  for  keeping  out  the  water,  these  shafts  could  be 
worked  with  profit;  and  as  the  richest  veins  in  the  State  lie  from  50 
to  170  feet  below  the  surface,  is  it  not  probable  that,  by  continuing 
these  shafts  (now  from  15  to  20  feet  deep),  that  these  mines  could  be 
made  more  profitable  than  ever  before  ? 

Public  Improvements.— This  county  is  traversed  by  the  Iron  Mount- 
ain Railroad,  for  the  construction  of  which  the  county  subscribed  lib- 
erally, and,  after  its  completion,  the  citizens  of  Potosi,  being  four  miles 
from  the  main  line,  determined  to  build  a  branch  to  intersect  it.  Then 
there  were  but  300  white  inhabitants  in  the  town,  yet  the  road  was 
built  at  a  cost  of  $34,000,  the  cash  paid  on  its  completion,  and  the 
road  finished  in  three  months  instead  of  twelve,  the  contract  time. 
The  opening  of  this  branch  road  was  celebrated  July  4th,  1859.  The 
junction  with  the  main  line  is  at  Mineral  Point. 

There  are  twelve  to  fifteen  steam  and  water  power  saw-mills  in 
the  county,  which,  in  some  seasons,  have  manufactured  upwards  of 
10,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  principally  shipped  to  St.  Louis.  There 
is  no  good  reason  why  much  of  the  lumber  now  brought  from  the 
pineries  of  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  through  Chicago,  should  not 
be  manufactured  here,  and  in  our  other  lumbering  districts,  much 
cheaper. 

TOWKS. — The  seat  of  justice,  Potosi.  is  situated  near  the  center 
of  the  county,  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  group  of  hills,  covered  with 
a  heavy  growth  of  oak  and  pine  trees.  Except  Ste.  Genevieve,  this  is 
the  oldest  town  in  the  State.  The  location  is  pleasant  and  healthy, 
the  people  generally  intelligent,  enterprising,  and  hospitable.  This, 
in  common  with  most  of  the  towns  in  the  interior,  sullered  severely 
during  the  war.  There  are  good  openings  for  mechanics,  manufac- 
turers, miners,  and  Northern  or  Eastern  men  of  cai)ital  and  enterprise — 
labor  iscapUal.     Irondale  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Iron  Mountain 


41 1  WAYNE    COUNTY. 

Railroad,  sixty-nine  miles  from  St.  Louis,  seventeen  from  Pilot  Knob, 
and  ten  from  Potosi,  laid  out  by  John  G.  Scott,  Esq.,  in  the  spring 
of  1851).  The  town  is  the  center  of  a  very  fertile  farming  region,  and 
surrounded  by  a  rich  mineral  district.  Iron,  coi)i)er,  and  lead  mines 
have  been  successfully  worked  near  the  town.  Messrs.  J.  G.  Scott  & 
Co.  erected  at  Irondale  a  large  iron  smelting  furnace,  which,  in  point 
of  capacity  and  cuni])letencss,  according  to  its  size,  is  one  of  the  best 
in  the  United  States.  It  is  now  tlie  property  of  Edw.  Harrison,  and 
is  being  worked  with  great  success  and  profit.  Caledonia  was  first 
settled  about  1822,  is  twelve  miles  south  from  Potosi,  surrounded  by 
a  beautiful  range  of  hills,  in  Bellevue  Valley,  the  best  body  of  farming 
land  in  the  county.  Old  Mines  was  settled  as  early  as  1726  by  miners, 
who  worked  under  Renault  for  the  Company  of  the  "West.  In  1804 
it  was  settled,  under  Augustus  and  Basil  Yalle,  by  about  thirty  miners. 
The  Yalles  received  a  concession  from  Gov.  Delassus  to  the  miners 
at  this  place.  Mineral  Point  is  sixty- one  miles  from  St.  Louis — the 
junction  of  the  Potosi  Branch  with  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad. 
Cadet,  57  miles,  and  Hopewell,  65  miles  from  St.  Louis,  are  each 
railroad  stations  and  shipping  points  for  several  lead  furnaces. 


WAYNE   COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Slate,  and 
the  territory  now  included  within  its  borders  was  first  settled  in  1801, 
but  the  settlements  have  been  principally  confined  to  the  valleys,  and 
being  remote  from  railroad  or  river  navigation,  and  so  little  known 
of  the  mineral  wealth,  the  county  has  been  but  slowly  settled ;  and 
in  1860  the  population  of  the  whole  county  was  but  5333. 

Physical  Features. — The  general  character  of  the  surface  is  broken, 
the  valleys  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  farming  purposes,  while  some  of 
the  uplands  produce  satisfactory  crops  of  all  kinds  of  fruit,  and  some 
of  the  so-called  "ridges"  have  produced  as  high  as  fifty  bushels  of 
corn  and  twenty  to  thirty  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre.  Yellow 
pine,  oaks,  hickory,  walnut,  cherry,  etc.,  grow  to  a  very  large  size. 
The  St.  Fran9ois  and  its  tributaries,  together  with  numerous  clear 
cold  springs,  afford  an  abundance  of  water.  Water  power  for  mills 
and  manufactories  can  be  found  on  Clark  Creek  and  Bear  Creek. 
Some  fine  agricultural  lands  in  the  valleys,  and  in  range  4  east,  town- 


WAYNE    COUNTY.  415 

ship  29 ;  in  range  5  east,  townships  21,  28,  and  29  ;  also  in  ranges  6 
and  Y  east,  in  townships  27,  28,  29,  and  30. 

Minerals. — Wayne  County  is  very  rich  in  minerals,  but  little  has 
been  done  toward  developing  them.  Hematite  iron  has  been  discov- 
ered to  be  very  abundant  in  the  central  and  southeastern  parts  of  the 
county  ;  and  specimens  of  the  ore  have  been  taken  out  at  the  follow- 
ing localities,  some  of  which  are  very  extensive  beds,  and  of  superior 
qualities  :  range  4  east,  townships  27,  28,  and  on  section  24  of  town- 
ship 30 ;  in  range  5  east,  sections  9  and  16,  township  3 ;  in  ranges  6 
and  7  east,  townships  28,  29,  and  30.  The  Western  Journal  and 
Civilian,  one  of  the  most  wide-awake,  progressive  papers  ever  pub- 
lished in  the  West,  in  1852  said  :  "  Notwithstanding  the  vast  amount 
of  iron  ore  found  in  the  Iron  ]Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob,  I  am  of  the 
opinion  Wayne  County  contains  more  iron  ore  than  any  county  in  the 
State,  and  probably  nearly  as  much  water  power."  Copper  ore  is  also 
abundant ;  an  extensive  copper  region  extends  from  Iron  and  Madi- 
son down  into  the  north  central  part  of  Wayne.  A  high  jaspery  ridge, 
called  Copper  Mountain,  passes  through  section  24,  township  30, 
range  4  east,  and  sections  18  and  19,  township  30,  range  5  east,  etc. 
Lead  veins  have  been  discovered  on  section  8,  township  20,  range  4 
east,  and  strong  indications  of  good  deposits  in  townships  29  and 
31,  range  4  east. 

Chalybeate  springs,  the  medicinal  properties  of  which  are  highly 
spoken  of,  are  in  section  24,  township  30,  range  4  east,  and  section 
18,  township  30,  range  5  east. 

When  the  mineral  wealth,  the  extent  of  her  agricultural  resources, 
and  her  valuable  timber  lands  sliall  be  properly  represented,  and  a 
cheap  and  speedy  transit  to  reliable  markets  secured  by  the  extension 
of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad  through  this  county  to  the  South, 
Wayne  will  rank  among  the  most  populous  and  important  counties  of 
Southeast  Missouri. 

GREENVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  on  the  north  half  of  section  13, 
township  28,  range  5  east,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  St.  Fran9ois  River, 
with  a  good  agricultural  district  above  and  below  in  the  valleys.  This 
portion  of  the  State  suffered  greatly  during  the  war,  but  the  popula- 
tion is  now  about  as  in  1860,  when  it  was  as  follows  :  population  of 
Greenville  about  200 ;  Patterson,  30 ;  Collier,  30 ;  Grangerville, 
50.  Distance  from  Greenville  to  the  railroad  at  Pilot  Knob,  40  miles ; 
to  the  Mississippi  River,  65  miles. 


416  WEBSTER    COUNTV. — WORTH    COUNTY. 


WEBSTER  COUNTY. 

Tliis  county  is  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  Southwest  Missouri, 
and  lias  an  area  of  about  550  square  miles,  and  was  formed  from  por- 
tions of  Wricjht  and  Green  Counties. 

Physical  Features. — The  principal  part  of  the  county  is  rough, 
broken,  timber  land.  The  Ozark  hills  extend  tlirough  the  center  of 
the  county,  and  many  of  the  small  tributaries  of  the  Gasconade  pass 
from  the  center  to  the  northeast,  while  those  of  the  White  River  run 
in  a  southwestern  direction  from  the  Ozark  ridge.  The  timber  is 
principally  oak  and  hickory. 

The  Soil  in  the  valleys  and  on  some  of  the  uplands  is  fertile,  and 
well  adapted  to  farming  and  grazing,  and  there  are  many  of  the  slopes 
and  hillsides  that  would  make  excellent  vineyards  and  orchards. 
More  attention  has  been  paid  to  stock  raising  than  to  any  other 
branch  of  farming,  and  it  has  proved  very  profitable.  All  kinds  of 
fruit  grow  to  perfection. 

Minerals. — The  first  discovery  of  mineral  in  this  county  was  by 
Capt.  W.  D.  Murphy,  now  of  Camden  County,  who  found  it  in  several 
localities  in  T.  30  R.  H  west,  and  also  upon  James'  Fork  of  White 
River.  Some  400,000  lbs.  of  lead  were  raised  and  smelted  in  a  log 
furnace,  up  to  February,  1846,  when  Mr.  M.  removed  to  Linn  Creek. 
Iron  ore  has  been  found,  but  nothing  has  been  done  lately  in  any  kind 
of  mining. 

MARSHFIELD  is  the  county-seat,  pleasantly  located,  and  will  be 
on  the  Atlantic  and  I'acific  R.  R.,  when  extended.  Dallas  and  Sand 
Spring  are  each  good  business  centers. 


WORTH  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  one  of  the  newest  (and  smallest)  counties  in  the 
State,  formed  from  the  northern  part  of  Gentry  County,  bordering  on 
the  Iowa  State  line,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State.  Tliis 
county  embraces  only  260  square  miles,  being  20  miles  one  way  and  13 
the  other,  and  has  5000  inhabitants.  The  taxable  property,  in  May, 
1867,  amounted  to  over  $800,000. 


WRIGHT    COUNTY.  417 

Physical  Features. — The  face  of  the  country  is  unduLiting  and 
rolling,  about  one-third  timber  land,  consisting  of  oak,  hickory,  maple, 
ash,  elm,  lynn,  cottonwood,  etc. 

The  Soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  the  production  of 
all  kinds  of  grain,  grasses,  vegetables,  and  fruit,  except  peaches, 
which  have  been  unsuccessful.  Excellent  grazing  country,  well  wa- 
tered and  plenty  of  "  range." 

Flouring  mills  and  manufactories  needed,  and  the  citizens  offer 
great  inducements  to  capitalists  who  will  establish  woolen  factories 
and  flouring  mills.  Uncultivated  land  can  be  had  at  from  §2  to  $5 
per  acre,  and  partly  improved  farms  at  from  $4  to  $10  per  acre. 

GRANT  CITY  is  the  county-seat  and  principal  town.  Smithton 
is  also  a  flourishing  town. 


WRIGHT  COUNTY. 

This  county  is  situated  in  the  south  central  part  of  the  State, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Texas,  west  by  Webster,  north  by  Laclede, 
and  south  by  Douglas,  and  contains  an  area  of  about  500  square 
miles.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1838,  at  which  time  sixteen 
persons  located  here.     Population  in  1860,  4506. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  the  county  is  in  some  portions 
hilly  and  broken,  others  moderately  undulating.  The  Ozark  range  of 
hills  pass  in  an  east  and  west  direction  through  the  southern  portion 
of  the  county,  and  some  of  the  hills  attain  an  elevation  of  450  feet 
above  the  valleys  of  the  streams.  Along  the  Gasconade  the  hills  are 
precipitous,  and  the  scenery  wild  and  picturesque.  Principally  cov- 
ered with  oaks  and  yellow  pine.  Good  water-power  on  the  Gasconade. 

The  Soils  of  the  valleys  and  of  the  undulating  uplands  are  fertile, 
and  produce  well,  while  those  upon  the  cherty  ridges  are  thin  and 
generally  sterile.  The  proportion  of  tillable  upland  is  small,  except 
for  grapes  and  other  fruits.  On  account  of  its  high,  dry,  porous 
soils,  and  salubrious  and  healthy  climate,  some  of  the  citizens  have 
named  it  the  "American  Italy." 

Products. — The  most  profitable  products  now  marketed  are  stock, 
corn,  wheat,  tobacco,  and  hay.  The  present  shijiping  point  is  Linn 
(.'reek.  Marshlield  will  be  the  nearest  railroad  depot.  Farmers  have 
raised  1200  lbs.  of  hemp,  1200  lbs.  tobacco,  75  bushels  of  corn  to  the 
acre,  and  grains,  grasses,  fruits,  and  vegetables  in  proportion. 

27 


418  WRIGHT   COUNTY. 

Minerals. — Lead  ore  has  been  found  both  on  the  surface  and  in 
the  rocks  beneath,  in  sections  1,  2,  10,  11,  23,  and  24,  in  township  20, 
range  12  west;  and  when  the  southwest  branch  of  Pacific  Railroad 
is  completed  (which  passes  near  the  north  border  of  the  county), 
these  mines  will  doubtless  be  opened  and  prove  ]irofitable.  Iron  and 
copper  have  also  been  found,  but  no  extensive  explorations  made. 

HARTVILLE,  the  county-seat,  is  on  AVood's  Fork  of  the  Gascon- 
ade, and  though  almost  obliterated  by  the  war,  is  rapidly  being  re- 
built by  a  new  population.  Mountain  Grove  is  also  a  business  center, 
18  miles  from  Ilartville. 


APPENDIX. 


INTRODUCTION  OF  STEAM  NAVIGATION  UPON 

WESTERN  RIVERS. 


When  we  consider  the  immensity  of  our  ocean,  lake,  and  river  steam 
tonnage,  and  our  present  maritime  position,  it  is  a  matter  of  some  in- 
terest to  reflect  that  this  powerful  motor  was  cradled  in  the  western 
rivers  of  the  United  States. 

In  this  subject  we  embrace  what  is  generally  termed  "  The  Valley 
of  the  Mississippi,"  of  which  St.  Louis  is  the  natural  metropolis. 
Strictly  speaking,  this  valley  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  on  the  east  by  the  Alleghanies,  embracing  a  drainage 
of  1,244,000  square  miles — more  than  half  the  entire  area  of  the  United 
States.  The  Upper  Mississippi  Valley  is  composed  of  three  subordi- 
nate basins,  whose  respective  dimensions  are  as  follows : 

The  Ohio  basin 214,000  square  miles. 

The  Upper  Mississippi 109,000       "  '• 

The  Missouri 518,000      " 

Total 901,000 

The  following  is  the  length  of  the  navigable  streams,  tributary  to 
St.  Louis:  Missonri,  5300;  Mississippi,  2463;  Ohio,  975;  Arkansas, 
800;  Tennessee,  180;  Illinois,  300;  Cumberland,  370;  White,  500; 
Kentucky,  117;  Wabash,  335;  Wisconsin,  350;  Red  River,  800 ; 
Fox,  200  ;  Osage,  200  ;  Kansas,  100  ;  Black  River  to  Poplar  Bluffs, 
about  275;  Rock  River,  reported  to  be  200;  Yazoo,  100;  St.  Fran- 
cis (?),  100;  Rig  Sioux,  75  ;  DesMoines  (?),  200  ;  Yellow  Stone,  800  ; 
Minnesota,  2'.)5;  St.  Croix,  60;  Monongahela,  91;  Muskingum,  91; 
Green  River,  186;  Kanawha,  100;  Salt,  30;  Sandy,  30;  making  the 
total  navigation  16,232  miles. 

The  distances  given  above  generally  refer  to  the  length  of  regular 
steamboat  navigation,  and  several  of  the  streams  have  been  penetrated 
much  farther;  yet  some  of  the  smaller  streams  will  need  improvement, 
before  the  entire  length  named  will  be  practically  used  for  steam  navi- 
gation. 

In  .1712,  when  La  Motte  Cadillac  was  ordered  Ijy  the  Ministry  to 
accompany  the  agents  of  Crozat,  and  assist  them  in  establishing  trad- 

(419)^ 


420  APPENDIX. 

ing  posts  on  tlie  Wabash  and  Illinois  Rivers,  he  became  vexed,  and 
replied  :  "I  have  seen  Crozat's  instructions  to  his  agents;  I  thonglit 
Ihev  issued  from  a  lunatic  asylum ;  and  there  appeared  to  me  to  be  uo 
more  sense  in  them  than  in  the  Apocalypse.  What  !  is  it  expected  that 
for  any  commercial  or  profitable  purposes  boats  will  ever  be  able  to  run 
up  the  Mississi|)pi  into  tlie  Wabash,  the  Missouri,  or  the  Red  River? 
One  might  as  well  try  to  bite  a  slice  ofl"  the  moon  !  Not  only  are 
tliese  rivers  as  rapid  as  the  Rhone,  but,  in  their  crooked  course,  they 
imitate  to  perfection  a  snake's  undulations.  Hence,  for  instance,  on 
every  turn  of  the  Mississippi,  it  would  be  necessary  to  wait  for  a  change 
of  wind,  if  wind  could  be  had,  because  this  river  is  so  lined  up  with 
thick  wood,  that  very  little  wind  has  access  to  its  bed."* 

The  following  letter  from  Robert  Fulton  will  be  read  with  interest 
in  connection  with  this  chapter  : 

Letter  from  Robert  Fulton. 

Nkw  York,  Aug.  2,  1807. 
.]uKL  Baklow,  l'hil:iil;i. 

ily  dear  Friend: — My  steamboat  voyiigc  fo  Albany  aiul  back  has  turned  out 
rather  more  favorable  than  1  hail  calculated.  Tiie  distance  from  New  York  to 
Albany  is  150  miles;  I  run  it  up  in  82  hours,  and  down  in  80  houi-s ;  the  latter 
being  jus!  5  miles  an  hour.  I  had  a  light  breeze  against  nie  the  whole  way 
going  and  coming,  so  that  no  use  was  made  of  my  sails,  and  the  voyage  has 
been  performed  wljolly  by  tlie  power  of  tlie  engine.  I  overtook  many  sloops 
and  schooners  beating  to  windward,  and  passed  them  as  if  ilicy  had  been  at 
anchor.  Tlie  power  of  propelling  boats  b^'  steam  is  now  inWy  proved.  The 
morning  I  left  New  York  tlicrc  was  not,  perhaps,  thirtj^  persons  in  the  city  who 
believed  the  boat  would  ever  move  one  mile  an  hour,  or  be  of  tlie  least  utility. 
And  while  we  were  putting  otf  from  the  wharf,  wiiich  was  crowded  with  spec- 
tators, I  heard  a  number  of  sarcastic  remarks;  this  is  the  way,  j'ou  know,  in 
which  ignorant  men  compliment  what  they  call  philosophers  and  projectors. 

Having  employed  much  time,  and  money,  and  zeal  in  accomplishing  this 
work,  it  gives  me,  as  it  will  you,  great  pleasure  to  see  it  so  fully  answer  ni}- 
expectations.  It  will  give  a  cheap  and  quick  conveyance  to  merchandise  on 
the  Mississipjii,  Missouri,  and  great  rivers,  which  arc  now  laying  open  their 
treasures  to  the  enterprise  of  our  countrymen;  and  although  the  prospect  of 
personal  emolument  has  been  some  inducement  to  me,  yet  1  feel  infinitely  more 
pleasure  in  reflecting,  with  you,  on  the  immense  advantage  that  my  country 
will  derive  from  the  invention.  Yours  truly, 

ROBERT  FULTON. 

The  first  steamboat  that  navigated  the  western  waters  was  the  Or- 
leans, 400  tons,  constructed  by  Nicholas  I.  Roosevelt,  at  Pittsburg, 
from  which  port  site  sailed  on  the  Gth  of  I)eceml)er,  1813,  and  ar- 
rived about  the  24th  of  the  same  month;  and  run  between  New  Or- 
leans and  Natchez  for  2  years,  making  her  voyages  generally  in  17 
days.     This  boat  sunk  near  ]5aton  Rouge. 

The  ne.xt  was  the  Gomel,  25  tons,  which  made  a  voyage  to  Louis- 
ville in  1813,  and  descended  to  New  Orleans  in  1814;  made  two  voy- 
ages to  Natchez,  and  was  sold,  and  her  engine  used  for  driving  a  cotton 
gin.  The  Comet  had  a  vibrating  cylinder,  on  French's  patent,  granted 
in  1809. 

The  Vesuvius,  340  tons,  built  at  Pittsburg,  by  Fulton,  and  owned 

*  Gayarres'  Louisiana,  p.  137. 


STEAM    NAVIGATION    UPON    WESTERN    RIVERS.  421 

by  a  company  of  gentlemen  living  in  New  York  and  New  Orleans, 
next  made  its  appearance.  This  was  the  pioneer  boat  in  the  New 
Orleans  and  Louisville  trade,  which  she  entered  in  1815. 

The  Buffalo,  300  tons,  was  built  at  Pittsburg,  by  Mr.  Latrobe.  It 
was  constructed  with  a  wide  stern,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  eddy 
behind  her,  in  which  she  might  tow  another  boat  (the  James  Monroe) 
which  had  been  fitted  up  for  passengers  alone,  and  would  be  safe  in 
case  of  an  explosion.  Having  no  machinery,  and  being  hitched  be- 
hind the  Buffalo,  the  Monroe  was  nick-named  the  "Buffalo  Calf" 
The  Buffalo  was  13  months  in  making  her  first  (and  only)  trip,  and 
was  afterward  sold  at  sheriff's  sale. 

Another  boat,  the  Bumsey,  200  tons,  was  built  at  the  mouth  of 
Silver  Creek,  opposite  Shippingsport,  Ky.,  to  be  propelled  by  a  force 
pump,  having  a  large  square  box  running  from  bow  to  stern,  through 
which  water  was  forced  out  by  the  pump,  and  this  was  to  do  away 
with  the  wheel  altogether.  When  completed,  she  made  a  trial  trip ; 
went  down  stream  admirably,  but  when  attempting  to  return,  she  could 
not  get  back,  and  was  obliged  to  cast  anchor  and  remain  in  statu  quo. 

The  Washington,  400  tons,  a  double-decker,  built  at  Wheeling,  con- 
structed and  partly  owned  by  Capt.  H.  M.  Shreve,  was  then  the  finest 
boat  on  the  western  rivers.  The  boilers  were  upon  the  upper  deck, 
which  the  Cincinnati  papers  say  "was  Capt.  Shreve's  improvement, 
and  a  very  valuable  one."  Capt.  Shreve  made  several  very  successful 
trips,  and  in  March,  1811,  made  the  trip  from  New  Orleans  to  Louis- 
ville in  25  days,  for  accomplishing  which  the  people  of  Louisville  gave 
him  a  public  dinner.  The  usual  time  required  by  other  boats  was  40 
days,  and  from  2  to  3  months  to  make  a  round  trip.  Then  freights 
were  5^  to  Gj  cts.  per  pound  up,  and  1  ct.  down,  and  the  passage  up 
was  $150,  and  $50  down. 

The  first  steamboat  arrival  at  St.  Louis  was  the  ''General  Bike,^^ 
which  was  built  in  Louisville,  propelled  by  a  low-pressure  engine,  and 
reached  St.  Louis  August  2d,  1817,  under  command  of  Capt.  Jacob 
Reed.  She  presented  a  strange  spectacle,  and  soon  the  report  was 
circulated  through  town,  and  the  principal  part  of  the  population 
were  gazing  on  with  wonder. 

Two  years  later,  May  19, 1819,  the  "Independence,''''  Capt.  Nelson, 
had  stemmed  the  tide  of  the  Missouri  as  far  as  Old  Franklin,  after  a 
passage  of  seven  days  from  St.  Louis. 

The  2d  of  June,  1819,  witnessed  the  first  steamboat  arrival  from 
New  Orleans,  the  passage  having  been  made  by  Capt.  Arraitage  of 
the  ''Harriet,''''  in  27  days. 

The  steamer  Johnson  was  built  at  Wheeling  in  1818.  Slie  was  a 
stern-wheeler  of  about  150  tons  burden,  2  boilers,  and  had  wheels 
with  paddles  two  feet  long,  working  in  2  wells,  or  holes  built  ia 
the  stern,  one  each  side  of  the  helm;  a  large  portion  of  the  water  was 
thrown  against  the  stern  of  the  boat,  so  that  she  lost  much  of  her 
power  by  reaction.  She  was  31  days  making  the  trip  from  New  Or- 
leans to  Louisville,  and  32  times  aground. 

In  early  days  the  steamboats  were  very  often  commanded  by  sea- 
captains,  old  barge-men,  and  flat-boat-men.  The  former  class  usually 
had  their  lead  and  compass.     The  pilot  stood  and  gave  directions  to 


422  APPENDIX. 

llie  steersman,  thus,  "Port,"  "steady,"  "starboard,"  "larboard,"  etc., 
as  the  case  required.  Our  informant  relates  an  incident  of  an  old  sea- 
captain,  who,  holding  conversation  with  some  one  on  shore,  shut  off 
the  steam  and  stood  upon  the  safety-valve,  to  keep  down  the  noise 
during-  conversation. 

In  March,  1S19,  an  Exploring  Expedition  was  fitted  out  for  the 
Upper  Missouri  I)y  the  government.  The  boats  fitted  out  for  the  trip 
were  the  Johnt<on,  Capt.  Boulin  ;  the  Expedilion,  a  new  boat,  Capt. 
S.  Craig;  the  Jefferson,  Capt.  Offutt,  and  the  Calhoun.  They  were 
destined  for  the  Yellow  Stone.  The  party  of  naturalists  consisted  of 
Messrs.  Say,  Jessu]),  Peale,  Seymour,  Biddle,  and  Swift,  with  Mr. 
Dougherty,  Indian  Agent  and  Interpreter,  who  left  Fort  Osage  a  few 
days  previous  to  the  engineers'  departure,  with  the  intention  of  {)ro- 
ceeding  to  Council  Bluffs.  While  encamped  on  the  18th  of  August, 
they  were  visited  by  a  party  of  Pawnee  iind  Otoe  Indians,  who  stole 
their  horses,  and  plundered  from  them  everything  but  their  clothing. 
After  wandering  several  days  in  almost  a  destitute  condition,  they 
were  relieved  by  a  party  of  Kansas  Indians,  and  supplied  with  horses, 
enal)Iing  them  to  return  to  Martin  Cantonment,  where  they  arrived  on 
the  28th  of  August. 

The  Jcffert^on  reached  Cote  Sans  Dessain,  the  Johnson  almost  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  River,  and  the  Exjiedition  to  Cow  Island. 
The  boats  each  drew  over  six  feet  of  water,  and  in  many  places  were 
hardly  able  to  stem  the  current.  In  the  following  spring  (1820)  the 
Johnson  and  the  Expedition  descended  to  St.  Louis,  generally  drop- 
ping down  stern  foremost. 

A  directory  of  the  City  of  Cincinnati,  published  in  1819,  gives  the 
following  account  of  the  early  navigation  of  the  Missouri  River: 

"The  Expedition,  120  tons,  and  the  Indejjendence,  50  tons,  built 
near  Pittsburg,  arc  both  destined  for  the  same  voyage  of  discovery,  the 
Independence  being  the  first  steamboat  which  has  undertaken  to  stem 
the  powerful  current  of  the  Missouri. 

"They  both  arrived  at  Franklin  (Boon's  Lick),  Howard  County, 
200  miles  up  the  Missouri  from  its  mouth,  in  the  month  of  June  last. 
It  is  now  ascertained,  beyond  a  doubt,  that  this  im})ortant  and  exten- 
sive river,  for  several  hundred  miles  at  least,  can  be  navigated  by 
steamboats  with  the  same  ease  and  facility  as  the  waters  of  the  Ohio 
or  Mississippi.  Several  keel  boats  have  already  descended  the  Mis- 
souri, from  Franklin,  with  cargoes  destined  for  New  Orleans." 

The  Johnson  went  on  to  Louisville,  and  the  Expedition  to  Council 
Bhilfs,  after  undergoing  thorough  repairs.  On  this  trip  to  Council 
Bluffs,  there  was  a  boat  called  the  Western  Engine,  with  an  exploring 
party  on  board,  headed  by  Major  S.  H.  Long.  This  boat  had  a  fig- 
ure-head made  to  resemble  a  snake,  through  which  the  steam  escaped 
in  front,  designed  to  intimidate  the  Indians.  The  Western  Engine 
led  the  way,  and  reached  Council  Blull's  ahead  of  the  others.  These 
were  the  first  boats  that  passed  up  the  ^lissouri. 

The  St.  Louis  Enquirer  of  April,  1819,  says: 

"  The  Expedition,  on  her  way  to  the  Council  Bluffs,  carrying  sup- 
plies to  the  troops,  passed  Boon's  Lick  on  the  8th  day  after  leaving 
St.  Louis,  and  was  going  on  well. 


STEAM    NAVIGATION    UPON   WESTERN    RIVERS. 


423 


"The  Calhoun,  ascending  the  Upper  Mississippi,  to  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony,  passed  Clarksville  (150  miles  above  St.  Louis)  on  the 
second  day  after  her  departure.  '^^^  This  is  the  first  steamboat  that 
has  ever  ran  from  St.  Louis  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  She  was 
expected  to  make  the  voyage  up  in  12  days,  distance  900  to  1000 
miles. 

"  The  Comet,  on  her  way  from  New  Orleans  to  Louisville,  in  May, 
ran  up  the  Arkansas  to  the  town  of  Arkansas.  |][^p^She  is  the  first 
steamboat  which  has  ascended  that  river." 

In  1819  the  8t.  Louis  came  out  as  a  regular  trader  between  St. 
Louis  and  New  Orleans,  commanded  by  Capt.  Hughes,  rigged  with  a 
mast,  top-mast,  and  sails,  to  be  used  in  case  of  wind. 

About  1818  the  Maid  of  Orleans  was  built  in  New  York,  and  sent 
round  to  New  Orleans,  which  place  she  left  for  St.  Louis  in  the  spring 
of  1819.  She  was  nearly  a  year  in  making  the  voyage,  and  of  the 
whole  crew  who  started,  but  one  lived  to  reach  the  end  of  the  voyage  ; 
all  the  others  having  died  of  yellow  fever. 

In  1822  the  Calhoun  was  put  into  the  St.  Louis  and  Louisville 
trade — the  pioneer  boat. 

The  first  navigation  of  Grand  River  was  by  the  steamer  Falcon, 
Capt.  W.  H.  Parkinson,  in  April,  1849.  She  was  156  feet  long,  300 
tons,  and  went  up  to  Utica  and  Chillicothe.  The  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
about  the  same  size,  made  several  trips  the  same  season. 

The  first  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  above  St.  Anthony's  Falls, 
was  by  the  Governor  Rumsey,  which  was  built  there  in  the  winter  of 
1849-50,  and  left  the  Falls  on  her  first  trip  May  25th,  1850,  since 
which  time  a  regular  trade  is  carried  on  between  the  Falls  and  Sauk 
Rapids. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  number  of  steamers  built  in  the 
United  States,  from  the  introduction  of  steam  navigation  to  the  pres- 
ent time ;  also  the  number  built  upon  western  rivers  since  1844  : 


Year. 

1823. 

1824. 

1825. 

182fi. 

1827. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 

1835. 

183G. 

1837. 

1838. 

1839. 

1840. 

1841. 

1842. 

1843. 

1844. 


U.S. 

15 

2G 


Western 
Rivers. 


.  45 
.  38 
.  33 
.  43 
.  37 
.  34 
.100 
.  65 
.  68 
.  30 
.124 
.135 
.  90 
.125 
.  64 
.  78 
.137 
.  79 
.103 


Year. 

1845 

U.  S 
163 

1840 

225 

1847 

198 

1848 

175 

1849 

2(t8 

1850 

1.59 

1851 

233 

1852 

259 

1853 

271 

1854 

281 

18.>5 

1856 

253 

221 

1857 

263 

1858 

226 

1 859 

.  172 

I860 

264 

1861 

261 

1862 

183 

1863 

367 

1864  

498 

18t)5 

1860 

Western 

Rivers. 

132 

137 

234 

211 

104 

111 

181 

209 

130 

168 

115 

116 

157 

115 

87 

145 

149 

44 

118 

208 

191 


424 


APPENDIX. 


TPIE  EMANCIPATION  ORDINANCE. 

The  following  is  the  Emancipation  Ordinance  and  the  votes  taken 
on  its  final  passage  in  the  State  Convention,  on  Tuesday,  the  11th 
day  of  January,  1865.  It  is  a  noble  record,  and  one  that  in  the  future 
history  of  our  State  will  be  regarded  with  the  profoundest  admiration 
and  gratitude. 


An  Ordinance  Abolishing  Slavery  in  Missouri. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  people  of  the  Slate  of  Missouri  in  Convention  assembled: 


That  hereafter  in  this  State  t 
serviiiule,  except  in  punishment 
(July  convicted ;  and  all  persons 
declared  free. 

AYES. 

W.  B.  Adams,  Montgomery. 
A.  M.  Bedford,  Mississippi. 
D.wiD  BoxiiAM,  Andrew. 
Geo.  K.  Budd,  St.  Louis. 
Harvey  Bince,  Cooper. 
IsADOR  Bush,  St.  Louis. 
R.  L.  Chilubess,  Webster. 
Henry  A.  Ci.over,  St.  Louis. 

11.  C.  KOWDKN,  Polk. 
Samiei.  T.  Davis,  New  Madrid. 
.John  II.  Davis,  Nodaway. 
L'^iiAM  B.  BoDsoN,  Adair. 
Wm.  D.  D'Oench,  St.  Louis. 
Charles  D.  Drake,  St.  Louis. 
.John  H.  J'llis,  Livingston. 
.loHN  Esther,  Laclede. 
Ellis  G.  Evans,  Crawford. 
CiiAUNCEY  J.  Filley,  St.  Louis. 
J.  W.  Fletcher,  Jefferson. 

Wm.  H.  Folsomree,  Davis. 

F.  yi.  FuLKERSON,  Saline. 

E.MORV  S.  Foster,  Jolyison. 

John  W.  Gamble,  Audjain. 

Archibald  Gilbert,  Lawrence. 

Abner  L.  Gilstrap,  Macon. 

Moses  J^.  Green,  Marion. 

J.  M.  Grammer,  Bavr^'. 

David  Henderson,  Dent. 

E.  A.  HoLCOMB,  Chariton. 

John  II.  IJoldsworth,  Monroe. 

W.  S.  Holland,  Caliioun.* 

R.  F.  Hughes,  Pettis. 


iiere  shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary 
of  crime,  wiiereof  the  party  shall  have  been 
held  to  service  or  labor  as  slaves,  are  hereby 


J.  F.  Hume,  Moniteau. 

Geo.  Husmann,  Gasconade. 

AVyllis  King,  St.  liouis. 

II.  Leonard,  Howard. 

M.  L.  Linton,  St.  Jjouis. 

U.  F.  McKernan,  Cole. 

R.  M.  McPherson,  Perry. 

John  A.  Mack,  Green. 

A.  H.  Martin,  Lincoln. 

Ferdinand  Meyer,  St.  Louis. 

James  P.  Mitchell,  Lewis. 

A.  G.  Newgent,  Jackson. 

A.  P.  NixDORF,  Miller. 

James  W.  Owens,  Franklin. 

D.  Peck,  Iron. 

J.  T.  Rankin,  Dade» 

I'liiLip  RoiiRER,  Cedar. 

G.  St.  Gemme,  Ste.  Genevieve. 

K.  G.  Smith,  Mercer. 

I'^Li  Smith,  Worth. 

Geo.  J'.  Strong,  St.  Louis. 

Joseph  Sutton,  Wayne. 

John  B.  Swearinger,  Jackson. 

J.  C.  Tiiilenius,  Cape  Girardeau. 

S.  W.  Weatherby,  Buclianan. 

Jerejiiaii  Williams,  CaMwell. 

Eugene  Williams,  Caldwell. 

Arnold  Ivrekel,  St.  Charles. 

NAYS. 

Samuel  A.  Gilbert,  IMatte. 
Thomas  B.  Harris,  Callaway. 
William  A.  Martin,  Clay. 
William  F.  Switzleu,  Boone. 


CONSTITUTION 


OF    THE 


STATE    OF    MISSOURI, 

AS  REVISED,  AMENDED,  AND  ADOPTED,  IN  CONVENTION  BEGUN  AND 
HELD  AT  THE  CITY  OF  ST.  LOUIS,  ON  THE  SIXTH  DAY  OF 

JANUARY,  1866. 


We,  the  people  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  grateful  to  Almighty  God, 
the  Sovereign  Ruler  of  Nations,  for  our  State  Government,  our  liber- 
ties, and  our  connection  with  the  American  Union,  and  acknowledging 
our  dependence  upon  Him  for  the  continuance  of  those  blessings  to  us 
and  our  posterity,  do,  for  the  more  certain  security  thereof,  and  for  the 
better  government  of  this  State,  ordain  and  establish  this  revised  and 
amended  Constitution : 

ARTICLE  I. 

DECLARATION  OF  RIGHTS. 

That  the  general,  great,  and  essential  principles  of  liberty  and  free 
government  may  be  recognized  and  established,  and  that  the  relations 
of  this  State  to  the  Union  and  Government  of  the  United  States,  and 
those  of  the  people  of  this  State  to  the  rest  of  the  American  people, 
may  be  defined  and  affirmed,  we  do  declare — 

1.  That  we  hold  it  to  be  self-evident  that  all  men  are  endowed  by 
their  Creator  with  certain  inalienable  rights,  among  which  are  life, 
liberty,  the  enjoyment  of  the  fruits  of  their  own  labor,  and  the  pursuit 
of  happiness. 

2.  That  there  cannot  be  in  this  State  either  slavery  or  involuntary 
servitude,  except  in  punishment  of  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have 
been  duly  convicted. 

3.  Tliat  no  person  can,  on  account  of  color,  be  discpialified  as  a 
witness,  or  be  disabled  to  contract,  otherwise  than  as  otiiers  are  dis- 
abled; or  be  prevented  from  acquiring,  holding,  and  transmitting 
property;  or  be  liable  to  any  other  punishment  for  any  olfense  than 
that  imposed  upon  others  for  a  like  olfense ;  or  be  restricted  in  the 
exercise  of  religious  worship  ;  or  be  hindered  in  acquiring  education  ; 
or  be  subjected,  in  law,  to  any  other  restraints  or  disqualifications,  ia 
regard  to  any  personal  rights,  than  such  as  are  laid  upon  others  under 
like  circumstances. 

(425) 


426  APPENDIX. 

4.  Tliat  all  political  power  is  vested  in  and  derived  from  the  people ; 
that  all  government  of  ritrlit  orijrinates  from  the  people,  is  founded 
upon  their  will  only,  and  is  instituted  solely  for  the  good  of  the  whole. 

5.  Tiiat  tlie  people  of  this  State  have  tlie  inherent,  sole,  and  exclu- 
sive ripht  of  regulating  the  internal  government  and  police  thereof, 
and  of  altering  and  al)olishing  their  constitution  and  form  of  govern- 
ment, whenever  it  may  be  necessary  to  their  safety  and  Iiappiness;  but 
every  such  right  should  be  exercised  in  pursuance  of  law,  and  consist- 
ently with  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

6.  That  this  State  shall  ever  remain  a  nieml)er  of  the  American 
Union  ;  that  the  people  thereof  are  a  part  of  the  American  nation  ; 
and  that  all  attempts,  from  whatever  source  or  upon  whatever  pretext, 
to  dissolve  said  Union,  or  to  sever  said  nation,  ought  to  be  resisted 
with  the  whole  power  of  the  State. 

7.  That  every  citizen  of  this  State  owes  paramount  allegiance  to 
the  Constitution  and  Government  of  the  United  States,  and  that  no 
law  or  ordinance  of  this  State  in  contravention  or  subversion  thereof, 
can  have  any  binding  force. 

8.  Tliat  tlie  people  have  the  right  peaceably  to  assemble  for  their 
common  good,  and  to  apply  to  those  vested  with  the  powers  of  gov- 
ernment for  redress  of  grievances,  by  petition  or  remonstrance  ;  and 
that  their  right  to  bear  arms  in  defense  of  tliemselves  and  of  the  law- 
ful authority  of  the  State  cannot  be  questioned. 

9.  That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  indefeasible  right  to  worship 
Almighty  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  their  own  consciences  ; 
that  no  person  can,  on  account  of  his  religious  opinions,  be  rendered 
ineligil)le  to  any  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  this  State,  nor  be  dis- 
qualilied  from  testifying,  or  from  serving  as  a  juror;  that  no  human 
authority  can  control  or  interfere  with  the  rights  of  conscience ;  and 
that  no  person  ought,  by  any  law,  to  be  molested  in  his  person  or  es- 
tate, on  account  of  his  religious  persuasion  or  profession  ;  but  the 
liijerty  of  conscience  hereby  secured  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to 
excuse  acts  of  licentiousness,  nor  to  justify  practices  inconsistent  with 
the  good  order,  peace  or  safety  of  the  State,  or  with  the  rights  of 
others. 

10.  That  no  person  can  be  compelled  to  erect,  support,  or  attend 
any  place  of  worship,  or  to  maintain  any  minister  of  the  Gospel,  or 
teacher  of  religion  ;  but  whatever  contracts  any  person  may  enter  into 
for  any  such  object  ought,  in  law,  to  be  binding  and  capable  of  en- 
forcement as  other  contracts. 

11.  Tiiat  no  preference  can  ever  be  given,  by  law,  to  any  church, 
sect,  or  mode  of  worship. 

12.  That  no  religious  corporation  can  be  established  in  this  State, 
except  that  by  a  general  law,  uniform  throughout  the  State,  any  church 
or  religious  society  or  congregaticui  may  become  a  body  corporate,  for 
the  sole  ))nrpose  of  acquiring,  holding,  using,  and  disjxising  of  so  much 
land  as  may  be  required  for  a  house  of  pul)lic  worship,  a  chapel,  a 
parsonage,  and  a  burial  ground,  and  managing  the  same,  and  con- 
tracting in  relation  to  such  land,  and  the  liuildings  thereon,  through 
a  lioard  of  trustees,  selected  by  themselves  ;  l)ut  tlie  quantity  of  land 
to  be  held  by  any  such  body  corporate,  in  connection  with  a  house  of 


CONSTITUTION.  427 

worship  or  a  parsonage,  shall  not  exceed  five  acres  in  the  country, 
or  one  acre  in  a  town  or  city. 

13.  That  every  gift,  sale,  or  devise  of  land  to  any  minister,  public 
teacher,  or  preacher  of  the  Gospel,  as  such,  or  to  any  religious  sect, 
order,  or  denomination  ;  or  to,  or  for  the  support,  use,  or  benefit  of,  or 
in  trust  for,  any  minister,  public  teacher,  or  preacher  of  the  Gospel,  as 
such,  or  any  religious  sect,  order,  or  denomination  ;  and  every  gift  or 
sale  of  goods  or  chattels  to  go  in  succession,  or  to  take  place  after  the 
death  of  the  seller  or  donor,  to  or  for  such  support,  use,  or  benefit; 
and  also  every  devise  of  goods  or  chattels,  to  or  for  the  support,  use, 
or  benefit  of  any  minister,  public  teacher,  or  preacher  of  the  Gospel, 
as  such,  or  any  religious  sect,  order,  or  denomination,  shall  be  void ; 
except  always  any  gift,  sale  or  devise,  of  land  to  a  church,  religious 
society  or  congregation,  or  to  any  person  or  persons  in  trust  for  the 
use  of  a  church,  religious  society  or  congregation,  whether  incorpo- 
rated or  not,  for  the  uses  and  purposes,  and  within  the  limitations  of 
the  next  preceding  clause  of  this  article. 

14.  That  all  elections  ought  to  be  free  and  open. 

15.  That  courts  of  justice  ought  to  be  open  to  every  person,  and 
certain  remedy  afforded  for  every  injury  to  person,  property,  or  char- 
acter ;  and  that  right  and  justice  ought  to  be  administered  without 
sale,  denial  or  delay. 

16.  That  no  private  property  ought  to  be  taken  or  applied  to  public 
use,  without  just  compensation. 

lY.   That  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  remain  inviolate. 

18.  That  ill  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  has  the  right  to  be 
heard  by  himself  and  his  counsel ;  to  demand  the  nature  and  cause  of 
accusation  ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  witnesses  in  his  favor;  to 
meet  the  witnesses  against  him  face  to  face  ;  and,  in  prosecutions  on 
presentment  or  indictment,  to  a  speedy  trial  by  an  impartial  jury  of 
the  vicinage  ;  that  the  accused  cannot  be  compelled  to  give  evidence 
against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  but  by  the 
judgment  of  his  peers,  or  the  law  of  the  land. 

19.  That  no  person,  after  having  been  once  acquitted  by  a  jury,  can, 
for  the  same  offense,  be  again  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  liberty ;  but 
if,  in  any  criminal  prosecution,  the  jury  be  divided  in  opinion,  the  court 
before  which  the  trial  shall  be  had  may,  in  its  discretion,  discharge  the 
jury,  and  commit  or  bail  the  accused  for  trial  at  the  next  term  of  said 
court. 

20.  That  all  persons  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sureties,  except 
for  capital  offenses,  when  the  proof  is  evident  or  the  presumption 
great. 

21.  That  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines 
imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

22.  That  the  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  cannot  be  sus- 
pended, unless  when,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety 
may  require  it. 

23.  That  the  people  ought  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  papers, 
houses,  and  effects,  from  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures ;  and  no 
warrant  to  search  any  place,  or  seize  any  person  or  thing,  can  issue 
without  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  or  the  person  or  thing  to 


428  APPENDIX. 

be  seized,  as  iiotirly  as  may  be  ;  nor  without  probable  cause,  supported 
by  oath  or  aHinnalion. 

24.  That  no  i)erson  can,  for  an  indictable  offense,  be  proceeded 
aerainst  criminally  by  information,  except  in  cases  arising?  in  the  laud 
or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia  when  in  actual  service  in  the  time  of 
war  or  inil)lic  danger,  or  by  leave  of  court,  for  ojjpression  or  misde- 
meanor in  office. 

2.").  That  treason  against  the  State  can  consist  only  in  levying  war 
against  it,  or  in  adhering  to  its  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort. 

2G.  That  no  person  can  be  attainted  of  treason  or  felony  by  the 
General  Assembly;  that  no  conviction  can  work  corrujjtion  of  blood; 
that  there  can  be  no  forfeiture  of  estate  for  any  crime  except  treason  ; 
and  that  the  estates  of  such  persons  as  may  destroy  their  own  lives 
shall  descend  or  vest,  as  in  cases  of  natural  death. 

27.  That  the  free  communication  of  thoughts  and  opinions  is  one  of 
the  invaluable  rights  of  man,  and  that  every  person  may  freely  speak, 
write,  and  print  on  any  subject,  being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  that 
liberty;  that  in  all  prosecutions  for  libel,  the  truth  thereof  may  be 
given  in  evidence,  and  the  jury  may  determine  the  law  and  the  facts, 
under  the  direction  of  the  court. 

28.  That  no  ex  post  facfo  law,  nor  law  impairing  the  obligation  of 
contracts,  or  retrospective  in  its  operation,  can  be  passed. 

29.  That  imprisonment  for  debt  cannot  exist  in  this  State,  except 
for  fines  or  penalties  imposed  for  violation  of  law. 

30.  That  all  proj)erty  subject  to  taxation  ought  to  be  taxed  in  pro- 
portion to  its  value. 

31.  That  no  title  of  nobility,  or  hereditary  emolument,  privilege, 
or  distinction,  can  Ik-  granted. 

32.  That  the  military  is,  and  in  all  cases  and  at  all  times  ought  to 
be,  in  strict  subordination  to  the  civil  power;  that  no  soldier  can,  in 
time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the 
owner  ;  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  law  ;  nor  can  any  appropriation  for  the  support  of  an  army  be 
made  for  a  longer  period  than  two  years. 

ARTICLE  II. 

RIGHT  OF  SUFFRAGE. 

Seclion  1.  All  elections  by  the  people  shall  be  by  ballot.  No  elec- 
tion shall  continue  longer  than  one  day,  except  as  provided  in  the 
twenty- first  section  of  this  article. 

Sect.  2.  General  elections  shall  be  held  biennially,  on  the  Tuesday 
next  after  the  first  Monday  in  Xovemher.  Tlie  first  general  election 
under  this  Constitution  shall  be  held  on  that  day,  in  the  year  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-six.  Should  Congress  direct  the 
appointment  of  electors  of  President  and  ^'ice-President  of  the  United 
States  on  any  other  day  than  that  now  estal)lished,  the  General  As- 
seml)ly  may  change  the  time  of  holding  general  elections,  so  as  to  pro- 
vide for  holding  them  on  the  day  which  may  be  designated  by  Congress 


CONSTITUTION.  429 

for  that  purpose,  and  on  the  corresponding  day  two  years  thereafter. 
Xo  special  election,  State,  county,  or  municipal,  shall  be  appointed  to 
be  held  on  a  Monday. 

Sect.  3.   At  any  election  held  by  the  people  under  this  Constitution, 
or  in  pursuance  of  any  law  of  this  State,  or  under  any  ordinance  or 
by-law  of  any  municipal  corporation,  no  person  shall  be  deemed  a 
qualified  voter  who  has  ever  been  in  armed  hostility  to  the  United 
States,  or  to  the  lawful  authorities  thereof,  or  to  the  Government  of 
this  State  ;  or  has  ever  given  aid,  comfort,  countenance,  or  support  to 
persons  engaged  in  any  such  hostility  ;  or  has  ever,  in  any  manner, 
adhered  to  the  enemies,  foreign  or  domestic,  of  the  United  States, 
either  by  contributing  to  them,  or  by  unlawfully  sending  within  their 
lines  money,  goods,  letters,  or  information  ;  or  has  ever  disloyally  held 
communication  with  such  enemies  ;  or  has  ever  advised  or  aided  any 
person  to  enter  the  service  of  such  enemies;  or  has  ever,  by  act  or 
word,  manifested  his  adherence  to  the  cause  of  such  enemies,  or  his 
desire  for  their  triumph  over  the  arms  of  the  United  States  ;  or  his 
sympathy  with  those  engaged  in  exciting  or  carrying  on  rebellion 
against  the  United  States ;  or  has  ever,  except  under  overpowering 
compulsion,  submitted  to  the  authority,  or  been  in  the  service  of  the 
so-called  "  Confederate  States  of  America  ;"  or  has  ever  left  this  State 
and  gone  within  the  lines  of  the  armies  of  the  so-called  "  Confederate 
States  of  America,"  with  the  purpose  of  adhering  to  said  States  or 
armies ;  or  has  ever  been  a  member  of,  or  connected  with,  any  order, 
society  or  organization,  inimical  to  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  or  to  the  Government  of  this  State  ;  or  has  ever  been  engaged 
in  guerrilla  warfare  against  loyal  inhabitants  of  the  United  States,  or 
in  that  description  of  marauding  commonly  known  as  "bushwhack- 
ing;" or  has  ever  knowingly  and  willingly  harbored,  aided,  or  coun- 
tenanced any  person  so  engaged  ;  or  has  ever  come  into  or  left  this 
State  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  enrollment  for  or  draft  into  the  mil- 
itary service  of  the  United  States  ;   or  has  ever,  with  a  view  to  avoid 
enrollment  in  the  militia  of  this  State,  or  to  escape  the  performance 
of  duty  therein,  or  for  any  other  purpose,  enrolled  himself,  or  author- 
ized himself  to  be  enrolled,  by  or  before  any  officer,  as  disloyal  or  as 
a  Southern  sympathizer  ;  or  in  any  other  terms  indicating  his  disaffec- 
tion to  tlie  Government  of  the  United  States  in  its  contest  witii  rebel- 
lion, or  his  sympathy  with  those  engaged  in  such  rebellion  ;  or,  having 
ever  voted  at  any  election  by  the  people  in  this  State,  or  in  any  other 
of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  of  their  Territories,  or  held  ollice  in 
this  State,  or  in  any  other  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  of  their 
Territories,  or  under  the  United  States,  shall  thereafter  have  sought 
or  received,  under  claim  of  alienage,  the  protection  of  any  foreign 
government,  through  any  consul  or  other  oiBcer  thereof,  in  order  to 
secure  exemption  from  military  duty  in  the  militia  of  this  State,  or  in 
the  army  of  the  United  States ;  nor  shall  any  such  person  be  capable 
of  holding  in  this  State  any  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit  under  its 
authority ;  or  of  being  an  otficer,  councilman,  director,  trustee,  or  other 
manager  of  any  corporation,  public  or  private,  now  existing  or  here- 
after established  by  its  authority ;  or  of  acting  as  a  professor  or  teacher 
in  any  educational  iustitutiou,  or  in  any  common  or  other  school ;  or 


430  APPENDIX. 

of  holding  any  real  estate  or  other  property  in  trust  for  the  use  of  any 
church,  relifrious  society  or  conc^regation.  But  the  foreiroiiif^  provi- 
sions in  ri'latioii  to  acts  done  ac^ainst  the  United  States  shall  not  apply 
to  any  person  not  a  citizen  thereof,  who  shall  have  committed  such  acts 
while  in  the  service  of  some  foreisrn  country  at  war  with  the  United 
States,  and  who  has,  since  such  acts,  been  naturalized,  or  may  hereaf- 
ter l)e  naturalized,  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States;  and  the  oath 
of  loyalty  hereinafter  prescribed,  when  taken  by  any  such  person,  shall 
be  cousidered  as  taken  in  such  sense. 

Sect.  4.  The  General  Assembly  shall  immediately  provide  by  law 
for  a  complete  and  uniform  rejristration,  by  election  districts,  of  the 
names  of  qualified  voters  in  tliis  State;  which  resjistration  shall  be 
evidence  of  the  (pialification  of  all  registered  voters  to  vote  at  any 
election  thereafter  held,  but  no  person  shall  be  excluded  from  votinjr 
at  any  election  on  account  of  not  being:  registered  until  the  General 
Assembly  shall  have  passed  an  act  of  registration,  and  the  same  shall 
have  been  carried  into  effect;  after  which  no  person  shall  vote  unless 
his  name  shall  have  been  registered  at  least  ten  days  before  the  day  of 
the  election;  and  the  fact  of  such  registration  shall  be  no  otherwise 
shown  than  l)y  the  register,  or  an  authentic  copy  thereof,  certified  to 
the  judges  of  election  by  the  registering  officer  or  officers,  or  other 
constituted  authority.  A  new  registration  shall  be  made  within  sixty 
days  next  preceding  the  tenth  day  prior  to  every  biennial  general 
election  ;  and  after  it  shall  have  been  made,  no  jierson  shall  establish 
his  right  to  vote  by  the  fact  of  his  name  appearing  ou  any  previous 
register. 

Sect.  5.  Until  such  a  system  of  registration  shall  have  been  estab- 
lished, every  person  shall,  at  the  time  of  offering  to  vote,  and  before 
his  vote  shall  be  received,  take  an  oath  in  the  terms  prescribed  in  the 
next  succeeding  section.  After  such  a  system  shall  have  been  estab- 
lished, the  said  oath  shall  be  taken  and  subscribed  by  the  voter  at  each 
time  of  his  registration.  Any  person  declining  to  take  said  oath  shall 
not  be  allowed  to  vote,  or  to  be  registered  as  a  qualified  voter.  The 
taking  thereof  shall  not  be  deemed  conclusive  evidence  of  the  right  of 
the  person  to  vote,  or  to  be  registered  as  a  voter ;  but  such  right  may, 
notwithstanding,  be  disproved.  And  after  a  system  of  registration 
shall  have  been  established,  all  evidence  for  and  against  the  right  of 
any  person  as  a  (pialified  voter,  shall  be  heard  and  passed  upon  by  the 
registering  officer  or  officers,  and  not  by  the  judges  of  election.  The 
registering  officer  or  officers  shall  keep  a  register  of  the  names  of  per- 
sons rejected  as  voters,  anrl  the  same  shall  be  certified  to  the  judges 
of  election  ;  and  they  shall  receive  the  i)allot  of  any  such  rejected 
voter  offering  to  vote,  marking  the  same,  and  certifyini'-  the  vote  there- 
by given,  as  rejected ;  but  no  such  vote  shall  be  received  unless  the 
party  offering  it  take,  at  the  time,  the  oath  of  loyalty  hereinafter  pre- 
scribed. 

Sect.  6.  The  oath  to  be  taken  as  aforesaid  shall  be  known  as  the 
Oath  of  Loyalty,  and  shall  be  in  the  following  terras: 

"  I,  A.  13  ,  do  solemnly  swear  that  I  am  well  acquainted  with  the 
terras  of  the  third  section  of  the  second  article  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  State  of  Missouri,  adopted  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty 


CONSTITUTION.  431 

five,  and  have  carefully  considered  the  same  ;  that  I  have  never,  di- 
rectly or  indirectly,  done  any  of  the  acts  in  said  section  specified  ; 
that  I  have  always  been  truly  and  loyally  on  the  side  of  the  United 
States  against  all  enemies  thereof,  foreign  and  domestic ;  that  I  will 
bear  true  faith  and  allegiance  to  the  United  States,  and  will  support 
the  Constitution  and  laws  thereof  as  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  any 
law  or  ordinance  of  any  State  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding ;  that 
I  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  protect  and  defend  the  Uuion  of  the 
United  States,  and  not  allow  the  same  to  be  broken  up  and  dissolved, 
or  the  government  thereof  to  be  destroyed  or  overthrown,  under  any 
circumstances,  if  in  my  power  to  prevent  it;  that  I  will  support  the 
Constitution  of  the  State  of  Missouri ;  and  that  I  make  this  oath 
without  any  mental  reservation  or  evasion,  and  hold  it  to  be  binding 
on  me." 

Sect.  7.  Within  sixty  days  after  this  Constitution  takes  effect,  every 
person  in  this  State  holding  any  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit,  under 
the  Constitution  or  laws  thereof,  under  any  municipal  corporation,  or 
any  of  the  other  oiBces,  positions,  or  trusts  mentioned  in  the  third 
section  of  this  article,  shall  take  and  subscribe  the  said  oath.  If  any 
officer  or  person  referred  to  in  this  section  shall  fail  to  comply  with 
the  requirements  thereof,  his  office,  position,  or  trust  shall,  ipso  facto, 
become  vacant,  and  the  vacancy  shall  be  filled  according  to  the  law 
governing  the  case. 

Sect.  8.  No  vote  in  any  election  by  the  people  shall  be  cast  up  for, 
nor  shall  any  certificate  of  election  be  granted  to,  any  person  who  shall 
not,  within  fifteen  days  next  preceding  such  election,  have  taken,  sub- 
scribed and  filed  said  oath. 

Sect.  9.  No  person  shall  assume  the  duties  of  any  State,  county, 
city,  town,  or  other  office,  to  which  he  may  be  appointed,  otherwise 
than  by  a  vote  of  the  people  ;  nor  shall  any  person,  after  the  expira- 
tion of  sixty  days  after  this  Constitution  takes  effect,  be  permitted  to 
practice  as  an  attorney  or  counselor  at  law;  nor,  after  that  time,  shall 
any  person  be  competent  as  a  bishop,  priest,  deacon,  minister,  elder, 
or  other  clergyman  of  any  religious  persuasion,  sect  or  denomination, 
to  teach  or  preach  or  solemnize  marriages,  unless  such  person  shall 
have  first  taken,  subscribed  and  filed  said  oath. 

Sect.  10.  Oaths  taken  in  pursuance  of  the  seventh,  eighth,  and 
ninth  sections  of  this  article,  shall  be  filed  as  follows :  By  a  State 
civil  officer,  or  a  candidate  for  a  State  civil  office,  and  by  members  and 
officers  of  the  present  General  Assembly,  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary 
of  State  ;  by  a  military  officer  in  the  office  of  the  Adjutant-General ; 
by  a  candidate  for  either  house  of  the  General  Assembly  in  the  clerk's 
office  of  the  county  court  of  the  county  of  his  residence,  or  in  that  of 
the  county  where  the  vote  of  the  district  is  required  by  law  to  be  cast 
up,  and  the  certificate  of  election  granted;  by  a  city  or  town  officer  in 
the  office  where  the  archives  of  such  city  or  town  are  kept ;  and  in  all 
other  cases,  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  county  court  of  the  county 
of  the  person's  residence. 

Sect.  11.  Every  court  in  which  any  person  shall  be  summoned  to 
serve  as  a  grand  or  petit  juror,  shall  require  him,  before  he  is  sworn 


432  APPENDIX. 

as  a  juror,  to  take  said  oath,  in  open  court;  and  no  person  refusing  to 
take  tlie  same  sliall  serve  as  a  juror. 

Sect.  12.  If  any  jicrson  shall  declare  that  he  has  conscientious  scru- 
ples aj^ainst  taking  an  oath,  or  swearing  in  any  form,  the  said  oath 
may  be  changed  into  a  solemn  affirmation,  and  be  made  by  him  in  that 
form. 

Sect.  13.  In  addition  to  the  oath  of  loyalty  aforesaid,  every  person 
who  may  be  elected  or  appointed  to  any  office  shall,  before  entering 
upon  its  duties,  take  and  subscribe  an  oath  or  affirmation  that  he  will, 
to  the  best  of  his  skill  and  ability,  diligently  and  faithfully,  without 
partiality  or  prejudice,  discharge  the  duties  of  such  office  according  to 
the  Constitution  and  laws  of  this  State. 

Sect.  14.  Whoever  shall,  after  tlie  times  limited  in  the  seventh  and 
ninth  sections  of  this  article,  hold  or  exercise  any  of  the  offices,  posi- 
tions, trusts,  professions  or  functions  therein  specified,  without  having 
taken,  subscribed  and  filed  said  oath  of  loyalty,  shall,  on  conviction 
thereof,  be  punished  by  fine,  not  less  than  five  hundred  dollars,  or  by 
imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  less  than  si.x  months,  or  by  both 
such  fine  and  imprisonment;  and  whoever  shall  take  said  oath  falsely, 
by  swearing  or  by  affirmation,  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  adjudged 
guilty  of  perjury,  and  be  punished  by  imprisonment  in  the  peniten- 
tiary not  less  than  two  years. 

Sect.  15.  Whoever  shall  be  convicted  of  having,  directly  or  indi- 
rectly, given  or  offered  any  bribe,  to  procure  his  election  or  appoint- 
ment to  any  office,  shall  be  di.>^qualified  fur  any  office  of  honor,  trust, 
or  profit  under  this  State  ;  and  whoever  shall  give  or  offer  any  bribe 
to  ])rocure  the  election  or  appointment  of  any  other  person  to  any 
office,  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  disqualifieil  for  a  voter,  or  any 
office  of  honor,  trust  or  profit  under  this  State,  for  ten  years  after  such 
conviction. 

Sect.  16.  No  officer,  soldier,  or  marine  in  the  regular  army  or  navy 
of  the  United  States,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  any  election  in  this 
State. 

Sect.  IT.  No  person  who  shall  make,  or  become,  directly  or  indi- 
rectly, interested  in,  any  bet  or  wager  depending  upon  the  result  of 
any  election,  shall  vote  at  such  election. 

Sect.  18.  Every  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  every 
white  male  person  of  foreign  birth  who  may  have  declared  his  inten- 
tion t(t  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  according  to  law,  not 
less  than  one  year  nor  more  than  five  years  before  he  offers  to  vote, 
who  is  over  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  who  is  not  disqualified  l)y  or 
under  any  uf  the  provisions  of  this  Constitution,  and  who  .shall  have 
complied  with  its  requirements,  and  have  resided  in  this  State  one 
year  next  preceding  any  election,  or  next  preceding  his  registration 
as  a  voter,  and  during  tlie  last  sixty  days  of  that  period  shall  have 
resided  in  the  county,  city,  or  town  where  he  oQ'ers  to  vote,  or  seeks 
registration  as  a  voter,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  such  election  for 
all  officers,  State,  county,  or  municipal,  made  elective  l)y  the  people; 
but  he  shall  not  vote  elsewhere  than  in  the  election  district  of  which 
he  is  at  the  time  a  resident,  or,  after  a  system  of  registration  of  votes 
shall  have  been  established,  in  the  election  district  where  his  name  is 


CONSTITUTION.  •  433 

refjistered ;  except  as  provided  in  the  twenty-first  section  of  this  ar- 
ticle. 

Sect.  19.  After  the  first  day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  seventy-six,  every  person  who  was  not  a  qualified  voter  prior 
to  that  time,  shall,  in  addition  to  the  other  qualifications  required,  be 
able  to  read  and  write,  in  order  to  become  a  qualified  voter ;  unless 
his  inability  to  read  or  write  shall  be  the  result  of  a  physical  debility. 

Sect.  20.  For  the  purpose  of  voting,  no  person  shall  be  deemed  to 
have  gained  or  lost  a  residence  by  reason  of  his  presence  or  absence 
while  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  nor  while  en- 
gaged in  the  navigation  of  the  waters  of  this  State,  or  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  the  high  seas  ;  nor  while  a  student  in  any  seminary  of 
learning  ;  nor  while  kept  at  any  poor-house,  or  other  asylum,  at  public 
expense  ;  nor  while  confined  in  any  public  prison. 

Sect.  21.  Any  qualified  voter,  under  the  eighteenth  section  of  this 
article,  who  may  be  absent  from  the  place  of  his  residence,  liy  reason 
of  being  in  the  volunteer  army  of  the  United  States,  or  in  the  militia 
force  of  this  State,  in  the  service  thereof,  or  of  the  United  States, 
whether  within  or  without  the  State,  shall,  without  registration,  be 
entitled  to  vote  in  any  election  occurring  during  such  absence.  The 
votes  of  all  such  persons,  wherever  they  may  be,  may  be  taken  on  the 
day  fixed  by  law  for  such  election,  or  on  any  day  or  days  within 
twenty  days  next  prior  thereto  ;  and  the  Greneral  Assembly  shall  pro- 
vide by  law  for  the  taking,  return,  and  counting  of  such  votes.  Every 
such  person  shall  take  the  same  oath  that  all  other  voters  may  be  re- 
quired to  take,  in  order  to  vote. 

Sect.  22.  Voters  shall,  in  all  cases  except  treason,  felony,  or  breach 
of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  continuance  at 
elections,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same. 

Sect.  23.  Any  person  who  may  at  any  time  have  done  any  act  which, 
under  the  third  section  of  this  article,  has  disqualified  or  may  dis- 
qualify him,  as  therein  expressed,  and  who  shall,  after  the  commission 
of  such  act,  have  voluntarily  entered  the  military  service  of  the  United 
States,  and  have  been  honorably  discharged  therefrom,  and  after  such 
discharge  have  demeaned  himself  in  all  respects  as  a  loyal  and  faithful 
citizen,  may  be  relieved  from  such  disqualification.  In  order  thereto, 
he  shall,  in  person,  present  his  petition  to  the  circuit  court  of  the 
county  of  his  residence,  stating  specifically  the  act  or  acts  which  pro- 
duced such  disqualification,  and  the  grounds  upon  which  he  pi'ays  to 
be  relieved  therefrom  ;  and  the  court  shall  set  a  day  for  hearing  the 
cause,  not  less  than  five  days  after  the  presentation  of  the  petition  ; 
when,  if  it  appear  by  competent  proof  that  the  petitioner  is  justly  en- 
titled to  the  relief  prayed  fur,  the  court  shall  make  a  decree  removing 
such  disqualification.  IJut  any  act  done  by  such  person  after  the  date 
of  such  decree,  which  would  impose  a  disqualification  under  said  third 
section  of  this  article,  shall  make  such  decree  null  and  void,  and  remit 
bira  to  his  previous  condition  of  disqualification  ;  and  no  such  decree 
shall  be  granted  a  second  time  in  his  favor. 

Sect.  24.  After  any  person  shall  have  been  so  relieved  by  the  decree 
of  a  circuit  court,  he  shall,  in  order  to  vote,  or  hold  any  of  the  offices, 

28 


434  APPENDIX. 

positions,  or  trusts,  or  exercise  any  of  tlie  privileg:es  or  functions 
hereinbefore  specified,  take  the  oath  of  loyalty  aforesaid,  except  the 
part  thereof  whicli  refers  to  the  third  section  of  tiiis  article  and  to  the 
past  acts  or  loyalty  of  the  person  taking  the  oath. 

Sect.  25.  After  the  lirst  day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  seventy-one,  and  until  the  date  hereinafter  named,  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  shall  have  power,  if  a  majority  of  all  the  members 
elected  to  both  houses  concur  tlierein,  to  suspend  or  repeal  any  part 
of  the  third,  fifth,  and  sixth  sections  of  this  article,  so  far  as  the  same 
relate  to  the  qualifications  of  voters,  but  no  further.  After  the  first 
day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-five,  the 
(iencral  Assembly  may  wholly  suspend  or  repeal  the  third,  fourth, 
fifth,  sixth,  eighth,  ninth,  tenth,  eleventh,  and  tvrelfth  sections  of  this 
article,  or  any  part  thereof,  if  a  like  majority  of  both  houses  concur 
therein.  But  no  such  suspension  or  repeal  chall  have  the  effect  of 
dispensing  with  the  taking,  by  every  person  elected  or  appointed  to 
any  office  in  this  State,  of  so  much  of  the  oath  of  loyalty  aforesaid  as 
follows  the  word  "domestic."  On  the  passage  of  any  bill  suspending 
or  repealing  any  of  said  sections,  or  any  part  thereof,  the  votes  of 
both  houses  shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  entered  on  the  jour- 
nals of  the  houses,  respectively.  The  General  Assembly  shall  also 
have  power,  at  any  time,  to  remove  any  such  suspension  or  repeal, 
and  reinstate  the  provisions  suspended  or  repealed,  in  full  force  and 
effect  as  a  part  of  this  Constitution.  Every  suspension  or  repeal  made 
in  pursuance  of  this  section  shall  be  general  in  its  terms,  and  not  in 
any  case  in  favor  of  any  named  person  ;  but  the  General  Assembly 
may  except  from  the  benefit  of  such  suspension  or  repeal  any  person, 
or  class  of  persons,  it  may  see  fit. 

SecL  26.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  for  the  exclusion 
from  every  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit  within  this  State,  and  from 
the  right  of  suffrage,  of  any  person  convicted  of  bribery,  perjury,  or 
other  infamous  crime. 

ARTICLE  III. 

DISTRIBUTION    OF   POWERS. 

The  powers  of  government  shall  be  divided  into  three  distinct  de- 
partments, each  of  which  shall  be  confided  to  a  separate  magistracy  ; 
and  no  person  charged  with  the  exercise  of  powers  properly  belonging 
to  one  of  those  departments  shall  exercise  any  power  properly  belong- 
ing to  either  of  the  others,  except  in  the  instances  hereinafter  expressly 
directed  or  permitted. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

LEGISLATIVE    DEPARTMENT. 

Section  I.  The  legislative  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  General  As- 
sembly, which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Represent- 
atives. 


CONSTITUTION.  435 

Sect.  2.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  consist  of  members,  to 
be  chosen  every  second  year  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  several 
counties,  and  apportioned  in  the  following  manner: 

The  ratio  of  representation  shall  be  ascertained  at  each  apportion- 
ing session  of  the  General  Assembly,  by  dividing  the  whole  number  of 
permanent  inhabitants  of  the  State  by  tlie  number  two  hundred.  Each 
county  having  one  ratio  or  less  shall  be  entitled  to  one  Representa- 
tive;  each  county  having  three  times  said  ratio  shall  be  entitled  to 
two  Representatives  ;  each  county  having  six  times  said  ratio  shall  be 
entitled  to  three  Representatives  ;  and  so  on  above  that  number,  giv- 
ing one  additional  member  for  every  three  additional  ratios.  When  any 
county  shall  be  entitled  to  more  than  one  Representative,  the  county 
court  shall  cause  said  county  to  be  subdivided  into  as  many  compact 
and  convenient  districts  as  such  county  may  be  entitled  to  Represent- 
atives ;  which  districts  shall  be,  as  near  as  may  be,  of  equal  popula- 
tion ;  and  the  qualified  voters  of  each  of  such  districts  shall  elect  one 
Representative,  who  shall  be  a  resident  of  such  district. 

Sect.  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives who  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of  twenty-four  years,  who 
shall  not  be  a  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  who  shall  not 
have  been  a  qualified  voter  of  this  State  two  years,  and  an  inhabitant 
of  the  county  which  he  may  be  chosen  to  represent  one  year  next  before 
the  day  of  his  election,  if  such  county  shall  have  been  so  long  estab- 
lished ;  but  if  not,  then  of  the  county  from  which  the  same  shall  have 
been  taken  ;  and  who  shall  not  have  paid  a  State  and  county  tax. 

Sect.  4.  The  Senate  shall  consist  of  thirty-four  members,  to  be 
chosen  by  the  qualified  voters  for  four  years,  for  the  election  of  whom 
the  State  shall  be  divided  into  convenient  districts. 

Sect.  5.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained 
the  age  of  thirty  years;  who  shall  not  be  a  white  male  citizen  of  the 
United  States ;  who  shall  not  have  been  a  qualified  voter  of  this  State 
three  years,  and  an  inhabitant  of  the  district  which  he  may  be  chosen 
to  represent  one  year  next  before  the  day  of  his  election,  if  such  dis- 
trict shall  have  been  so  long  established,  but  if  not,  then  of  the  district 
or  districts  from  which  the  same  shall  have  been  taken  ;  and  who  shall 
not  have  paid  a  State  and  county  tax.  When  any  county  shall  be 
entitled  to  more  than  one  Senator,  the  county  court  shall  cause  such 
county  to  be  subdivided  into  as  many  compact  and  convenient  districts 
as  such  county  may  be  entitled  to  Senators;  which  districts  shall  be, 
as  near  as  may  be,  of  equal  population  ;  and  the  qualified  voters  of 
each  of  such  districts  shall  elect  one  Senator,  who  shall  be  a  resident 
of  such  district. 

Sect.  6.  Senators  shall  be  apportioned  among  their  respective  dis- 
tricts, as  nearly  as  may  be,  according  to  the  number  of  permanent  in- 
habitants in  each. 

Sect.  7.  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  be  chosen  according 
to  the  rule  of  apportionment  established  in  this  Constitution,  until 
the  next  decennial  census  taken  by  the  United  States  shall  have  been 
made,  and  the  result  thereof  as  to  this  State  ascertained,  when  the 
apportionment  shall  be  revised  and  adjusted  on  the  basis  of  that  cen- 
sus.    In  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-six,  and 


436  APPENDIX. 

every  tciitli  year  tlKTcafter,  tliere  shall  be  taken,  under  the  authority 
of  this  State,  a  census  of  the  inhabitants  thereof;  and  after  every  such 
census  the  apportionment  of  Senators  and  Representatives  may  be 
based  thereon,  until  the  next  succeeding  National  census;  after  which 
it  may  l)e  based  upon  the  National  census  until  the  next  succeeding 
decennial  State  census;  and  so  on,  from  time  to  time,  the  enumera- 
tions made  by  the  United  States  and  this  State  shall  be  used,  as  they 
respectively  occur,  as  the  l)asis  of  apportionment. 

Sect.  8.  Senatorial  and  Representative  districts  may  be  altered, 
from  time  to  time,  as  public  convenience  may  require.  Wiien  any 
senatorial  district  shall  be  composed  of  two  or  more  counties,  they 
shall  be  conti{!:uous. 

Sect.  9.  The  first  election  of  Senators  and  Representatives  under 
this  Constitution  shall  be  held  at  the  p:eneral  election  in  the  year  one 
thousand  eif^ht  hundred  and  sixty-six,  when  the  whole  number  of  Sen- 
ators and  Representatives  shall  be  chosen. 

Sect.  10.  At  the  regular  session  of  the  General  Assembly  chosen  at 
said  election,  the  Senators  shall  be  divided  into  two  equal  classes. 
Those  elected  from  districts  bearing  odd  numbers  shall  compose  the 
first  class,  and  those  elected  from  districts  bearing  even  numbers  shall 
compose  the  second  class.  The  seats  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated 
at  the  end  of  the  second  year  after  the  day  of  said  election,  and  those 
of  the  second  class  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  year  after  that  day,  so 
that  one-half  of  the  Senators  shall  be  choseu  every  second  year.  In 
districting  any  county  for  the  election  of  Senators,  the  districts  shall 
be  numbered,  so  as  to  effectuate  the  division  of  Senators  into  classes, 
as  required  in  this  section. 

Sect.  11.  No  member  of  Congress,  or  person  holding  any  lucrative 
ofiBce  under  the  United  States  or  this  State  (militia  otiicers,  justices  of 
the  peace,  and  notaries  public  excepted),  shall  be  eligible  to  either 
house  of  the  General  Assembly,  or  shall  remain  a  member  thereof 
after  having  accepted  any  such  office,  or  a  seat  in  either  house  of  Con- 
gress. 

Sect.  12.  No  person  who  now  is,  or  may  hereafter  be  a  collector  or 
holder  of  public  money,  or  assistant  or  deputy  of  such  collector  or 
holder  of  public  money,  shall  be  eligil)le  to  either  house  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  until  he  shall  have  accounted  for,  and  paid  all  sums  for 
which  he  may  be  accountable. 

Sect.  13.  If  any  Senator  or  Kei^resentative  remove  his  residence 
from  the  district  or  county  for  which  he  was  elected,  his  otEce  shall 
thereby  be  vacated. 

Sect.  14.  The  Governor  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such 
vacancies  as  may  occur  in  either  house  of  the  General  Assenil)ly. 

Sect.  15.  Nt)  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  term  for 
which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office 
under  this  State,  which  shall  have  I)eon  created,  or  the  emoluments  of 
which  shall  have  been  incrciised,  during  iiis  continuance  in  olliee,  as  a 
Senator  or  Representative,  except  to  such  offices  as  shall  be  filled  by 
elections  of  the  peojile. 

Sect.  IG.  Senators  and  Kepresentatives  shall,  in  all  cases,  except 
treason,  felony,  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest,  dur- 


CONSTITUTIOJT.  437 

ing  the  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  for  fifteen  days  next  be- 
fore the  coniraencement  and  after  tlie  termination  of  each  session  ;  and 
for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house,  they  shall  not  be  questioned 
in  any  other  jilace. 

Sect.  17.  The  members  of  the  General  Assembly  shall  severally  re- 
ceive from  the  public  Treasury  such  compensation  for  their  services 
as  may,  from  time  to  time,  be  provided  by  law ;  but  no  law  increasing 
such  compensation  shall  take  effect  in  favor  of  the  members  of  the 
General  Assembly  by  which  the  same  shall  have  been  passed. 

Sect.  18.  A  majority  of  tlie  wliole  number  of  members  of  each 
house  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business  ;  but  a  smaller  number 
may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  compel  the  attendance  of  ab- 
sent members,  in  such  manner  and  under  such  penalties  as  each  house 
may  provide. 

Sect.  19.  Each  bouse  shall  appoint  its  own  officers  ;  shall  judge  of 
the  qualifications,  elections,  and  returns  of  its  own  members  ;  may  de- 
termine rules  of  its  proceedings ;  may  arrest  and  punish  by  fine,  not 
exceeding  three  hundred  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment  in  a  county  jail 
not  exceeding  ten  days,  or  both,  any  person  not  a  member,  who  shall 
be  guilty  of  disrespect  to  the  house,  by  any  disorderly  or  contemptu- 
ous behavior  in  its  presence,  during  its  session;  may  punish  its  mem- 
bers for  disorderly  behavior  ;  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds 
of  all  the  members  elected,  may  expel  a  member;  but  no  member  shall 
be  expelled  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause. 

Sf^ct.  20.  Each  house  shall,  from  time  to  time,  publish  a  journal  of 
its  proceedings,  except  such  parts  thereof  as  may,  in  its  opinion,  re- 
quire secrecy ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  on  any  question  shall  be  taken, 
and  entered  on  the  journal,  at  the  desire  of  any  two  members.  When- 
ever the  yeas  and  nays  are  demanded,  the  whole  list  of  members  shall 
be  called,  and  the  names  of  absentees  shall  be  noted,  and  published 
with  the  journal. 

Sect.  21.  The  sessions  of  each  house  shall  be  held  with  open  doors, 
except  in  cases  which  may  require  secrecy. 

Sect.  22.  Neither  house  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  ad- 
journ for  more  than  two  days  at  any  one  time,  nor  to  any  other  place 
than  that  in  which  the  two  houses  may  be  sitting. 

Sect.  23.  Bills  may  originate  in  either  liouse,  and  may  be  altered, 
amended,  or  rejected  by  the  other;  and  every  bill  shall  be  read  on 
three  different  days  in  each  house,  unless  two-thirds  of  the  house, 
where  the  same  is  pending,  shall  dispense  with  this  rule;  and  every 
bill,  having  passed  both  houses  shall  be  signed  by  the  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  and  by  the  President  of  the  Senate. 

Sect.  24.  No  l)ill  shall  be  passed  iiidess  by  the  majority  of  all  the 
members  elected  to  each  branch  of  the  General  Assembly ;  and  the 
question  upon  the  final  passage  shall  be  taken  immediately  upon  the 
last  reading;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  shall  be  taken  thereon  and  entered 
upon  the  journal. 

Sect.  25.  No  act  shall  be  revived  or  re-enacted  by  mere  reference 
to  the  title  thereof;  nor  shall  any  act  be  amended  by  jiroviding  that 
designated  words  thereof  shall  be  struck  out ;  or  that  designated  words 
shall  be  struck  out  and  others  inserted  in  lieu  thereof;   but  in  every 


438  APPENDIX. 

such  case  the  net  revived  or  re-enacted,  or  the  act  or  part  of  act 
amended  shall  be  set  forth  and  published  at  length,  as  if  it  were  an 
oriiriual  act  or  provision. 

»S  (•/.  2iJ.  The  style  of  the  laws  of  this  State  shall  be — "Be  it 
enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  as  fol- 
lows :" 

Srcl.  27.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  pass  s[)ecial  laws  divorcing 
any  named  parties ;  or  declaring  any  named  i)erson  of  age  ;  or  author- 
izing any  named  minor  to  sell,  lease,  or  encumber  his  or  her  property ; 
or  ))rovi(ling  for  the  sale  of  the  real  estate  of  any  named  minor  or 
other  j)erson,  laboring  under  legal  disability,  by  any  e.xecutor,  admin- 
istrator, guardian,  trustee,  or  other  persou  ;  or  changing  the  name  of 
any  person;  or  establishing,  locating,  altering  the  course,  or  affecting 
the  construction  of  roads,  or  the  building  or  repairing  of  bridges;  or 
establishing,  altering,  or  vacating  any  street,  avenue,  or  alley,  in  any 
city  or  town ;  or  extending  the  time  for  the  assessment  or  collection 
of  taxes,  or  otherwise  relieving  any  assessor  or  collector  of  taxes  from 
theMue  perf(jrmance  of  his  ollicial  duties;  or  giving  elfect  to  informal 
or  invalid  wills  or  deeds;  or  legalizing,  except  as  against  the  State, 
the  unauthorized  or  invalid  acts  of  any  officer ;  or  granting  to  any 
individual  or  company  tiie  right  to  lay  down  railroad  tracks  in  the 
streets  of  any  city  or  town  ;  or  exempting  any  projjerty  of  any  named 
person  or  corporation  from  taxation.  The  General  Assembly  shall 
pass  no  si)ecial  law  for  any  case  for  whicli  provision  can  he  made  by 
a  general  law;  but  shall  pass  general  laws  i)roviding,  so  far  as  it  may 
deem  necessary,  for  the  cases  enumerated  in  this  section,  and  for  all 
othor  cases  wliere  a  general  law  can  be  made  applicable. 

St'ct.  28.  The  General  Assembly  shall  never  authorize  any  lottery; 
nor  shall  the  sale  of  lottery  tickets  be  allowed  ;  nor  shall  any  lottery 
heretofore  authorized  be  permitted  to  be  drawn,  or  tickets  therein  to 
be  sold. 

Sect.  2!).  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  make  com- 
pensation for  emancipated  slaves. 

Sect.  30.  The  (Jeneral  Assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  remove  the 
county-seat  of  any  county,  unless  two-thirds  of  the  qualiticd  voters  of 
the  county,  at  a  general  election,  shall  vote  in  favor  of  such  removal. 
No  compensation  or  indemnity  for  real  estate,  or  the  improvements 
thereon,  ail'ected  by  such  removal,  shall  be  allowed. 

Sect.  31.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  establish 
any  new  county  with  a  territory  of  less  than  live  hundred  square  miles, 
or  with  a  population  less  than  the  ratio  of  representation  existing  at 
the  time;  nor  to  reduce  any  county  now  established  to  less  than  that 
area,  or  to  less  population  than  such  ratio. 

Sect.  82.  No  law  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  shall  relate  to 
more  than  one  sul)jcct,  and  that  shall  be  expressed  in  the  title;  but  if 
any  suliject  endiraced  in  an  act  be  not  expressed  in  the  title,  such  act 
shall  be  void  only  as  to  so  much  thereof  as  is  not  so  expressed. 

Sect.  33.  The  General  Assembly  shall  direct,  by  law,  in  what  man- 
ner, and  in  what  courts,  suits  may  be  l)rought  against  the  State. 

Sect.  34.  When  any  ollicer,  civil  or  nnlilary,  shall  be  appointed  by 
the  joint  or  concurrent  vote  of  both  houses,  or  by  the  separate  vote  of 


CONSTITUTION.  439 

either  house,  the  votes  shall  be  publicly  given  viva  voce,  and  entered 
on  the  journals. 

Sect.  35.  The  General  Assembly  elected  in  the  year  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  sixty-six,  shall  meet  on  the  first  Wednesday  of 
January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-seven;  and  thereafter 
the  General  Assembly  shall  meet  in  regular  session  once  in  every  two 
years;  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  January, 
unless  a  different  day  be  fixed  by  law. 


ARTICLE  V. 

EXECUTIVE    DEPARTMENT. 

Section  1.  The  supreme  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  Chief 
Magistrate,  who  shall  be  styled  "The  Governor  of  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri." 

Sect.  2.  The  Governor  shall  be  at  least  thirty-five  years  old,  a  white 
male  citizen  of  the  United  States  ten  years,  and  a  resident  of  this 
State  seven  years  next  before  his  election. 

Sect.  3.  The  Governor  elected  at  the  general  election  in  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-eight,  and  each  Governor  there- 
after elected,  shall  hold  his  office  two  years,  and  until  a  successor  be 
duly  elected  and  qualified.  At  the  time  and  place  of  voting  for  mem- 
bers of  the  House  of  Representatives,  the  qualified  voters  shall  vote 
for  a  Governor;  and  when  two  or  more  persons  have  an  equal  num- 
ber of  votes  and  a  higher  number  than  any  other  person,  the  election 
shall  be  decided  between  them  by  a  joint  vote  of  both  houses  of  the 
General  Assembly,  at  their  next  session. 

Sect.  4.  The  Governor  shall  not  be  ineligible  to  office  more  than 
four  years  in  six. 

Sect.  5.  The  Governor  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  militia  of 
this  State,  except  when  they  shall  be  called  into  the  service  of  the 
United  States ;  but  he  need  not  command  in  person,  unless  advised  to 
do  so  by  a  resolution  of  the  General  Assembly. 

Sect.  6.  The  Governor  shall  have  the  power  to  grant  reprieves, 
commutations,  and  pardons,  after  conviction,  for  all  offenses  except 
treason  and  cases  of  impeachment,  upon  such  conditions,  and  with  such 
restrictions  and  limitations,  as  he  may  think  proper,  subject  to  such 
regulations  as  may  be  provided  by  law  relative  to  the  manner  of  ap- 
plying for  pardons.  He  shall,  at  each  session  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly, communicate  to  that  body  each  case  of  reprieve,  commutation  or 
pardon  granted;  stating  the  name  of  the  convict,  the  crime  of  which 
he  was  convicted,  the  sentence  and  its  date,  the  date  of  the  commuta- 
tion, pardon,  or  reprieve,  and  the  reasons  for  granting  the  same.  He 
shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  distributed  and  faithfully  executed; 
and  shall  be  a  conservator  of  the  peace  throughout  the  State. 

Sect.  7.  The  Governor  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  General 
Assembly  information  relative  to  the  state  of  the  Government,  and 
shall  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall  deem 
necessary  and  expedient.    On  extraordinary  occasions  he  may  convene 


440  Al'l'ENDIX. 

the  General  Assembly  by  proclamation,  wlierein  he  shall  state  specifi- 
cally each  niiilter  concerninf;  which  the  action  of  that  body  is  di^emed 
necessary;  and  the  General  Assembly  sliall  have  uo  power,  when  so 
convened,  to  act  upon  any  matter  not  so  stated  in  the  proclamation. 

Sect.  a.  When  any  office  shall  become  vacant,  the  Governor,  unless 
otherwise  provided  by  law,  shall  appoint  a  person  to  till  such  vacancy, 
who  shall  continue  in  ollice  until  a  successor  shall  be  duly  elected  or 
appointed,  and  qualified  according  to  law. 

Sect.  9.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  been  passed  by  both  houses  of 
the  General  Assembly,  before  it  becomes  a  law  shall  be  presented  to 
the  Governor  for  his  approbation.  If  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it; 
if  not,  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  the  house  in  which  it 
shall  have  ori.irinated  ;  and  the  house  sliall  cause  the  objections  to  be 
entered  at  large  on  its  journals,  and  shall  proceed  to  reconsider  the 
bill.  After  such  reconsideration,  if  a  majority  of  all  the  members 
elected  to  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  same,  it  shall  be  sent,  to- 
gether with  the  olijections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall,  in 
like  manner,  be  reconsidered  ;  and  if  approved  by  a  majority  of  all  the 
members  elected  to  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law.  In  all  such 
cases,  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays,  and 
the  names  of  the  members  voting,  for  and  against  the  bill,  shall  be  en- 
tered on  the  journals  of  each  house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall 
not  be  returned  by  the  Governor  within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted) 
after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  become  a  law, 
in  like  manner  as  if  the  Governor  had  signed  it,  unless  the  General 
Assembly,  by  its  adjournment,  shall  prevent  its  return;  in  which  case 
it  shall  not  become  a  law,  unless  the  Governor,  after  such  adjourn- 
ment, and  within  ten  days  after  the  bill  was  presented  to  him  (Sun- 
days excepted),  shall  sign  and  deposit  the  same  in  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  State;  in  which  case  it  shall  become  a  law,  in  like  man- 
ner as  if  it  had  been  signed  by  him  during  the  session  of  the  General 
Assembly. 

Sect.  10.  Every  resolution,  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary,  except  on  questions 
of  adjournment,  of  going  into  joint  session,  and  of  amending  this  Con- 
stitution, shall  be  presented  to  the  Governor;  and,  before  the  same 
shall  take  effect,  shall  be  proceeded  upon  in  the  same  manner  as  in 
the  case  of  a  bill. 

Sect.  11.  The  Governor  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  ser- 
vices an  adequate  salary,  to  be  fixed  by  law;  which  shall  neither  be 
increased  nor  diminished  during  his  continuance  in  ollicc. 

Sect.  12.  There  shall  be  a  Lieutenant-Governor,  who  shall  be  elected 
at  the  same  time,  in  the  same  manner,  for  the  same  term,  and  shall 
possess  the  same  qualifications  as  the  Governor. 

Seel.  13.  The  Lieutenant-Governor,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  shall  be 
President  of  the  Senate.  In  committee  of  the  whole,  he  may  debate 
on  all  questions;  and  when  there  is  an  equal  division,  shall  give  the 
casting  vote  in  the  Senate,  and  also  in  joint  vote  of  both  houses. 

Sect.  14  When  the  office  of  Governor  shall  become  vacant,  by 
death,  resignation,  removal  from  the  State,  removal  from  office,  refu- 
sal to  qualify,  or  otherwise,  the  Lieutenant-Governor  shall  perform 


CONSTITUTION.  441 

the  duties,  possess  the  powers,  and  receive  the  corapensatioii  of  the 
Governor  during  the  remainder  of  the  terra  for  which  the  Governor 
vfas  elected.  When  the  Governor  is  absent  from  the  State,  or  is 
unable,  from  sickness,  to  perform  his  duties,  or  is  under  impeachment, 
the  Lieutenant  Governor  shall  perform  said  duties,  possess  said 
powers,  and  receive  said  compensation,  until  the  Governor  return  to  the 
State,  be  enabled  to  resume  his  duties,  or  be  acquitted.  If  there  be 
no  Lieutenant-Governor,  or  if  he  be  absent  from  the  State,  disabled  by 
sickness,  or  under  impeachment,  the  President  of  the  Senate  pro  tem- 
pore, or,  in  case  of  like  absence  or  disability  on  his  part,  or  of  there 
being  no  President  of  tlie  Senate  pro  tempore,  the  Speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  shall  assume  the  office  of  Governor,  in  the 
same  manner,  and  vi^ith  the  same  powers  and  compensation  as  are 
prescribed  in  the  case  of  the  office  devolving  on  the  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor. 

Sect.  15.  The  Lieutenant-Governor,  or  the  President  of  the  Senate 
j)ro  tempore,  while  presiding  in  the  Senate,  shall  receive  the  same 
compensation  as  shall  be  allowed  to  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives. 

Sect.  16.  There  shall  be  a  Secretary  of  State,  a  State  Auditor,  a 
State  Treasurer,  and  an  Attorney-General,  who  shall  be  elected  by 
the  qualified  voters  of  the  State,  at. the  same  time,  in  the  same  man- 
ner, and  for  the  same  term  of  office  as  the  Governor.  No  person 
shall  be  eligible  to  either  of  said  offices,  unless  he  be  a  white  male  cit- 
izen of  the  United  States,  and  at  least  twenty-five  years  old,  and  shall 
have  resided  in  this  State  five  years  next  before  his  election.  The 
Secretary  of  State,  the  State  Auditor,  the  State  Treasurer,  and  the 
Attorney-General,  shall  keep  their  respective  offices  at  the  seat  of 
Government,  and  shall  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  required  of  them 
by  law. 

Sect.  17.  The  returns  of  all  elections  of  Governor,  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, and  of  other  State  officers,  shall  be  made  to  the  Secretary  of 
State,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sect.  18.  Contested  elections  of  Governor  and  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor shall  be  decided  by  joint  vote  of  both  houses  of  the  General 
Assembly,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sect.  19.  Contested  elections  of  Secretary  of  State,  State  Auditor, 
State  Treasurer,  and  Attorney- General,  shall  be  decided  before  such 
tribunal,  and  in  such  manner  as  may  be  by  law  provided. 

Sect.  20  The  Secretary  of  State  shall  be  the  custodian  of  the  seal 
of  State,  and  shall  authenticate  therewith  all  official  acts  of  the  Gov- 
ernor, his  approbation  of  laws  excepted.  The  said  seal  shall  be  called 
the  "Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  Missouri;"  and  the  emblems  and 
devices  thereof,  heretofore  prescribed  by  law,  shall  not  be  subject  to 
change. 

Sect.  21.  The  Secretary  of  State  shall  keep  a  register  of  the  offi- 
cial acts  of  the  Governor,  and  when  necessary  shall  attest  them  ;  and 
shall  lay  copies  of  the  same,  together  with  copies  of  all  papers  relat- 
ing thereto,  before  either  house  of  the  General  Assembly,  whenever 
required  to  do  so. 

Sect.  22.   There  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  iu  each 


442  APPENDIX. 

county,  at  the  time  and  places  of  electiiis?  Representatives,  a  sheriff 
and  a  coroner.  Tliey  sliall  serve  for  two  years,  and  until  a  successor 
be  duly  elected  and  (lualiliod,  unless  sooner  removed  for  malfeasance 
in  odice,  and  siiall  be  inclifjible  four  years  in  any  period  of  eight  years. 
Before  erjterinpr  on  the  duties  of  their  oflice,  they  shall  give  security 
in  such  amount  and  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prcscril)ed  by  law. 
Whenever  a  county  shall  be  hereafter  estal)lished,  the  Governor  shall 
appoint  a  sheriff  and  a  coroner  therein,  who  shall  continue  in  office 
until  the  next  succeeding  general  election,  and  until  a  successor  shall 
be  duly  elected  and  qualihed. 

Sect.  23.  Whenever  a  vacancy  shall  happen  in  the  oGSce  of  sherifif 
or  coroner,  the  same  shall  be  filled  by  the  county  court.  If  such  va- 
cancy hapjicn  in  the  office  of  sheriff  more  than  nine  months  prior  to 
the  time  of  holding  a  general  olection,  such  county  court  shall  imme- 
diately order  a  special  election  to  fill  the  same,  and  the  person  by  it 
appointed  shall  hold  office  until  the  person  chosen  at  such  election 
shall  Ije  duly  cpialified  ;  otherwise,  the  person  appointed  liy  such 
county  court  shall  hold  office  until  the  person  chosen  at  such  general 
election  shall  be  duly  qualified.  If  a  vacancy  happen  in  the  office  of 
coroner,  the  same  shall  be  filled  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  by  such 
county  court.  No  person  elected  or  appointed  to  fill  a  vacancy  in 
either  of  said  offices,  shall  thereby  be  rendered  ineligible  for  the  next 
succeeding  term. 

Seel.  24.  In  all  elections  for  sheriff  and  coroner,  when  two  or  more 
persons  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  and  a  higher  than  any  other 
person,  the  presiding  judge  of  the  county  court  of  the  county  shall 
give  the  casting  vote  ;  and  all  contested  elections  for  tlie  said  offices, 
sliall  be  decided  by  the  circuit  court  of  the  proper  county,  in  such 
manner  as  the  General  Assembly  may  by  law  prescril)e. 

Seel.  25.  The  Governor  shall  commission  all  officers  not  otherwise 
provided  by  law.  All  commissions  shall  run  in  the  name  and  by  the 
authority  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  be  sealed  with  the  State  seal, 
signed  by  the  Governor,  and  attested  by  the  Secretary  of  State. 

Seet.  20.  The  appointment  of  all  officers,  not  otherwise  directed 
by  this  Constitution,  shall  be  made  in  such  manner  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

JUDICIAL   DEPARTMENT. 

Section  1.  The  judicial  power,  as  to  matters  of  law  and  equity, 
shall  be  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  in  district  courts,  in  circuit  courts, 
and  in  such  inferior  tribunals  as  the  General  Assembly  may,  from  time 
to  time,  estal)lish. 

Seet.  2.  The  supreme  court,  except  in  cases  otherwise  directed  by 
this  Constitution,  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction  only,  which  shall 
be  coextensive  with  the  State,  under  the  restrictions  and  limitations 
in  this  Constitution  provided. 

Seel.  ?).  The  supreme  court  shall  have  a  general  superintending 
control  over  all  inferior  courts  of  law.     It  shall  have  power  to  issue 


coNSTiTUTioisr.  443 

writs  of  habeas  co7'])u,^,  mandamus,  quo  warranto,  certiorari,  and 
other  original  remedial  writs,  and  to  hear  and  determine  the  same. 

Sect.  4.  The  supreme  court  shall  consist  of  three  judges,  any  two 
of  whom  shall  be  a  quorum  ;  and  the  said  judges  shall  be  conservators 
of  the  peace  throughout  the  State. 

Sect.  5.  The  State  shall  be  divided  into  convenient  districts,  not  to 
exceed  four,  in  each  of  which  the  supreme  court  shall  be  held  at  such 
time  and  place  as  the  General  Assembly  may  appoint,  and,  when  sit- 
ting in  either  district,  it  shall  exercise  jurisdiction  over  causes  origin- 
ating in  that  district  only ;  but  the  General  Assembly  may  direct,  by 
law,  that  the  said  court  shall  be  held  at  one  place  only. 

Sect.  6.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  shall  hold  office  for  the 
term  of  six  years,  and  until  their  successors  shall  be  duly  elected  and 
qualified,  except  as  hereinafter  provided. 

Sect.  1.  At  the  general  election,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  sixty-eight,  all  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  shall  be 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State,  and  shall  enter  upon  their 
office  on  the  first  Monday  of  January  next  ensuing.  At  the  first 
session  of  the  court  thereafter,  the  judges  shall,  by  lot,  determine  the 
duration  of  their  several  terms  of  office,  which  shall  be  respectively 
two,  four,  and  six  years;  and  shall  certify  the  result  to  the  Secretary 
of  State.  At  the  general  election,  every  two  years  after  said  first 
election,  one  judge  of  said  court  shall  be  elected,  to  hold  office  for  the 
period  of  six  years,  from  the  first  Monday  of  January  next  ensuing. 
The  judge  having  at  any  time  the  shortest  term  to  serve,  shall  be  the 
presiding  judge  of  the  court. 

Sect.  8.  If  a  vacancy  shall  happen  in  the  office  of  any  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  by  death,  resignation,  removal  out  of  the  State,  or 
other  disqualification,  the  Governor  shall  appoint  a  suitable  person  to 
fill  the  vacancy  until  the  next  general  election  occurring  more  than 
three  months  after  the  happening  of  such  vacancy,  when  the  same 
shall  be  filled  by  election,  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State,  for  the 
residue  of  the  term. 

Sect.  9.  In  case  of  a  tie,  or  a  contested  election  between  the  can- 
didates, the  same  shall  be  determined  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sect.  10.  If,  in  regard  to  any  cause  pending  in  the  supreme  court, 
the  judges  sitting  shall  be  equally  divided  in  opinion,  no  judgment 
shall  be  entered  therein  based  on  such  division ;  but  the  parties  to  the 
cause  may  agree  upon  some  person,  learned  in  the  law,  who  shall  act 
as  special  judge  in  the  cause,  and  who  sliall  tiiereiu  sit  with  the  court, 
and  give  decision  in  the  same  manner  and  with  the  same  effect  as  one 
of  the  judges.  If  the  parties  cannot  agree  upon  a  special  judge,  the 
court  shall  appoint  one. 

Sect.  II.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  shall  give  their  opinion 
upon  important  questions  of  constitutional  law,  and  upon  solemn  oc- 
casions, wlien  required  l)y  the  Governor,  the  Senate,  o"  the  House  of 
Representatives;  and  all  such  opinions  shall  l)e  published  in  connec- 
tion with  the  reported  decisions  of  said  court. 

Sect.  12.  The  State,  except  the  County  of  St.  Louis,  shall  be  di- 
vided into  not  less  than  five  districts,  each  of  which  sliall  embrace  at 
least  three  judicial  circuits  ;  and  iu  each  district  a  court,  to  be  known 


444  APPENDIX. 

as  the  district  court,  sliall  be  held  at  such  times  and  places  as  may  be 
provided  by  law.  E;ich  district  court  shall  be  held  l)y  the  jiidj^jes  of 
the  circuit  courts  cinljraccd  in  the  district,  a  majority  of  whom  shall 
be  a  quorum.  Tlie  district  courts  shall,  within  their  respective  dis- 
tricts, have  like  orie^iiial  jurisdiction  with  the  supreme  court,  and  ap- 
pclliilf  jurisdiction  from  the  final  judi>-monts  of  the  circuit  courts,  and 
of  all  inferior  courts  of  record  within  the  district,  except  probate  and 
county  courts.  After  the  establishment  of  such  district  courts,  no 
appeal  or  writ  of  error  shall  lie  from  any  circuit  court,  or  inferior 
court  of  record,  to  the  supreme  court,  but  shall  be  prosecuted  to  the 
district  court,  from  the  final  judgments  of  which  an  appeal  or  writ  of 
error  may  be  taken  to  the  supreme  court,  in  such  cases  as  may  be 
provided  by  law. 

Sect.  13.  The  circuit  court  .shall  have  jurisdiction  over  all  criminal 
cases,  which  shall  not  be  otherwise  provided  for  by  law;  and  exclu- 
sive oricrinal  jurisdiction  in  all  civil  cases  which  shall  not  be  co.ffiiizable 
before  justices  of  the  peace,  until  otherwise  directed  l^y  the  General 
Assembly.  It  shall  hold  its  terms  at  such  time  and  place,  in  each 
county,  as  may  be  by  law  directed. 

Sed.  14.  The  State  shall  be  divided  into  convenient  circuits,  of 
which  the  County  of  St.  Louis  shall  constitute  one,  for  each  of  which, 
except  as  in  the  next  succeedinji;  section  specified,  a  judge  shall  be 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  respective  circuits,  and,  except 
as  hereinafter  provided,  shall  be  elected  for  the  term  of  six  years,  but 
may  continue  in  office  until  his  successor  shall  be  elected  and  quali- 
fied ;  and  the  judge  of  each  circuit,  after  his  election  or  appointment, 
as  hereinafter  provided,  shall  reside  in  and  be  a  conscrvat'ir  of  the 
peace  within  the  circuit  for  wliich  he  shall  be  elected  or  appointed  ; 
and  if  any  vacancy  shall  happen  in  the  office  of  any  circuit  judge,  by 
death,  resignation,  removal  out  of  his  circuit,  or  by  any  other  disqual- 
ification, the  Governor  shall,  upon  being  satisfied  that  a  vacancy  exists, 
issue  a  writ  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancy;  provided  that  said  va- 
cancy shall  happen  at  least  six  months  before  the  next  general  elec- 
tion for  said  judge  ;  but  if  such  vacancy  shall  happen  within  six 
months  of  the  general  election  aforesaid,  the  Governor  shall  appoint 
a  judge  for  such  circuit;  l)ut  every  election  or  ap|)ointment,  to  fill  a 
vacancy,  shall  be  for  the  resitlue  of  \h\i  term  only.  And  tlie  General 
Assembly  shall  provide,  by  law,  for  the  election  of  said  judges  in  their 
respective  circuits;  and,  in  case  of  a  tie  or  contested  election  between 
the  candidates,  the  same  shall  be  determined  in  the  manner  to  be  pre- 
scribed by  law.  And  the  General  Asseiiil)ly  shall  provide,  by  law, 
for  the  election  of  said  judges,  in  their  respective  circuits,  to  fill  any 
vacancy  which  shall  occur  at  any  time  at  least  six  months  before  a 
general  election  for  said  judges.  At  the  general  election  in  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-eight,  and  at  the  general  elec- 
tion every  sixth  year  thereafter,  except  as  hereinafter  provided,  all  the 
circuit  judges  shall  l)e  elected,  and  shall  enter  upon  their  offices  on  the 
first  Monday  of  January  next  ensuing.  No  judicial  circuit  shall  be 
altered  or  changed  at  any  session  of  the  General  Assembly  next  pre- 
ceding the  general  election  for  said  judges. 


CONSTITUTION.  445 

Sect.  15.  From  and  after  the  first  day  of  January,  one  thousand 
eight  Imndrcd  and  sixty-six,  the  circuit  court  of  the  County  of  St. 
Louis  shall  be  composed  of  three  judges,  each  of  whom  shall  try 
causes  separately,  and  all,  or  a  majority  of  whom,  sliall  constitute  a 
court  in  bank,  to  decide  questions  of  law,  and  to  corect  errors  occur- 
ring in  trials;  and,  from  and  after  that  day,  there  shall  not  be  in  said 
county  any  other  court  of  record  liaving  civil  jurisdiction,  except  a 
probate  court  and  a  county  court.  The  additional  judges  of  the  cir- 
cuit court  of  the  County  of  St.  Louis,  authorized  by  this  section,  shall 
be  appointed  by  the  Governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Sen- 
ate, and  shall  hold  their  offices  until  the  next  general  election  of  judges 
of  circuit  courts,  when  the  whole  nunil^er  of  the  judges  of  said  court 
shall  be  elected.  At  the  first  session  of  said  court,  after  the  judges 
thereof  who  may  be  elected  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  sixty-eight,  shall  have  assumed  office,  the  said  judges  shall,  by  lot. 
determine  the  duration  of  their  several  terms  of  office,  which  shall  be, 
respectively,  two,  four,  and  six  years;  and  shall  certify  the  result  to 
the  Secretary  of  State.  At  the  general  election  every  two  years,  after 
the  election  in  tliat  year,  one  judge  of  said  court  shall  be  elected, 
to  hold  office  for  the  term  of  six  years  from  the  first  Monday  of  Jan- 
uary next  ensuing.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  power  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  the  judges  of  said  court,  from  time  to  time,  as 
the  public  interest  may  require.  Any  additional  judges  authorized 
shall  hold  office  for  the  term  of  six  years,  and  be  elected  at  a  general 
election,  and  enter  upon  their  office  ou  the  first  Monday  of  January 
next  ensuing. 

Sect  16.  The  provisions  contained  in  this  article  requiring  an  elec- 
tion to  be  held  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  office  of  judges  of  the  supreme 
and  circuit  courts,  shall  have  relation  to  vacancies  occurring  after  the 
year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-eight,  up  to  which  time 
any  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  I)y  appointment  by  the  Governor. 

Sect.  17.  If  there  be  a  vacancy  in  the  office  of  judge  of  any  circuit, 
or  if  he  be  sick,  absent,  or  from  any  cause  unable  to  hold  any  term  of 
court  of  any  county  of  his  circuit,  such  term  of  court  may  be  held  by 
a  judge  of  any  other  circuit;  and  at  the  request  of  the  judge  of  any 
circuit,  any  term  of  court  in  his  circuit  may  be  held  by  the  judge  of 
any  other  circuit. 

Sect.  18.  No  person  shall  be  elected  or  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  nor  of  a  circuit  court,  before  he  shall  have  attained  to 
the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States 
five  years,  and  a  qualified  voter  of  this  State  three  years. 

Sect.  19.  Any  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  or  the  circuit  court,  may 
be  removed  from  office,  on  the  address  of  two-thirds  of  each  house  of 
the  General  Assembly  to  the  (}overnor  for  that  purpose  ;  Init  each 
house  shall  state,  on  its  respective  journal,  the  cause  for  which  it  shall 
wish  the  removal  of  such  judge,  and  give  him  notice  thereof;  and  he 
shall  have  the  right  to  be  heard  in  his  defense,  in  such  manner  as  the 
General  Assembly  shall  by  law  direct ;  but  no  judge  shall  be  removed 
in  this  manner  lor  any  cause  for  which  he  might  have  been  impeached. 

Sect.  '20.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  and  the  judges  of  the 
circuit  courts  shall  at  stated  times  receive  a  compensation  for  their 


446  APPENDIX. 

services,  to  be  fixed  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  the 
period  for  wliirh  they  were  elected. 

Si'cl.  21.  The  circuit  court  shall  exercise  a  superintendinj^  control 
over  all  such  inferior  tribunals  as  the  General  Assembly  may  estab- 
lish, and  over  justices  of  the  peace  in  each  county  in  their  respective 
circuits. 

Serf.  22.  The  supreme  court  and  the  district  courts  shall  appoint 
their  respective  clerks.  Clerks  of  all  other  courts  of  record  shall  be 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  county,  at  a  general  election,  and 
shall  hold  office  for  the  terra  of  four  years  from  and  after  the  first 
.Monday  of  January  next  ensuing,  and  until  their  successors  are  duly 
elected  and  qualified.  The  first  election  of  such  clerks  after  the  adop- 
tion of  this  Constitution  shall  be  at  the  general  election,  in  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-six  ;  any  existing  law  of  this 
State  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

Sect  23.  Inferior  tribunals,  to  be  known  as  county  courts,  shall  be 
established  in  each  county  for  the  transaction  of  all  county  business. 
In  such  courts,  or  in  such  other  tribunals,  inferior  to  the  circuit  courts, 
as  the  General  Assembly  may  establish,  shall  be  vested  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  all  matters  appertaining  to  probate  business,  to  granting  letters 
testamentary  and  of  administration,  to  settling  the  accounts  of  execu- 
tors, administrators,  and  guardians,  and  to  the  appointment  of  guar- 
dians, and  such  other  jurisdiction  as  may  be  conferred  by  law. 

Seel.  24.  No  clerk  of  any  court  established  by  this  Constitution, 
or  by  any  law  of  this  State,  shall  apply  to  his  own  use  from  the  fees 
and  emoluments  of  his  office,  a  greater  sum  than  two  thousand  five 
hundred  dollars  for  each  year  of  his  official  term,  after  paying  out  of 
such  fees  and  emoluments  such  amounts  for  deputies  and  assistants  in 
his  office  as  the  court  may  deem  necessary  and  may  allow  ;  but  all 
surplus  of  such  fees  and  emoluments  over  that  sura,  after  paying  the 
amounts  so  allowed,  shall  be  paid  into  the  county  treasury  for  the  use 
of  the  county.  The  General  Assembly  shall  pass  such  laws  as  may 
be  necessary  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  section. 

Sect.  25.  In  each  county  there  shall  be  appointed,  or  elected,  as 
many  justices  of  the  peace  as  the  public  good  may  be  thought  to  re- 
quire. Their  powers  and  duties,  and  their  duration  in  office,  shall  be 
regulated  by  law. 

Sect.  20.  All  writs  and  processes  shall  run,  and  all  prosecutions 
shall  be  conducted,  in  the  name  of  the  "  >State  of  Missouri ;"  all  writs 
shall  be  tested  by  the  clerk  of  the  court  from  which  they  shall  be 
issued;  and  all  indictments  shall  conclude  "against  the  peace  and 
dignity  of  the  State." 

ARTICLE  YII. 

IMPEACHMENTS. 

Section  1.  The  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  Secretary  of  State, 
State  Auditor,  State  Treasurer,  Attorney-(Jeneral,  and  all  judges  of 
the  courts,  shall  be  liable  to  impeachment  for  any  misdemeanor  in 
office;  but  judgment,  in  such  case,  shall  not  extend  further  thau  re- 


CONSTITUTION.  447 

moval  from  office,  and  di.-qnalification  to  hold  any  office  of  honor, 
trust  or  profit  under  this  State. 

Sect.  2.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  have  the  sole  power  of 
impeachment.  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  Senate  ;  and 
when  sitting  for  that  purpose  the  Senators  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirma- 
tion to  do  justice  according  to  law  and  evidence.  When  the  Gov- 
ernor shall  be  tried,  the  presiding  judge  of  the  supreme  court  shall 
preside.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of 
two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present. 


ARTICLE  VIII. 

BANKS  AND  CORPORATIONS. 

Section  1.  No  corporate  body  shall  hereafter  be  created,  renewed, 
or  extended  with  the  privilege  of  making,  issuing,  or  putting  in  circu- 
lation any  notes,  bills,  or  other  paper,  or  the  paper  of  any  other  bank 
to  circulate  as  money,  and  the  General  Assembly  shall  prohibit,  by 
law,  individuals  and  corporations  from  issuing  bills,  checks,  tickets, 
promissory  notes,  or  other  paper  to  circulate  as  money. 

Sect.  2.  No  law  shall  be  passed  reviving  or  re-enacting  any  act 
heretofore  passed  creating  any  private  corporation,  where  such  cor- 
poration shall  not  have  been  organized  and  commenced  the  transac- 
tion of  its  business  within  one  year  from  the  time  such  act  took  effect, 
or  within  such  other  time  as  may  have  been  prescribed  in  such  act  for 
such  organization  and  commencement  of  business. 

Sect.  3.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  at  its  first  session,  after  this 
Constitution  goes  into  effect,  enact  laws,  enabling  any  of  the  existing 
banks  of  issue  to  reorganize  as  national  banks  under  the  act  of  Con- 
gress, and  shall  also  provide  for  the  sale  of  the  stock  owned  by  this 
State  in  the  Bank  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  upon  such  terms  and  con- 
ditions as  shall  be  by  law  established. 

Sect.  4.  Corporations  may  be  formed  under  general  laws,  but  shall 
not  be  created  by  special  acts,  except  for  municipal  purposes.  All 
general  laws  and  special  acts  passed  pursuant  to  this  section  may  be 
altered,  amended,  or  repealed. 

Sect.  5.  No  municipal  corporations,  except  cities,  shall  be  created' 
by  special  act;  and  no  city  shall  be  incorporated  with  less  than  five 
thousand  permanent  inhabitants,  nor  unless  the  people  thereof,  by  a 
direct  vote  upon  the  question,  shall  have  decided  in  favor  of  such 
incorporation. 

Sect.  6.  Dues  from  private  corporations  shall  be  secured  by  such 
means  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law  ;  but  in  all  cases  each  stockholder 
shall  be  individually  liable,  over  and  above  the  stock  by  him  or  her 
owned,  and  any  amount  unpaid  thereon,  in  a  further  sum,  at  least 
equal  in  amount  to  such  stock. 


448  APPENDIX. 

ARTICLE   IX. 

EDUCATION. 

Section  1.  A  jreneral  diffusion  of  knowlcdjjc  and  intelligence  being 
essential  to  the  preservation  of  the  rights  anil  lil)erties  of  the  people, 
the  General  Assembly  shall  establish  and  maintain  free  schools,  for  the 
gratnitous  instruction  of  all  persons  in  this  State  between  the  ages  of 
five  anil  twenty-one  years. 

Sect.  2.  Separate  schools  may  be  established  for  children  of  African 
descent.  All  funds  provided  for  the  support  of  public  schools  shall 
be  appropriated  in  ])roportion  to  the  number  of  children  without  re- 
gard til  color. 

Sect.  3.  The  supervision  of  public  instruction  shall  be  vested  in  a 
"Board  of  Education,"  whose  powers  and  duties  shall  be  prescribed 
l)y  law.  A  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  who  shall  be  the  Pres- 
ident of  the  Board,  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualilied  voters  of  the 
State.  He  shall  possess  the  qualilications  of  a  State  Senator,  and 
hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  four  years ;  and  shall  perform  such  du- 
ties and  receive  such  compensation  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  The 
Secretary  of  State  and  Attorney-General  shall  be  ex-officio  members, 
and,  with  the  Superintendent,  compose  the  Board  of  Education. 

Sect.  4.  The  (Jeneral  Assembly  shall  also  establish  and  maintain 
a  State  university,  with  departments  for  instruction  in  teaching,  in 
agriculture,  and  in  natural  science,  as  soon  as  the  public  school  fund 
will  permit. 

Sect.  T).  The  ])roceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been,  or  hereafter  may 
be,  granted  by  the  United  States  to  this  State,  and  not  otherwise  ap- 
propriated by  this  State  or  the  United  States ;  also,  all  moneys, 
stocks,  bonds,  lands,  and  other  property  now  belonging  to  any  fund  for 
purposes  of  education  ;  also,  the  net  proceeds  of  all  sales  of  land  and 
other  property  and  effects  tliat  may  accrue  to  the  State  by  escheat,  or 
from  sales  of  estrays,  or  from  unclaimed  dividends,  or  distril)utive 
shares  of  the  estates  of  deceased  persons,  or  from  lines,  penalties,  and 
forfeitures ;  also,  any  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  public  lands  which 
may  have  been,  or  hereafter  may  be.  paid  over  to  this  Slate  (if  Con- 
gress will  consent  to  such  appropriation)  ;  also,  all  other  grants,  gifts, 
or  devises  that  have  been,  or  hereafter  may  be,  made  to  this  State, 
and  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  the  terms  of  the  grant,  gift,  or  de- 
vise, shall  be  securely  invested  and  sacredly  ])reserved  as  a  "  Public 
School  Fund,"  the  annual  income  of  wiiicli  fund,  together  with  so 
much  of  the  ordinary  revenue  of  the  State  as  may  be  necessary,  shall 
be  faithfully  ajipropriated  for  estal)lishiiig  and  maintaining  the  free 
schools  and  the  university  in  this  article  provided  for,  and  lor  no  other 
uses  or  purposes  whatsoever. 

Sect.  6.  No  part  of  the  public  school  fund  shall  ever  be  invested 
in  the  stock  or  bonds,  or  other  obligations  of  any  Stale,  or  of  any 
county,  city,  town,  or  corporation.  The  stock  of  the  Bank  of  the 
State  of  Missouri,  now  held  for  school  purposes,  and  all  other  stocks 
belonging  to  any  school  or  university  fund,  shall  be  sold  in  such  man- 


CONSTITUTION.  449 

ner  and  at  snch  time  as  the  General  Assembly  shall  prescribe  ;  and  the 
proceeds  thereof,  and  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  any  lands  or  other 
property  which  now  belong,  or  may  hereafter  belong,  to  said  school 
fund,  may  be  invested  in  the  bonds  of  the  United  States.  All  county 
school  funds  shall  be  loaned  upon  good  and  sufficient  unincumbered 
real  estate  security,  with  personal  security  in  addition  thereto. 

Sect.  7.  No  township  or  school  district  shall  receive  any  portion  of 
the  public  school  fund,  unless  a  free  school  shall  have  been  kept  therein 
for  not  less  than  three  months  during  the  year  for  which  distribution 
thereof  is  made.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  power  to  require, 
by  law,  that  every  child,  of  sufficient  mental  and  physical  ability,  shall 
attend  the  public  schools  during  the  period  between  the  ages  of  five 
and  eighteen  years,  for  a  term  equivalent  to  sixteen  months  (unless 
educated  by  other  means). 

Sect.  8.  In  case  the  public  school  fund  shall  be  insufficient  to  sustain 
a  free  school  at  least  four  months  in  every  year  in  each  school  district 
in  this  State,  the  General  Assembly  may  provide,  by  law,  for  the 
raising  of  such  deficiency,  by  levying  a  tax  on  all  the  taxable  prop- 
erty in  each  county,  township,  or  school  district,  as  they  may  deem 
proper. 

Sect.  9.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  as  far  as  it  can  be  done  with- 
out infringing  upon  vested  rights,  reduce  all  lands,  moneys,  and  other 
property,  used  or  held  for  school  purposes,  in  the  various  counties  of 
this  State,  into  the  "  Public  School  Fund  "  herein  provided  for  ;  and 
in  making  distribution  of  the  annual  income  of  said  fund,  shall  take 
into  consideration  the  amount  of  any  county  or  city  funds  appropri- 
ated for  common  school  purposes,  and  make  such  distribution  as  will 
equalize  the  amount  appropriated  for  common  schools  throughout  the 
State. 

ARTICLE  X. 

MILITIA. 

Section  1.  All  able-bodied  male  inhabitants  of  this  State,  between 
the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five  years,  who  are  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  or  have  declared  their  intention  to  become  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  liable  to  military  duty  in  the  militia  of  this 
State ;  and  there  shall  be  no  exemption  from  such  duty  except  of  such 
persons  as  the  General  Assembly  may,  by  law,  exempt. 

Sect.  2.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  by  law,  provide  for  the  or- 
ganization of  the  militia,  and  for  the  paying  of  the  same  when  called 
into  actual  service ;  but  there  shall  be  no  officer  above  the  grade  of 
brigadier-general,  nor  shall  there  be  more  than  two  officers  of  that 
grade. 

Sect.  3.  Each  company  and  regiment  shall  elect  its  own  company 
and  regimental  officers;  but  if  any  company  or  regiment  shall  neglect 
to  elect  such  officers  within  the  time  prescribed  by  law,  or  by  the  order 
of  the  Governor,  they  may  be  appointed  by  the  Governor. 

29 


45  APPENDIX. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

MISCELLANEOUS  PROVISIONS. 

Secliun  1.  The  General  Assembly  of  this  State  shall  never  interfere 
with  the  jiriniarv  disposal  of  the  soil  by  the  United  States,  nor  with 
any  regulation  which  Congress  may  find  necessary  for  secnring  the  title 
in  such  soil  to  the  bona  Jide  purchasers.  No  tax  shall  be  imposed  on 
lands  the  property  of  the  United  States;  nor  shall  lands  belonging-  to 
persons  residing  out  of  the  limits  of  this  State  ever  be  taxed  at  a  higher 
rate  than  the  lands  belonging  to  persons  residing  within  the  State. 

Sect.  2.  The  State  shall  have  concurrent  jurisdiction  on  the  Kiver 
Mississippi,  and  on  every  other  river  bordering  on  the  said  State,  so 
far  as  the  said  river  shall  form  a  common  boundary  to  this  State  and 
any  other  State  which  may  be  bounded  thereby ;  and  the  said  Kiver 
Mississippi  and  the  navigable  rivers  and  waters  leading  into  the  same, 
whether  bordering  on  or  within  this  State,  shall  be  common  highways, 
and  forever  free  to  the  citizens  of  this  State  and  of  the  United  States, 
without  any  tax,  duty,  impost,  or  toll  therefor  imposed  by  the  State. 

Sect.  3.  All  statute  laws  of  this  State,  now  in  force,  not  inconsist- 
ent with  this  Constitution,  shall  continue  in  force  until  they  shall 
expire  by  their  own  limitation,  or  be  amended  or  repealed  by  the 
General  Asseml)ly ;  and  all  writs,  prosecutions,  actions,  and  causes  of 
action,  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided,  shall  continue  ;  and  all 
indictments  which  shall  have  been  found,  or  may  hereafter  be  found, 
for  any  crime  or  offense  committed  before  this  Constitution  takes  effect, 
may  be  proceeded  upon  as  if  no  change  had  taken  place,  except  as 
hereinafter  specified. 

Sect.  4.  No  person  shall  be  prosecuted  in  any  civil  action  or  crim- 
inal proceeding,  for  or  on  account  of  any  act  by  him  done,  performed, 
or  executed,  after  the  first  day  of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  sixty-one,  by  virtue  of  military  authority  vested  in  him  by  the 
Government  of  the  United  States,  or  that  of  this  State,  to  do  such  act, 
or  in  pursuance  of  orders  received  by  him  from  any  person  vested  with 
such  authority  ;  and  if  any  action  or  proceeding  sliall  have  heretofore 
been,  or  shall  hereafter  be,  instituted  against  any  person  for  the  doing 
of  any  such  act,  the  defendant  may  plead  this  section  in  bar  thereof. 

Sect.  5.  No  person  who  shall  hereafter  fight  a  duel,  or  assist  in  the 
same  as  a  second,  or  send,  accept,  or  knowingly  carry,  a  challenge  there- 
for, or  agree  to  go  out  of  this  State  to  fight  a  duel,  shall  hold  any  office 
in  this  State. 

Sccl.  6.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury  but  in  conse- 
quence of  appropriations  made  by  law ;  and  an  accurate  account  of 
the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  public  money  shall  be  annually 
published. 

Sect.  7.  No  person  holding  an  office  of  profit,  under  the  United 
States,  shall,  during  his  continuance  in  such  office,  hold  any  office  of 
profit  under  this  State. 

Seel.  8.  In  the  absence  of  any  contrary  provision,  all  officers  now  or 
hereafter  elected  or  appointed,  shall  hold  office  during  their  official 
term,  and  until  their  successors  shall  be  duly  elected,  or  appointed,  and 
qualified. 


CONSTITUTION.  451 

Sect.  9.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  power  to  repeal  or  modify 
all  ordinances  adopted  by  any  previous  convention. 

Sect.  10.  The  seat  of  Government  of  this  State  shall  remain  at  the 
City  of  Jefferson. 

Sect.  11.  No  person  emancipated  by  the  "Ordinance  abolishing 
slavery  in  Missouri,^^  adopted  on  the  eleventh  day  of  January,  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-five,  shall,  by  any  county  court  or 
other  authority,  be  apprenticed,  or  bound  for  any  service,  except  in 
pursuance  of  laws  made  specially  applicable  to  the  persons  so  eman- 
cipated. 

Sect.  13.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide,  by  law,  for  the  indict- 
ment and  trial  of  persons  charged  with  the  commission  of  any  felony, 
in  any  county  other  than  that  in  which  the  oflfense  was  committed, 
whenever,  owing  to  prejudice,  or  any  other  cause,  an  impartial  grand 
or  petit  jury  cannot  be  impanneled  in  the  county  in  which  such  offense 
was  committed. 

Sect.  13.  The  credit  of  the  State  shall  not  be  given  or  loaned  in  aid 
of  any  person,  association,  or  corporation;  nor  shall  the  State  here- 
after become  a  stockholder  in  any  corporation  or  association,  except 
for  the  purpose  of  securing  loans  heretofore  extended  to  certain  rail- 
road corporations  by  the  State. 

Sect.  14.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  authorize  any  county,  city, 
or  town  to  become  a  stockholder  in  or  to  loan  its  credit  to  any  com- 
pany, association,  or  corporation,  unless  two-thirds  of  the  qualified 
voters  of  such  county,  city,  or  town,  at  a  regular  or  special  election  to 
be  held  therein,  shall  assent  thereto. 

Sect.  15  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no  power,  for  any  pur- 
pose whatever,  to  release  the  lien  held  by  the  State  upon  any  railroad. 

Sect.  16.  No  property,  real  or  personal,  shall  be  exempt  from  taxa- 
tion, except  such  as  may  be  used  exclusively  for  public  schools,  and 
such  as  may  belong  to  the  United  States,  to  this  State,  to  counties  or 
to  municipal  corporations  within  this  State. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

MODE   OF   AMENDING  AND    REVISING    THE   CONSTITUTION. 

Section  1.  This  Constitution  may  be  amended  and  revised  in  pur- 
suance of  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

Sect.  2.  The  General  Assembly,  at  any  time,  may  propose  such 
amendments  to  this  Constitution  as  a  majority  of  the  members  elected 
to  each  house  shall  deem  expedient;  and  the  vote  thereon  shall  be 
taken  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  entered  in  fall  on  the  journals.  And  the 
proposed  amendments  sliall  be  published  with  the  laws  of  that  session, 
and  also  shall  be  published  weekly  in  two  newspapers,  if  such  there  be, 
within  each  Congressional  district  in  the  State,  for  four  months  next 
preceding  the  general  election  then  next  ensuing.  The  proposed 
amendments  shall  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people,  each  amend- 
ment separately,  at  the  next  general  election  thereafter,  in  such  man- 
ner as  the  General  Assembly  may  provide.  And  if  a  majority  of  tlie 
qualified  voters  of  the  State,  voting  for  and  against  any  one  of  said 
amendments,  shall  vote  for  such  amendment,  the  same  shall  be  deemed 


452  APPENDIX. 

and  taken  to  have  been  ratified  by  the  people,  and  shall  be  valid  and 
bindiiifr  to  all  intents  and  purposes  as  a  part  of  this  Constitution. 

Sect.  3.  The  General  Assembly  may,  at  any  time,  authorizi-  by  law, 
a  vote  of  the  people  to  be  taken  upon  the  question  whether  a  Conven- 
tion shall  1)6  held  for  the  purpose  of  revising  and  araendinjr  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  State ;  and  if  at  such  election  a  majority  of  the  votes 
on  the  question  be  in  favor  of  a  Convention,  tlic  Governor  shall  issue 
writs  to  the  sheriffs  of  the  different  counties,  ordering  the  election  of 
delegates  to  such  a  Convention,  on  a  day  within  three  months  after 
that  on  which  the  said  question  shall  have  been  voted  ou.  At  such  elec- 
tion each  Senatorial  District  shall  elect  two  delegates  for  each  Senator 
to  which  it  may  then  be  entitled  in  the  General  Assembly,  and  every 
such  delegate  shall  have  the  qualifications  of  a  Senator.  The  election 
shall  be  conducted  in  conformity  with  the  laws  regulating  the  election 
of  Senators.  The  delegates  so  selected  shall  meet  at  such  time  and 
place  as  may  be  provided  by  law,  and  organize  themselves  into  a  Con- 
vention, and  proceed  to  revise  and  amend  the  Constitution;  and  the 
Constitution,  when  so  revised  and  amended,  shall,  on  a  day  to  be  there- 
in fixed,  not  less  than  sixty  nor  more  than  ninety  days  after  that  on 
which  it  shall  have  been  adopted  by  the  Convention,  be  sulmiitted  to 
a  vote  of  the  people  for  and  against  it,  at  an  election  to  be  held  for 
that  purpose  only;  and  if  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  given  be  in  favor 
of  such  Constitution,  it  shall,  at  the  end  of  thirty  days  after  such  elec- 
tion, become  the  Constitution  of  this  State.  The  result  of  such  elec- 
tion shall  be  made  known  by  proclamation  by  the  Governor.  The 
General  Assembly  shall  have  no  power,  otherwise  than  as  in  this  sec- 
tion specified,  to  authorize  a  Convention  for  revising  and  amending 
the  Constitution. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

PROVISIONS  FOR   PUTTING   THIS   CONSTITUTION  INTO  FORCE. 

And  we  do  further  ordain  as  follows  : 

Section  1.  The  preceding  parts  of  this  instrument  shall  not  take  effect 
unless  this  Constitution  be  adopted  by  the  people,  at  the  election  to  be 
held  as  hereinafter  directed  ;  but  the  provisions  of  this  article  shall  be 
in  force  from  the  day  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution  by  the  re- 
presentatives of  the  people  in  this  Convention  assembled. 

Sect.  2.  For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  sense  of  the  people  in 
regard  to  the  adoption  or  rejection  of  this  Constitution,  the  same  shall 
be  summitted  to  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State,  at  an  election  to  be 
held  on  the  sixth  day  of  June,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty- 
five,  at  the  several  election  precincts  in  this  State,  and  elsewhere,  as 
hereinafter  provided.  On  that  day,  or  on  any  day  not  more  than  fif- 
teen days  prior  thereto,  such  qualified  voters  of  this  State  as  shall 
then  be  al)sent  from  the  places  of  their  residence,  by  reason  of  their 
being  in  the  military  service  of  the  United  States  or  of  this  State, 
whether  they  then  1)e  in  or  out  of  this  State,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote 
on  the  adoption  or  rejection  of  this  Constitution.  For  that  purpose 
a  poll  shall  be  opened  in  each  Missouri  regiment  or  company  in  such 
service,  at  the  quarters  of  the  commanding  ofificer  thereof;  and  the 


CONSTITUTION.  453 

voters  of  this  State  belonpjing  to  such  regiment  or  company,  and  any 
others  belonging  to  any  otlier  such  regiment  or  company,  and  who  may 
be  present,  may  vote  at  such  poll.  Any  one  or  two  commissioned 
officers  of  such  regiment  or  company,  who  may  be  present  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  polls,  shall  act  as  judge  or  judges  of  the  election  ;  and  if 
no  such  officer  be  present,  then  the  voters  of  such  regiment  or  com- 
pany present,  shall  elect  two  of  the  voters  present  to  act  as  such 
judges.  Every  such  judge  shall,  before  any  votes  are  received,  take  an 
oath  or  affirmation  that  he  will  honestly  and  faithfully  perform  the 
duties  of  judge,  and  make  proper  return  of  the  votes  given  at  such 
election  ;  and  such  oath  the  judges  may  administer  to  each  other.  In 
any  election  held  in  a  regiment  or  company,  the  polls  shall  be  opened 
at  eight  o'clock  a.m.,  and  closed  at  six  o'clock  p.m. 

Sect.  3.  The  election  provided  for  in  the  next  preceding  section 
shall  be  by  ballot.  Those  ballots  in  favor  of  the  Constitution  shall 
have  written  or  printed  thereon  the  words  "New  Constitution — Yes;" 
those  against  the  Constitution  shall  have  written  or  printed  thereon 
the  words  "New  Constitution — No." 

Sect.  4.  The  said  election  shall  be  conducted,  and  the  returns  thereof 
made  to  the  clerks  of  the  several  county  courts,  and  by  them  immedi- 
ately certified  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  as  provided  by  law  in  the  case 
of  elections  of  State  officers ;  and  where  an  election  shall  be  held  in  a 
regiment  or  company,  the  returns  thereof,  with  the  poll  books,  shall  be 
certified  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  may  be  transmitted  by  mail,  or 
by  any  messenger  to  whom  the  judges  of  the  election  may  intrust  the 
same  for  that  purpose. 

Sect.  5.  Any  qualified  voter  of  this  State,  within  the  State,  who,  on 
the  day  of  said  election,  shall  be  absent  from  the  place  of  his  residence, 
may  vote  at  any  place  of  voting,  upon  satisfying  the  judges  that  he  is 
a  qualified  voter,  and  being  sworn  by  them  that  he  has  not  voted,  and 
will  not  vote,  in  said  election  at  any  other  election  precinct. 

Sect.  6.  At  said  election,  no  person  shall  be  allowed  to  vote  who 
would  not  be  a  qualified  voter  according  to  the  terras  of  this  Consti- 
tution, if  the  second  article  thereof  were  then  in  force.  The  judges 
of  election  shall  administer  to  every  person  offering  to  vote,  in  lieu  of 
the  oath  now  required  to  be  taken  by  voters  under  the  ordinance  of 
June  10th,  1862,  the  following  oath,  to  wit:  "I,  A.  B.,  do  solemnly 
swear  that  I  am  well  acquainted  with  the  terms  of  the  third  section 
of  the  second  article  of  the  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Missouri, 
adopted  by  the  Convention  which  assembled  in  the  City  of  St.  Louis 
on  the  6th  day  of  January,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-five,  and  have 
carefully  considered  the  same ;  that  I  have  never  directly  or  indirectly 
done  any  of  the  acts  in  said  section  specified  ;  that  I  have  always  been 
truly  and  loyally  on  the  side  of  the  United  States  against  all  enemies 
thereof,  foreign  and  domestic  ;  that  I  will  bear  true  faith  and  allegi- 
ance to  the  United  States,  and  will  support  the  Constitution  and  laws 
thereof  as  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  any  law  or  ordinance  of  any 
State  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding  ;  that  I  will,  to  the  best  of  ray 
ability,  protect  and  defend  the  Union  of  the  United  States,  and  not 
allow  the  same  to  be  broken  up  and  dissolved,  or  the  government 
thereof  to  be  destroyed  or  overthrown  under  any  circumstances,  if  in 


454 


APPENDIX, 


my  power  to  prevent  it;  and  that  I  make  this  oath  witliout  any  mental 
reservation  or  evasion,  and  hold  it  to  be  binding  on  me;"  and  if  any 
such  jierson  decline  to  take  said  oatli.he  shall  not  be  permitted  to  vote 
at  said  election  ;  but  the  taking  thereof  shall  not  be  deemed  conclu- 
sive evidence  of  the  right  of  such  person  to  vote,  bnt  such  right  may 
be  disputed  and  disproved.  Any  person  who  shall  falsely  take,  or, 
having  taken,  shall  thereafter  willfully  violate  the  oath  prescribed  in 
this  section,  shall,  upon  conviction  thereof,  l)y  any  court  of  competent 
jurisdiction,  be  adjudged  guilty  of  the  crime  of  perjury,  and  shall  be 
])unished  therefor  in  accordance  with  existing  law. 

Sect.  7.  On  the  (irst  day  of  July  next  ensuing  said  election,  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  shall,  in  the  presence  of  tlie  Governor,  the  At- 
torney-General, or  the  State  Auditor,  proceed  to  examine  and  cast  up 
the  returns  of  the  votes  taken  at  said  election,  and  certified  to  him, 
including  those  of  persons  in  the  military  service  ;  and  if  it  shall  ap- 
pear that  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  at  such  election  were  in  favor 
of  the  Constitution,  the  Governor  shall  issue  his  proclamation,  stating 
that  fact,  and  this  Constitution  shall,  on  the  4th  day  of  said  month  of 
July,  be  the  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 

Sect.  8.  The  oflicer  now  known  as  the  "Auditor  of  Public  Ac- 
counts," shall  hereafter  be  styled  State  Auditor. 

Sect.  9.  The  ofiBce  of  Register  of  Lands  shall  continue  until  the 
General  Assembly  shall  abolish  the  same. 

Done  by  the  Representatives  of  the  i)eople  of  the  State  of  Missouri, 
in  convention  assembled,  at  the  City  of  St.  Louis,  on  the  8th  day  of 
April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty- 
five,  and  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  the  eighty-ninth. 
Arnold  Krekel,  St.  Charles  Co.,    David  IIeni>erson,  Dent  Co. 


Pre.H't. 
CiiAS.  D.  Drake,  St.  Louis,  Vice- 

PresH. 
Wm.  B.  Ada>is,  INIontgomery  Co. 
A.  J.  Barr,  Bay  Co. 
A.  M.  Bedford,  Mississippi  Co. 
D.  BoNHAM,  Andrew  Co. 
Geo.  K.  Budd,  St.  Louis  Co. 
Harvey  Bunce,  Cooper  Co. 
R.  L.  Childress,  Webster  Co. 
John  II.  Davis,  Nodaway  Co. 
L  B.  DoDsoN,  Adair  Co. 
John  H.  Ellis,  Livingston  Co. 
John  Esther,  Laclede  Co. 
Ellis  G.  Evans,  Crawford  Co. 
Chancery  L  Filley,  St.LouisCo. 
J.  W.  Fletcher,  Jefferson  Co. 
W.  H.  FoLMSBEE,  Daviess  Co. 
M.  F.  FuLKERSON,  Saline  Co. 
John  W.  (jIamble,  Audrain  Co. 
A.  Gilbert,  Lawrence  Co. 

Attest : 


E.  A.  HoLCOMB,  Chariton  Co. 
J.  H.  Holdsworth,  Monroe  Co. 
W.  S.  Holland,  Henry  Co. 
J.  F.  Hume,  Moniteau  Co. 
Wyllys  King,  St.  Louis  Co. 
Reeves  Leonard,  Howard  Co. 
John  F.  McKernan,  Cole  Co. 
Archib'ld  McPherson,  Perry  Co. 
John  A.  Mack,  Green  Co. 
Ferdinand  Meyer,  St.  Louis  Co. 
Dorastus  Peck,  Iron  Co. 
Jonathan  T.  Rankin,  Dade  Co. 
K.  G.  Smith,  Mercer  Co. 
Geo.  P.  Strong,  St.  Louis  Co. 
James  T.  Sutton,  ^Vayne  Co. 
Jno.  R.  Swearingen,  Jackson  Co. 
Wm.  F.  Switzler,  Boone  Co. 
L.  H.  Weatherby,  DeKalb  Co. 
J.  AViLLiAMS,  Caldwell  Co. 
Eugene  Williams,  Scotland  Co. 

Amos  P.  Foster,  Secretary. 
Thos.  Proctor,  Ass''t.  Sec^y. 


INDEX 


Adair  County,  177. 
Agricultural  resources,  155. 
Albany,  Gentry  County,  256. 
Andrew  County,  178. 
Antiquities  and  mounds,  246,  252. 
Atchison  County,  179. 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Railroad,  59. 
Audrain  County,  180. 

Barry  County,  181.    * 

Barton  County,  182. 

Bates  County,  183. 

Benton  County,  187. 

Bethany,  Harrison  County,  261. 

Belmont,  Mississippi  County,  324. 

Bloomfield,  Stoddard  County,  401. 

Bloomington,  Macon  County,  307. 

Bolivar,  Polli  County,  364. 

Bollinger  County,  189. 

Boone  County,  191. 

Boone  Count}',  analysis  of  soil  of,  73. 

Boon's  Lick,  history  of,  266. 

Boonville,  Cooper  County,  238. 

Brunswick,  Chariton  County,  226. 

Buchanan  County,  193. 

Buffalo,  Dallas  County,  243. 

Butler  County,  198. 

Butler,  Bates  County,  186. 

Building  materials,  149. 

Caldwell  County,  200. 
California,  Moniteau  County,  327. 
Callaway  County,  202. 
Camden  County,  205. 
Cape  Girardeau  County,  207. 
Carboniferous  (coal),  125,  140. 


Carondelet,  St.  Louis  County,  400> 

Carroll  County,  212. 

Carrollton,  Carroll  County,  213. 

Carter  County,  214. 

Cass  County,  215. 

Cassville,  Barry  County,  182. 

Cedar  County,  216. 

Centreville,  Wayne  County,  375. 

Chariton  County,  217. 

Charleston,  Mississippi  County,  323. 

Chillicothe,  Livingston  County,  304 

Christian  County,  227. 

Clarke  County,  228. 

Clay  County,  229. 

Climate,  62. 

Clinton  County,  231. 

Clinton,  Henry  County,  263. 

Coal,  125,  140,  222. 

Cole  County,  2-32. 

Columbia,  Boone  County,  193. 

Cooper  County,  235. 

Constitution  of  Missouri,  425. 

Cote  Sans  Dessain,  204. 

Counties,  description  of,  177. 

Crawford  County,  239. 

Dade  County,  241. 

Dallas  County,  242. 

Dallas,  Bollinger  County,  190. 

Danville,  Montgomery  County,  331 

Daviess  County,  243. 

De  Kalb  County,  244. 

Dent  County,  141,  245. 

De  Soto's  fortifications,  405. 

Doniphan,  Ripley  County,  376. 

Douglas  County,  247. 

Dunklin  County,  247. 

( 455  ) 


456 


INDEX. 


Early  history  of  Missouri,  39. 
Education,  53,  448. 
Elevations  in  Missouri,  61. 

Fayette,  Howard  County,  272. 
Fortifications,  300  years  old,  405. 
Franklin  County,  240. 
Fredericktown,  Madison  County,  313. 
Fulton,  Callaway  County,  204. 

Gallatin,  Daviess  County,  243. 

Gasconade  County,  251. 

Gentry  County,  254. 

Geological  view  of  Missouri,  109. 

Georgetown,  Pettis  County,  351. 

Glasgow,  Howard  County,  273. 

Gold  and  Platina,  311. 

Granby,  Newton  County,  341. 

Granites  of  Southeastern  Missouri,  101. 

Grand  River  Country,  103. 

Grant  City,  417. 

Grape  culture,  04,  77. 

Greene  County,  256. 

Greenfield,  Dade  County,  242. 

Greenville,  Wayne  County,  415. 

Grundy  County,  259. 

Hannibal,  Marion  County,  316. 

Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph's  Railroad,  59. 

Harrison  County,  200. 

Harrisonville,  Cass  County,  216. 

Hemp  culture,  357. 

Henry  County,  262. 

Hermann,  Gasconade  County,  253. 

Hermitage,  Hickory  County,  264. 

Hickory  County,  263. 

Hillsborough,  Jefferson  County,  288. 

Historical  Epochs,  17. 

Holt  County,  269. 

Homestead  Law,  175. 

Howard  County,  206. 

Howell  County,  273. 

Houston,  Texas  County,  404. 

Huntsville,  Randolph  County,  371. 

Immigration,  inducements  to,  258,  265, 

280,  339,  368. 
Independence,  Jackson  County,  281. 
Iron  County,  274. 


Ironton,  Iron  County,  277. 
Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  59. 
Iron  Mountains  of  Missouri,  141. 
Iron  ore,  varieties  of,  141,  147,  352. 

Jackson  County,  270. 

Jackson,  Cape  Girardeau  County,  211. 

Jasper  County,  285. 

Jefferson  City,  335. 

Jefferson  County,  287. 

Johnson  County,  289. 

Kansas  City,  Jackson  County,  282. 
Kaolins  and  clays,  101,  190,  276. 
Keytesville,  Chariton  County,  225. 
Kirksville,  Adair  County,  177. 
Knox  County,  291. 

Laclede  County,  291. 

Lafayette  County,  293. 

Lamar,  Benton  County,  183. 

Lawrence  County,  297. 

Lead,  varieties  of,  146. 

Lead  in  counties,  95,  309,  337. 

Lebanon,  Laclede  County,  293. 

Lewis  County,  299. 

Lexington,  Lafayette  County,  296. 

Liberty,  Clay  County,  230. 

Linn  County,  302. 

Linn  Creek,  Camden  County,  206. 

Linneus,  Linn  County,  303. 

Lincoln  County,  300. 

Livingston  County,  303. 

Louisiana,  Pike  County,  356. 

Macon  County,  305. 

Madison  County,  308. 

Making  wine,  89. 

Maranicc  Iron  Works,  352. 

Marble,  275. 

Maries  County,  313. 

Marion  County,  315. 

Marshfield,  Webster  County,  416. 

Maysville,  De  Kalb  County,  244. 

McDonald  County,  317, 

Mercer  County,  319. 

Mexico,  Audrain  County,  180. 

Miller  County,  SIO. 

Mineral  resources  of  Missouri,  109,  140. 


INDEX. 


457 


Mineral  Point,  Washington  County,  414. 

Mines  La  Motte,  310'. 

Missouri,  general  view  of,  20. 

Mississippi  County,  321. 

Mississippi  Valley,  historical  epochs,  17. 

Moniteau  County,  325. 

Monroe  County,  328. 

Montgomery  County,  330. 

Monticello,  Lewis  County,  229. 

Morgan  County,  331. 

Mt.  Vernon,  Lawrence  County,  298. 

Natural  curiosities,  192,  212,  305. 
Natural  terraces,  75. 
Neosho,  Newton  County,  340. 
New  London,  Ralls  County,  369. 
New  Madrid  County,  333. 
Newton  County,  337. 
Nodaway  County,  342. 
Northern  Missouri,  29. 
North  Missouri  Railroad,  60. 

Old  Mines,  Washington  County,  414. 

Oregon  County,  243. 

Oregon,  Holt  County,  265. 

Osage  County,  344. 

Osage  River,  187. 

Outline  history,  39. 

Ozark  County,  345. 

Ozark  Ridge,  21. 

Pacific  Railroad  distances,  59. 

Palmyra,  Marion  County,  316. 

Paris,  Monroe  County,  329. 

Parkville,  Platte  County,  360. 

Pemiscot  County,  346. 

Perry  County,  347. 

Perryville,  Perry  County,  349. 

Pettis  County,  349. 

Phelps  County,  352. 

Pike  County,  355. 

Pilot  Knob,  143,  274,  278. 

Pineville,  McDonald  County,  318. 

Platte  County,  357. 

Platte  City,  Platte  County,  359. 

Polk  County,  361. 

Political  vote  of  1866,  54. 

Population  of  Missouri,  51,  54. 

Poplar  Bluffs,  Benton  County,  200. 


Potosi,  Washington  County,  413. 
Public  lands,  laws  respecting,  175. 

'«  "        subject  to  entry,  169. 

Pulaski  County,  264. 
Putnam  County,  366. 

Railways  in  Missouri,  57. 
Railways,  table  of  distances,  59. 
Ralls  County,  367. 
Randolph  County,  369. 
Ray  County,  372. 
Reynolds  County,  875. 
Richmond,  Ray  County,  374. 
Road  materials,  151. 
Rockport,  Atchison  County,  179. 
Rolla,  Phelps  County,  354. 

Salem,  Dent  County,  246. 

Saline  County,  379. 

Saltpeter  caves,  252. 

Savannah,  Andrew  County,  179. 

Schuyler  County,  378. 

Scotland  County,  380. 

Scott  County,  381. 

Schools,  number  and  kinds,  54. 

Shannon  County,  382. 

Shelby  County,  383. 

Shepherd  Mountain,  143,  275. 

Springs,  154,  236,  242,  269,  362,  415. 

Springfield,  Greene  County,  258. 

St.  Charles  County,  384. 

St.  Clair  County,  387. 

St.  Fran9ois  County,  388. 

Ste.  Genevieve  County,  389. 

St.  Louis  County,  392. 

St.  Louis,  commerce  of,  419. 

Steamboats  built  1823  to  1866,  423. 

St.  Joseph,  Buchanan  County,  196. 

State  Capitol,  233. 

Steelville,  Crawford  County,  421. 

Stoddard  County,  401. 

Stock  growing,  257. 

Stone  County,  4U2. 

Sullivan  County,  402. 

Taney  County,  403. 
Texas  County,  404. 
Timber  and  trees,  159,  161. 
Tobacco  culture,  259. 


458 


INDEX. 


Topography  of  Missouri,  22. 
Trenton,  ririimly  County,  200. 
Troy,  Lincoln  County,  301. 
Tuscumbia,  Miller  County,  321. 

Union,  Franklin  County,  250. 
Union  vote  of  18G6,  54. 

Versailles,  Morgan  County,  332. 
Vernon  County,  405. 
Vine  culture,  65,  89,  94. 
Vineyards,  cost  and  protit,  91. 

Warren  County,  407. 
Warrensburg,  Johnson  County,  290. 


Warrcnton,  Warren  County,  408. 
Warsaw,  Benton  County,  189. 
Washington  County,  408. 
Washington,  Franklin  County,  251. 
Water  power  in  Missouri,  101. 
Wayne  County,  414. 
Waynesville,  Pulaski  County,  365. 
Webster  County,  416. 
Western  Rivers,  419. 
Weston,  Platte  County,  300. 
Westport,  Jackson  County,  289. 
Wine  Company,  Boonville,  237. 
Wine  making,  89. 
Worth  County,  416. 
Wright  City,  Warren  County,  408. 
Wright  County,  417. 


THE     END. 


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